Bibliography

Archival Material Information provided in this book has been culled from two archives: – The Public Record Offce, London – The Archives of the Liberian State Department, At the Public Record Offce, London, the following series of documents were consulted: Foreign Offce (F.O.) 367 – Political and Diplomatic Series on for the years 1912 and 1913. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 368 – Commercial Series. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 369 – Consular Series. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 371 – Political and Diplomatic Series on Liberia for the years 1914–40. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 371 – Documents on Contract Labour. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 372 – Treaty Series. Foreign Offce (F.O.) 458 – Embassy and Consular Archives, Liberia – correspon- dence 1910–40. Colonial Offce (C.O.) 96 and 98 Documents on the Gold Coast. Colonial Offce (C.O.) 267 Documents on Sierra Leone. The Archives of the Liberian State Department, 85 Ashmun Street, Monrovia (the new Centre for National Documents and Records Agency building was under construction when I left Liberia) were very useful in supplementing informa- tion obtained from London. For lack of proper classifcation, it is diffcult to state precisely the documents consulted. The body of the book, however, indi- cates the specifc source of the information used.

© The Author(s) 2018 253 J. Pal Chaudhuri, Whitehall and the Black Republic, African Histories and Modernities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70476-0 254 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books Anderson, Earle, Liberia, America’s African Friend, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1952. Area Handbook for Liberia, American University, Washington, 1964. Azikiwe, Nnamdi, Liberia in World Politics, London, 1934. Beckles, Hilary Macdonald, The Transatlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans, UNESCO, Paris, 2002. Beer, G. L., African Questions at the Paris Peace Conference, New York, 1923. Bixler, Raymond W., The Foreign Policy of the in Liberia, New York, 1957. Brown, George W., The Economic , Washington, DC, 1941. Buell, Raymond Leslie, The Native Problem in Africa, Volumes I and II, New York, 1928. Buell, Raymond Leslie, Liberia: A Century of Survival – 1847–1947, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1947. Burin, Eric, Slaves and the Peculiar Solution, Florida, 2005. Butler, Jeffrey (ed.), Boston University Papers on Africa, Boston, 1966. Butler, Jeffrey (ed.), Boston University Papers in African History, Boston, 1964. Carter, G. M. (ed.), African One-Party States, Ithaca, 1962. Cassell, Abayomi, Liberia: History of the First African Republic, New York, 1970. Coleman, J. S., Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, University of California, 1964. Crowler, Dalton, Harwitz, Walters, Growth Without Development, Northwestern University Press, 1966. Curtin, Philip D., The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, Madison, 1969. Davidson, Basil, The African Slave Trade, Boston, 1961. De la Rue, Sydney, The Land of the Pepper Bird, London, 1930. Donner, Etta, Hinterland Liberia, London, 1939. Everill, Bronwen, Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Fage, J. D., A History of West Africa, Cambridge University Press, 1969. Fenwick, Charles G., International Law, New York, 1952. Fyfe, Christopher, History of Sierra Leone, Oxford University Press, 1962. Gardner, A. Leigh, Taxing Colonial Africa: The Political Economy of British Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 2012. Gershoni, Yekutiel, Black Colonialism: The Americo-Liberian Scramble for the Hinterland, Boulder and London, 1985. Gifford, Prosser and Louis, W. R. (ed.), Britain and in Africa, Yale University Press, 1967. Greene, Barbara, Land Benighted, London, 1938. Greene, Graham, Journey Without Maps, Penguin Books, 1936. BIBLIOGRAPHY 255

Greenwall, Harry J. and Wild, Roland, Unknown Liberia, London, 1936. Hayman, Arthur I., and Preece, Harold, Lighting Up Liberia, Creative Art Press, 1943. Henries, Richard and Doris, Liberia: The West African Republic, New York, 1958. Hill, Polly, Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer, Oxford University Press, 1956. Hill, Polly, Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana, Cambridge University Press, 1963. Hodgkin, Thomas, An Inquiry into the Merits of American Colonization Society: And a Reply to the Charges Brought Against It, London, 1833. Hopkins, A. G., An Economic History of West Africa, London, 1973. Huberich, Charles Henry, The Political and Legislative History of Liberia, New York, 1947. Ingham, E. G., Sierra Leone – After a Hundred Years, London, 1894. Johnston, Harry, Liberia, Volumes I and II, London, 1906. Jones, Adam, From Slaves to Palm Kernels: A History of the Galinhas Country, 1730–1890, Wiesbaden, 1983. Kuczynski, R. R., Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, Volume I, West Africa, Oxford University Press, 1948. Kuczynski, R. R., Population Movements, Oxford, 1936. Legum, Colin, Pan-Africanism, New York, 1962. Lemley, Luther Henry, Liberia – The Inside Story, New York, 1963. Liberia Handbook, Historical Section of the Foreign Offce, No. 130, London, 1920. Liebenow, J. Gus, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege, Cornell University Press, 1969. Liebenow, J. Gus, Liberia: The Quest for Democracy, Bloomington, 1987. Louis, William Roger, Great Britain and Germany’s Lost Colonies – 1914–1919, Oxford, 1967. Lovejoy, Paul E. and Falola Toyin, Pawnship, Slavery and Colonialism in Africa (ed.) Trenton, NJ, 2003. Lugard, Lord, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, Frank Cass, 1965. Marinelli, Lawrence A., The New Liberia, London, 1964. Massaquoi, Momolu, The Republic of Liberia, Hamburg, 1926. Maugham, R. C. F., The Republic of Liberia, London, 1920. McLaughlin, Russell U., Foreign Investment and Development in Liberia, New York, 1966. Mills, Dorothy, Through Liberia, London, 1926. Morel, E. D., Africa and the Peace of Europe, London, 1917. Oppenheim, L., International Law, Volumes I and II, London, 1953. Papers Concerning Affairs in Liberia, December 1930–May 1934, H. M. Stationery Offce, London, 1934. Padmore, George, Pan-Africanism or Communism, London, 1956. Phillips, Hilton Alonzo, Liberia’s Place in African Sun, New York, 1946. Priestley, J. B., The Edwardians, London, 1970. 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reeve, H. F., The Black Republic, London, 1923. Richardson, Nathaniel, Liberia’s Past and Present, London, 1959. Robbins, Keith, Munich 1938, London, 1968. Rowe, J. W. F., Studies in the Artifcial Control of Raw Material Supplies, No. 2, Rubber, Special Memorandum No. 34, London, 1931. Schulze, Willi, A New Geography of Liberia, London, 1973. Schulze, Willi, Occasional Paper I, of Sierra Leone Geographical Association, 1965. Schuyler, George S., Slaves To-day – A Story of Liberia, New York, 1931, reprinted 1969. Shick, Tom W., Behold the Promised Land: A History of Afro-American Settler Society in Nineteenth Century Liberia, Baltimore, 1977. Sibley, James L. and Westermann, D., Liberia – Old and New, London, 1928. Simon, Lady, Slavery, London, 1929. Simpson, C. L., The Symbol of Liberia, London, 1961. Smith, Robert A., The Emancipation of the Hinterland, Monrovia, 1964. Smith, Robert A., We Are Obligated, Hamburg, 1969. Starr, Frederick, Liberia – Description, History, Problem, Chicago, 1913. Strong, R. P. (ed.), The African Republic of Liberia and Belgian Congo, Volumes I and II, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1930. Taylor, Wayne Chatfeld, The Firestone Operations in Liberia – Fifth case study in National Planning Association, U.S. Performance Abroad, New York, 1956. Walker, Thomas H. B., The Presidents of Liberia, Florida, 1915. Walker, Thomas H. B., History of Liberia, Boston, 1921. Webbink, Paul, American Rubber Concessions Abroad, Editorial Research Reports (Serial), Washington, 1928. Whittlesey, Charles R., Governmental Control of Crude Rubber – The Stevenson Plan, Princeton, 1931. Wilson, Charles Morrow, Liberia, New York, 1947. Wilson, Charles Morrow, Liberia – Black Africa in Microcosm, New York, 1971. Yancy, Ernest Jerome, Historical Lights of Liberia’s Yesterday and Today, Ohio, 1934. Yancy, Ernest Jerome, Liberia – A Nineteenth Century Miracle, Israel, 1971. Young, James C., Liberia Rediscovered, New York, 1934.

Articles from Newspapers and Periodicals Akpan, M. B., “Liberia and the Universal Negro Improvement Association : The Background to the Abortion of Garvey’s Scheme for African Colonization”, Journal of African History. 1973, 1. Akpan, M. B. “The Liberian Economy in the Nineteenth Century and the State of Agriculture and Commerce”, Liberian Studies Journal, Vol. VI (1975). No. 1. BIBLIOGRAPHY 257

Allen, W. William, “Rethinking the History of Settler Agriculture in Nineteenth Century Liberia”, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 37, 3 (2004). Azikiwe, B. N. , “In Defense of Liberia”, Journal of Negro History, January 1932. Buell, R.L., “Mr. Firestone’s Liberia”, The Nation, 2 May 1926. Buell, R.L., “The New Deal and Liberia”, The New Republic, 16 August 1933. Cecil, Viscount of Chelwood, “The Lesson of Liberia”, New York Herald Tribune, 30 October 1932. Chalk, Frank, “Du Bois and Garvey Confront Liberia: Two Incidents of the Coolidge Years”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, I, No. 2, 1967. Chalk, Frank, “The Anatomy of an Investment”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, No. 1, March, 1967. Cooper, Henry L., “A Country with Aggressive Neighbours”, The West African Review, September 1932. d’Azavedo, Warren L., “A Tribal Reaction to Nationalism”, Liberian Studies Journal, No. 2, 1969. Ford, Martin, “Indirect Rule and the Brief Apogee of Pawnship in Nimba, Liberia”, in Lovejoy and Falola, NJ (2003). Gardner Leigh A., “The Rise and Fall of Sterling in Liberia 1847–1943”, Economic History Review. Hall, P. K., Bulletin No. 5, Ministry of Lands, Miners and Labour, Geological Survey of Sierra Leone, Freetown. Harris, John H., “The Problem of Liberia – A Situation That May Explode”, The Manchester Guardian Weekly, 25 December 1931. Hutchinson, T. J., “The Social and Domestic Slavery of Western Africa and its Evil Infuence on Communal Progress”. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 26 February 1875. Louis, William Roger, “The United States and the African Peace Settlement of 1919 – The Pilgrimage of G. L. Beer”, Journal of African History, 1963, 3. Padgett, James A., “Ministers to Liberia and Their Diplomacy”, Journal of Negro History, January 1937. Sawyer, Amos, National Oration Delivered on the Occasion of the 3rd Redemption Day Anniversary (Monrovia), 1983. Schmokel Wolfe W. “The German Factor in Liberia’s Foreign Relations”, in Liberian Studies Journal VII 1 (1976–77). Singer, Caroline, “Liberia Sleeps in the Hot African Sun”, New York Times, 19 January 1930. Singer, Caroline, “Liberia – Refuge and Trap for Slaves”, New York Times, 18 January 1931. Stanley, William R., “Transport Expansion in Liberia”, The Geographical Review, Volume IX, No. 4, 1970. Starr, Frederick, “Liberia After the World War”, Journal of Negro History, April 1925. 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sundiata, I. K., “Prelude to Scandal: Liberia and Fernando Po, 1880–1930”, Journal of African History, 1971, 1. Thomas, Roger G., “Forced Labour in British West Africa: The Case of the Northern of the Gold Coast, 1906–1927”, Journal of African History, 1973, 1. Woodhouse, Henry, “America at the Mercy of British Rubber Monopoly”, Current History, April 1923.

Newspapers and Periodicals Consulted African World Bulletin of the Liberian Commercial Intelligence Bureau Canadian Journal of African Studies Chicago Tribune The Crisis Current History The Daily Guardian (Freetown) The Economic History Review Financial Times The Geographical Review The Gold Coast Independent Journal of African History International Journal of African Historical Studies Journal of Negro History The Liberian News The Liberian Patriot The Liberian Studies Journal Literary Digest London Evening Standard The Manchester Guardian Weekly Morning Post The Nation The New Republic The New Statesman New York Herald Tribune New York Times News Chronicle Spectator The Times (London) Weekly Mirror (Liberia) West Africa The West African Review BIBLIOGRAPHY 259

Unpublished Theses Consulted Akpan, M. B., “The African Policy of the Liberian Settlers, 1841–1932”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the University of Ibadan in August 1968. Davis, Ronald W., “Historical Outline of the Kru Coast, 1500 to the present”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the University of Indiana, 1968. Dickson, K. B., “Cocoa in Ghana”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the University of London, 1960. Foley, David M., “British Policy Towards Liberia, 1862–1912”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the University of London, 1965. Jones, Hannah Abeodu Bowen, “The Struggle for Political and Cultural Unifcation in Liberia, 1847–1930”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at Northwestern University, 1962. Mitchell, John Payne, “America’s Liberian Policy”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, 1955. Parker, George Gordon, “Acculturation in Liberia”, a thesis submitted for Ph.D. at the Kennedy School of Missions, 1944. Porter, Philip, “Population Distribution and Land Use in Liberia”, a thesis sub- mitted for Ph.D. at the University of London, 1956. Index1

A fees, 153 Absolving the Spanish planters who terms, 153 created the demand for labour Agreement of the government of British press, 161 Liberia with the Kru ICE report, 153 chiefs–February, 1914 US State Department, 152 aide-memoires presented Abyssinia, 1, 244 to Barclay, 213 Accra, 207 reaction of Liberian government, 158 Acephalous society, 2 Agriculture, 17, 18 Achievement of Liberia under Barclay, views of; Akpan, M. B., 17, 18; 226, 237 Allen, William E., 18; Ashmun, British attitude towards, 226, 237 Jehudi, 18; Gershoni, Yekutiel, Act of 1911, 16 18; Liebenow, J., 18 Admiralty, 36, 37, 39, 55, 56, 58, why settlers spurned, 17, 18 64, 65, 74, 78, 81, 82, Akpan’s explanation of, 171 114, 180, 208–210 expulsion of Garvey followers, 134 African Banking Corporation, 23 invitation to, 135 African Repository, 18 Allied powers, xiv, 39, 42, 63, 66, 77, Afro-American, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 181, 209, 249 Agreement between Liberia and Allied Powers of WWI and Liberia, xiv Spain on supply of labour Alsace-Lorraine, 87 control, 153 American Church Institute, 140

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2018 261 J. Pal Chaudhuri, Whitehall and the Black Republic, African Histories and Modernities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70476-0 262 INDEX

American Civil War, 17 Appeasement of Germany, 246 American Colonization Society (ACS), Appleby, 54, 206 xiv, 6–9, 17, 19, 21, 22 Arabs, 1 American Commercial Armstrong, Captain, 66 intelligence, 236 Army Council, 115 American Commission of 1909, 25 Ashanti Wars, 227 American minister resident, 97, 129 Ashe, 15 American Navy League, 94 Ashmun, Jehudi, 17, 18, 31n35 American Society for Colonizing Free Association for the Study of Negro People of Colour in the United Life and History, 111 States, 6 Atlantic Ocean, 1, 6, 10, 108, 137, 147 American-Swedish and German Atlantic slave trade, 4 Mining Companies in Liberia, Axumite Kingdom, 1 249 Ayr, 248 America’s reaction to the League’s Ayres, Eli, Dr., 7 revised plan of assistance Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 30n17, 111, Liberian reaction to it, 97 127n38, 127n40, 127n41, 138, See also League Committee on 147, 148, 157, 167n49 Liberia Amsterdam, 236 loan of 1912, 121 B Anderson, Benjamin, 15 Babecki, V. G., Dr., 235, 239 Anderson, Earle R., Bacon, Samuel, 7 130–132, 138, 165n3 Bai Bureh, 22 reasons for labour export Baldwin, 12 accusations, 130 Balfour, Br. Foreign secretary, 68, 81 Anglo-African Exploration Ballard, Major, 202, 203 Limited, 237 Bank of British West Africa (BBWA), Anglo-French condominium, 132 23, 24, 32n45, 48, 49, 53–56, Anglo-German, vii, 12, 52 61, 62, 70n51, 74–77, 85–87, rivalry over trade, vii, 12, 52 95, 112–114, 116, 119, 121, Anglo-Liberian, 13, 42–44, 60, 68, 186, 206, 236 124, 132, 226 agreement with, 61, 62 delimitation treaty, 13 Bank of Liberia, see Holland Syndicate Anglo-Liberian Treaty 1848, 112 Bank of Monrovia, 24 Angola, 18 Bankson, John P., 7 Anigstein, Dr., 235 Bantu, 2 Annales Coloniales, 34, 35 Barcelona, 37 Anti-British tendencies, 108 Barclay, Arthur, former President See also Rumours about Firestone diplomatic mission to London, 23 Agreement interior administration, 25 Anti-lynching bill, 94 See also Act of 1911 INDEX 263

Barclay-Clarke Agreement, 25 Board of Trade, 112, 113 Barclay, Edwin, Secretary of State and Bob, 204 later ‘Boise’–US ship, 247 effort to change the country, 130 Bolo, 203 performance of Liberia, 234, 239, Bombardment of Monrovia, 81 240, 242, 249 result of, 81 as President, 160, 223 Bonnard, Monsieur, 38 reaction of Britain, 164 Boporo, 3 reaction of the USA, 163, 182, 185 Borah, Senator from Idaho, 94 visit to Kru Coast 1934, 212, 223 Boston, 29n8, 60 warning to ship owners not to bring Bouet, Monsieur, 109, 115 to Liberia any member of the Boye, Kpade, 215 ‘Garvey movement,’, 133 Brazil, 19, 39, 149 See also Development plan Brazilian government, 35 of Barclay Brewerville, 50 Barclay’s Bank, 188 Briggs, Ellis O., 190 Baret, E., 41–43 British bondholders, 60, 84, 121 Barti, 203 of the 1912 loan, 56, 86, 120 Bassa, 2, 3, 75, 131, 151, 199, 211 British Labour Party, 88, 89 Bassa Cove settlement, 8 British Navy, 10 Beer, George Louis, 71n63, 91 British Overseas Trade Belgian Congo, 243, 249 Department, 52 Bell, Hyslop E., 106 British Parliamentary Committee, 103 Berlin, 62, 213, 237 on rubber, 103 loan of 1912, 121 British protectorate, 10, 54, 132, 145, Bernard, 121 160, 206, 228 Bey Solow, a Vai Chief, 106 British Red Cross, 206 See also Rumours about the British Stooges, 24 Firestone Agreement British syndicate, 23, 24 Biblical, 14 Britmeyer, Mr., 236 Bilad al-Sudan, 1 Broderick, 125 Biondi, Signor, 245 Brown, District Commissioner, 215 Black-American, 14, 201, 216 Brudzinski, Tadeuaz, Dr., 239 Black List, 57 Brunot Committee, 171–173, See also White List 176, 182 Blacksche Bank, 237 recommendations for raising Bloch, A. J., Dr., 237 revenue, 176 Bloch, L., Dr., 237 See also League Committee on Bloch. M. S., 237 Liberia Blu Barra, 204, 211 Brunot, Monsieur, 171–173, 176, Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 11 182, 234 Boal, Pierre, 179 Brussels Convention, 201 264 INDEX

Bubi, 149, 168n57 Ceylon, colonial government of, 103 Buchholz, 43 Chad, Lake, 1 Bundy, Richard, 38, 205 Chamberlain, Austen, 123 Burutu, 81 Chartered companies, 22, 47 Bushrod Island, 17 “Chester”-U.S. Cruiser, 211 Butler, A. H., 119 Chevalier of the legion of Honour Buxton, Lord, 226 of , 136 Buxton, Charles Roden, 227 Chief Boka, 208 China, 12, 152 Christy commission, 142 C Christy, Cuthburt, Dr., 142, 167n40 Cables See also Christy commission Canary Island, 36 Churchill, Sir Winston, 104 company, 35 Ciudad de Cadiz, 65 French, 35–41, 81 Civil war in Spain, 227 German, 35–41, 84, 89, 90 Clarke, Reid Paige, 28, 41, 42, 205 See also German South American Clarkson, Thomas, 5 Cable Clay-Ashland, 17 Cadell, R. Mackay, Captain, 25 Cocoa growing, 131 Caffé, Mr., 236 Gold Coast–Fernando Po Cairo, 248 competition, 130 Caldwell, 17 Coffee–culture, 18 Cameroon, 3, 37, 41, 42, Coker, Daniel, Rev., 7 53, 110, 149 Coleman, J. F. B, 214, 217, 219, Canoe tax, 201 230n40 Cape Blanco, 3 Coleman, President, 35 Cape Mesurado, xiii, 7, 201 Coleman, S. D., 160 Cape Palmas, 8, 48, 50, 78, 83, 98, Collins, A. E., 113 134, 142, 154, 216 Colonial Government of Gold Coast, Cape Verde Islands, 37 131 Captain Dring, 9 Employment of Kru boys by Carawe River, 199 Departments of Public Workers Carbine Cartridges, 209 and Mining, 131 Carbor, 206 Colonial government of Sierra Leone, Cassell, N.H.B., Dr., 245 206–208 Castle, 108, 112–114, 118, Colonial self suffciency, 22 121, 123, 125 Colonial treasurer, 237 Cavalla River (Kavalli River), 47, 134 Colonization, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, Cecil, Viscount Cecil 133, 246 of Chelwood, 171 See also American Colonization Central Europe, 239 Society; American Society for Cestos River, 199 Colonizing Free People of Ceuta, Governor of, 3 Colour in the United States INDEX 265

Colonization Society of The Crisis, 128n79, 197n52 Maryland, 8 expresses concern over US action in Mississippi, 8 Liberia and the League Plan, Pennsylvania, 8 xv, 189 Commanding offcer, 78, 82 Crommelin, 36, 51, 55, 56, 60, 66, 73 troops of Sierra Leone, 117 Crozer, Samuel, 7 Commercial Intelligence Bureau, 97 Cuffee, Paul, 7 Commissioner of African affairs, 15 Curador–a Spanish Government Commissioners, European or Offcer, 150 American, 144 Curaduria–a Spanish government See also Suggestion of the Offce, 150 International Commission of Custom inspector, 25 Enquiry (ICE) Commission formed by Howard for Kru problem, 210 D composition, 210 D’Erlanger, Baron Emil, 25 Commonwealth of Liberia, 9 Daily Guardian, 228, 231n80 Compania Transatlantica, 37 Dakar, 36 Company form, 131 See also Atlantic slave trade Cocoa farming in Gold Coast, 132 Dama chiefdom, Sierra Leone, 228 Comptroller of customs, Dan-Lib, 188, 189 Sierra Leone, 117 trying to have a concession in Compulsory labour, 141, 146 Liberia, 188 See also Slavery Convention Danzig, 247 (1924, 1926); Suggestion of Dapper, Olfert, 17, 31n33 the International Commission Davidson, Basil, 4, 29n8 of Enquiry (ICE) Davis, B.T, 211 Conakry, 36 Davis, Col. Elwood, Condo Confederation, 3 212–219, 221–223 Condominium, 85, 132 Declaration of neutrality of Britain and France, 54 by Liberia in WW II, 248 Consolidated African Selection Declaration of war Trust (CAST), 237 by Liberia during WWI Cooper, J. F., 211 loan to Liberia during WWI, 21 Cooper, Leslie, 48, 54, 116, 125 plan of the U.S.A. to give $5 mn, Council of Foreign Bondholders, 121 84, 93, 115, 178 County superintendents, DELIMCO, 249 143, 144, 155, 174, Dennis, J., 56 216, 224 Dennis, Liberian Secretary Cracow, 245 of Treasury, 248 Craigie, 108, 113 Dennis, W.E, 80 266 INDEX

Department of Overseas Trade, Dutch East African Company, 35, 36 107, 109, 118, 250n17 Dyula, 3 Depeche Coloniale et Maritime, 98 Deportation of Aliens Ordinance of 1920, 137 E British Colonial Eden, Anthony, xiv, xv, 244, 251n42, Government Act, 137 251n44, 251n45 ‘Desaix’, French Cruiser, 68 proposes expulsion of Liberia from Deutsche Liberia Bank, 47 the League, xv, 194 Development plan of Barclay, Education tax, 201 25, 241, 242 Elder Dempster Shipping Company, performance of Liberia, 241 23, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 61, 77, Dey, 2, 3 81, 98, 106, 133, 166n14, 208 Diagne, Blaise, 92 ‘Elizabeth’, British ship, 7 Dickerson, District Commissioner, Eltis, David, 5 Sasstown, 216 See also Atlantic slave trade Disarmament Conference Emancipation edict, 22 at Geneva, 246 of Lincoln, 22 District commissioner, 16, 143, 144, Emden, 36, 89 147, 148, 160, 174, 215, 216 Emeree, R.L., 239 Dmockowshi, 238 Emergency Relief Fund Act, 59 Dollar Enemy, 36, 37, 46, 55, 56, 58, 64, 65, American, 24, 58, 99n10 67, 78, 88, 137, 181, 223, 228 Liberian, 24, 110, 121 defnition in the context of WWI, 56 Dollar Diplomacy, 138 Energetic action Dollar Imperialism, 112 furious US toying with the idea of Domestic slavery taking in Liberia after June, condition in the British Protectorate 1932, 186 of Sierra Leone, 145, 160 League Committee’s amendments, in eliminating it, 144 194 government’s diffculty, 143, 146 Liberian reaction to US anguish, 186 1924, 145 Episcopal Church, 140, 167n37 Liberia’s report to the, 143, 145 Ethiopia, 237, 245 Dossen, , 80 Exequatur, 67 Dresselhuys, 122, 128n87, 128n88 revocation of, 67 Drummond, Sir Eric, 100n42, 141 Experts of the League Committee on Du Bois, W.E.B, 92, 136, Liberia, 172–174 167n29, 189 composition, 172 Dunaway, John A., 239 views on; administrative divisions, Dunbar, C.B., Liberian Senator, 56, 173; general administration, 57, 80, 86 173; judicial administration, Dutch colonies, 104 174; Liberian fnance, 172, Act, 104, 126n4 173; public health, 174; “an See also Stevenson Restrictions Act unexplored region” admin, 173 INDEX 267

F First World War, vii, xiv, 22, 32n45, Falkner, Ronald R., 26, 27 33–69, 103, 109, 132, 181, 205, Farm bloc, 94 210, 246, 248, 249 Faulkner, Hon. T.J.R., 80, 139, 140, Five–Million dollar US loan proposal, 159, 160, 223 84, 93, 115, 178 meeting the Liberian women, 159 Foerster, Herr, 97 Federal Government, 7, 8 Forced labour, 129, 143, 146, 155, Fernando Po, viii, 18, 129–165, 205, 159–161, 173, 177, 178 226, 233 See also Compulsory labour; Films shown in Monrovia during Suggestion of the International WWI, 83 Commission of Enquiry (ICE) Finance Corporation of America Fourah Bay College, 162 burden on it as proposed by the principal of, 162 Brunot Committee, 182, 183 France, 10, 11, 13, 19, 26–28, 30n16, Liberia’s request to make 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 46, 52–55, adjustments to the 1926 loan, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 73, 74, 125, 184 77, 80, 85–88, 91, 93, 98, 114, Lyle, Vice President goes to 116, 136, 161, 171, 206, Monrovia, 184–186 212–214, 226, 227, 247, 248 reaction to the revised Franco, General, 227 League plan, 183 Franco-Dutch banks, 115 Financial Adviser Franco-Liberian, 13, 27, 89 eliminate European intervention, 96 Fredericks, Superintendent of intervention by U.S. State Maryland, 224 Department, 26 Free Man of Colour, 5 Financial assistance to Liberia, 77 See also Free People of Colour Findings of the International Free People of Colour, 6 Commission of Enquiry Freetown, xiv, 5–7, 10, 21, 40, 55, 81, (ICE), 154, 163, 164 114, 116, 117, 119, 180, 207, Finley, Robert, 5 208, 228, 248, 250n20 Firestone, vii, 3, 12, 24, 135 Freetown-Pendembu railway, 115, 117 investment, 23, 103–125, 136 Frontier Force, Liberian, 16, 25, 26, Firestone, Harry S. 38, 129, 133, 141, 143–148, 155, loan offer to Liberia, 110, 111 158, 173, 184, 202, 203, 209, Stevenson Restrictions Act, 103, 104 211–213, 215, 217–221, 248 See also Rubber production Fuller, Robert, 79 Firestone, Harvey Jr., 191 Furness, Lord, 123, 124 Firestone agreement, 120, 121, 124 Fuszek, Dr. R.G., 234, 235 Firestone Plantation Company, 126n10, 135, 139, 143, 174, 191 employment of labour, 143, 155, G 156 (see also Report of G’bittah, 203–205 International Commission of Gainford, Lord, 226 Enquiry) Galinhas Country, 17 268 INDEX

Gambia, 16, 137, 166n27 Germany and England at war, Gambian Wireless Station, 41 September 3, 1939, 247 Gandhi, Mahatma, 227 Ghana, 1 Gardiner, 11 Ginsberg, Karl, 237 Garvey, Marcus, 132–134, 136–138, Gio, 2 166n17, 167n29 Gola, 2, 3, 173 Garvey’s delegation to Liberia Gold Coast, 3, 16, 130–132, 137, Garvey’s men leave Liberia, 134, 147, 166n6, 166n27, 227, 249 137, 138 Gold Coast Medical Service, 234 scheme of settlement of Garvey’s Government of Liberia men in Liberia, 133 (in June, 1932) unilaterally Gbandi, 3, 173 alters the terms of agreement Geary, Sir William, 162 of 1926 loan General receiver, 26, 27, 41, 42, British reaction, 186 45, 46, 61 U.S. reaction to it, 185, 186 Geneva, 129, 159, 172, 179, Governor, Deputy, 9 183–186, 191, 195, 196n30, Governor-General at Dakar, 82 197n63, 220, 221, 235, Graham, Constantine, 154, 168n73, 238, 246 189, 195n1, 196n29, 196n34, Gercke, Kapitan Leutnant, 197n50, 212, 228, Of German Navy 230n37, 230n38, (Captain of the submarine), 80 230n39, 231n58, 231n60, demand of, 80 231n84, 234, 250n2 German Jew, 237 information on labour supply, 153 German, Liberian Treaty of 1867, 74 Grain Coast, 3, 4, 7, 14, 16, 17 Germanophile, 42, 45 Grand Bassa, 23, 83, 98, 150, 151, German–Polish Plan, 246 173, 199, 200, 202 leakage of, 246 Grand Bassam, 36 German property in Liberia, 80, 87 Grand Cess, 48, 50, 204, 206 value of liquidation of, 74, 75 Grant, Major, 216, 217 German South American Cable, 35, 38 Grant, U.S. President, 21, 23 German South West Africa, 21 , 239 German subjects in Liberia, 66, 74, Grebo, 2, 3, 199, 201 149 Greene, Graham, 240, 250n29 treatment of, 62 Greenwall, Harry J., 126n22, 197n46, German Warship Plot in Africa 227, 231n77, 250n28 Reported, 247 Grey, Edward, Sir, 30n23, 32n52, Germany, vii, xiv, 19, 20, 27, 34, 36, 46, 53, 69n7, 70n41, 70n42, 37, 40, 44, 46–50, 52, 53, 55, 71n65, 71n66 62–68, 73, 74, 76, 78, 84, Grigsby, Country Superintendent 86–88, 98, 99, 109, 171, 180, of Sinoe, 155 209, 210, 212–214, 226, 237, Grimes, L.A., 187, 191, 220, 246, 247 231n54, 238 end of war with Liberia, 97 Guest, Haden M.P., 161 INDEX 269

Guinea House of Representatives, 83, 160 Lower, 3 Liberian, 83, 160 Upper, 3 Howard, Daniel E., Liberian Guyatt, 64, 65 President, 33, 43, 61, 69n11, 69n16, 70n32, 71n71, 72n97, 75, 78–80, H 87, 99n16, 100n31, 151, Hague Convention, 40 204, 206–208, 210, 211 Haiti, 30n16, 94, 119, 189, 238 Howard, Sir Esme., 121, 124, Hamburg, 32n49, 37, 47, 49, 52, 128n82, 128n96 70n46, 73, 134 Howells, Dr. W. M., 234 Harbor facilities, 105, 111 Hudson-at Monrovia, 123 Harbour of Monrovia port, 7, 11, 81, Hughes, U.S. Secretary of State, 93 105, 111, 249 See also Firestone agreement Harding (U.S. President), 93, 104 Hull, US Secretary of State, 224, See also Rubber production 251n35 Harper, 200, 217 Humplmayr, 149 Harriman-Goodrich-Ford, 108 Hut Tax, 59, 148, 201 Hartcourt, 54 Hut Tax War, 22 Havelock, Arthur, 11 of Sierra Leone, 22 Head money, 27, 47, 151, 201 Head Tax, 21, 150 Henderson, Arthur, 169n77, 169n87, I 169n99, 171, 195n1, 246 Inikori, Joseph, 4 Hernaes, Per O., 4 See also Atlantic slave trade See also Atlantic slave trade Interior Department, 15 Hertzog, 247 International Commission of Enquiry Hibbard, Frederick, 225 authority of the, 141, 142 Hindu traders, 120 composition of, 142 Hines, 112, 187 Liberia’s proposal to the League of His Majesty’s British people, 207 Nations, 141 Hitler, Adolf, 247 report of, 153, 165, 233 H.M.S. Highfyer, 209, 210 terms of, 141 Holland Syndicate, 235 International Customs Receivership agreement with Bank composition, 28 of Liberia, 235 function, 34 Hollis, 207, 208, 230n22 International imbroglio, 130 Hoover, Herbert (U.S. President), International law, 40, 42, 67 104, 111, 190 International naval force, 226 See also Rubber production International Society for the House of Commons Protection of the Natives, 119 debates, April, 1934, 226 International quarantine debates, May 1932, 226 regulations, 174, 234 House of Lords, 181, 226 observance of, 174, 234 270 INDEX

Irish Catholic Fathers, 225 Kerefe, 17 role in Kru unrest, 225 King, C.D.B., Liberian President, 171 Italian attack on Ethiopia, 245 asks for an impartial group to Italian Consul general in Calcutta, 245 investigate, 130 Italian Consul in Monrovia asks for League advice, 160 (honorary), 245 forced to quit offce, 160, 163 Italo-Ethiopian dispute, 237, 245 International Commission of Italy, 91, 171, 180, 195, 221, 227, Enquiry, 163, 233 237, 245 labour scandal, 139 unsuccessful attempt to sign a treaty Kissi, 2 of friendship and commerce Knox, US Secretary of State, 26 with Liberia, 245 Kpelle, 2, 3 Ivory Coast, xiii, 3, 10, 13, 16, 36, Krahn, 2 52, 65, 115, 134, 136 Kru, 2, 3, 21, 44, 131, 154, 179, 180, 199–215, 218, 220–224, 226–229, 242–244 J Kru outbreak 1915 Java, 19 Kru condition for peace, 204 Jenne, 16 Liberian government’s response, John Seyes, 9 205, 207 Johnson, Charles S., Dr., 142 Kru outbreak 1930 Johnson, F. E. R., 159 Col. Elwood Davis’s role, 212, 213, Johnson, G, 216, 217, 222 (Mayor of Monrovia), 133 Joint interview of four diplomats Johnson, Samuel, Rev, (British, American, German and 147, 148, 168n50 French) with Barclay, 213 Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton, Kru Chief’s request for British help, 25, 29n4, 32n47, 41 212 Junod, Henry H., 119 report by Dr. Mackenzie, 214, 220, 221 report of D.G. Rydings, 212–216 K reports of Travel and one by Russell Kaiser, 44 and Coleman, 217 Kakata, 142 Kuczynski, Robert, 4, 29n8, 166n6 See also International Commission See also Atlantic slave trade of Enquiry Kwa, 2 Kanre Lahun, 12 Kaytah Seah, 220 Kellog, Frank B., US Secretary L of State, 113, 124 Lady Bountiful, 94 Kenema district, 228 LAMCO, 249 Kenya, 227 Lange, Gustav, 26, 28, 41, 42 INDEX 271

Lange Proposition, 26 Liberia Committee of the League Langley, Walter Sir, 54, 125 submits Lansing, 38, 39, 46 Liberia submits a counter proposal, League Committee on Liberia, 233 183 League Committee’s revised plan for a revised plan, 1932, 182 Liberia, May 1932, 182 Liberian attorney general, 25, 172 League Committee withdraws its offer Liberian delegate to the League, of plan of assistance to Liberia in 172, 220 January 19, 1934 Liberian Development Company, American Finance Corporation, 183 24, 32n47 America’s furious reaction, 185 Liberian International Corporation, 94 Barclay unilaterally suspends Liberian labour scandal, 172 payment to AFC, 188 Barclay applies to the League for USA submits a new proposal, 183 experts to advise the League covenant, 179–181 Government of Liberia, 165 Republican critics, 91 a critique of the report, 129 League of Nations, viii, xiv, 12, 88–92, King resigns; takes 119, 140, 141, 145, 152, 159, over, 160 160, 162, 164, 165, 171–195, President King’s reaction, 139 214, 220–223, 226, 233, 238, reaction of the people of Liberia, 159 240, 242, 243, 247 reaction of world press-especially League of Nations Union, 181 British Press, 161 of Liberia, 28, 48, 59, report of International Commission 96, 97, 118, 119, 149, 151, of Enquiry (ICE), 153 154, 178, 185, 188, 193, 203, Liberian labour supply from 206, 236 Montserrado, Grand Cape Lehman, Baron, 115 Mount and Marshall stopped in Lend-Lease, 248 1925, 151 Lever Brothers, 94, 95 Liberian Legislature’s Liberia and the League reservations–January, 1934 debate in the House of Lords, 226 about the amended League the question of expulsion, xiv, 181, Committee Plan, 193 182, 194, 195 League Committee rejects Liberia’s the question of it being placed reservation, 193 under Mandate, 159, 182, 246 Liberian News, 79, 96, 99n19, Liberia Committee of the League 100n56, 119, 128n70, 128n71 composition, 171 reporting the attack on Monrovia by fnancial implications, 195 German submarine, 67 Liberia’s objections to the Brunot Liberian Public Health and Sanitation Report, 176 Department, 234 reactions of Britain and USA, 171 See also Fuszek, Dr. R.G. recommendation of the Committee Liberian Rubber Corporation, 24–25, (known as Brunot Report), 176 44, 53, 120, 122, 123, 125 272 INDEX

Liberty Loan Acts, 93 M Ligthart, M., 171 Mackenzie, Dr. of Britain, 172, 187, Lindsay, R., 164, 179, 243 220, 221, 223, 234, 235 Liverpool, 49, 55, 208, 247 visits to Kru coast as League Liverpool chambers of commerce, 95 Commissioner in 1932, 214 Loan of 1912, 34, 84, 86, 110, 121 Madrid, 157, 227 Lofa, 13 Makarczyk, 238 Loma, 2, 3 Makona River, 13 London, 6, 21–23, 25, 36, 44, 54, 60, Malaya, Colonial government of, 103 62, 69n8, 70n34, 71n58, 71n87, Mali, 1 71n88, 73, 77, 82, 90, 95, Malinki, 2, 3 99n11, 100n29, 100n40, Malkin, 181 101n65, 106, 108, 110, 116, Mallwa river, 13 120, 122, 125n1, 126n16, Manchester Chamber 127n44, 159, 167n30, 168n72, of Commerce, 95 171, 186, 191, 195n1, 196n25, Mandates Commission, 119 229n5, 229n18, 230n19, Mandates system, 88 231n77, 234, 242, 246, 247, arguments put forward to place 250n7, 251n53 Liberia in this, xiv loan of 1912, 48, 56, 84, 121 Mander, member, House of London Morning Post, 110 Commons, 226 Lovejoy, Paul, 4, 147, 168n52 Mano river, 12, 17 See also Atlantic slave trade Mansfeld, Lord, xiv, 5 Lugard, Lord, 16, 161, 226, 243 Maritime and Colonial League, 245 Luyanda, Don Angel Barrera Y. concessions in Liberia, 239 (His Excellency, Governor Maryland Country, 9, 11, 19, 23, 75, General, Spanish Possessions, 134, 142, 154, 173, 199, 221 Gulf of Guinea) Mass meeting in Monrovia, June agreement signed for supply of 1930, 159 labour to Fernando Po, 150 Mathias, F. A., 237 diplomatic relations between Maugham, R.C., 37, 38, 41–45, 47, Liberia and Fernando 50, 52, 55, 162, 204, 206, 207, Po broken off, 152 209, 210 inspection by the Liberian Acting May, Lewis, 156 Consul of the Fernando Po McBride, Harry A., 224, 241–243 Plantations, 151 report by, 241, 242, 244 press reports on maltreatment of McCabe, Captain, 215 labour, 151 McCaskey, Charles I., 184, 239 the reasons, 150 McClain, Col, 215 visits Liberia (1914), 150 Meek, Sigvald of Norway, 142 Lyden, Baron de, 191 Mel, 2 Lyon, W. Ingram, 124 Mende, 2 INDEX 273

Mexico, 104, 105 Mwanamutapa Empire, 1 Minister plenipotentiary Myring, 122, 124 to Liberia, 150 See also Luyanda, Don Angel Barerra Y. N Missouri Compromise, 12 Nabours, Captain W. D., 239 Moa, Lower, 17 Nana Kru, 204, 215 Moeller, M. A., 243 National Association for Advancement Monroe Doctrine, 55 of Coloured People (NAACP), Monroe, James, U.S. President, xiii, 7 136, 189 Monrovia, xiii–xv, xxi, 7, 8, 11–13, 15, National City Bank of New York, 61 20, 21, 23, 25–28, 30n26, Native administration, 165, 177 35–42, 44–49, 55, 56, 60, 61, Native Arbiter, 15 63–68, 74, 75, 78–83, 86, 89, Nat Turner’s rebellion, 8 90, 93–98, 105–109, 111, 112, ‘Nautilus’, ship, 7 114–117, 119–121, 129, 133, Nazi, 249 142, 150, 151, 154, 155, Negro dignity, 92 157–160, 162, 164, 165, 172, Negro World, xv, 132 174, 175, 184, 186, 187, Neutrality Proclamation, 33, 40, 43 189–191, 194, 199, 200, Newfoundland, 248 203–207, 209, 211–215, 217, New World, 4, 10 218, 220, 221, 223–225, 227, New York, 7, 19, 26, 36, 60, 61, 65, 234–236, 238–242, 244, 245, 95, 111, 121, 132, 133 247–249 The New York Journal of Commerce, Montserrado country, 23, 75, 149, 106, 126n13 151, 173 The New York Times, 35, 138 Morais, F.W.M., Dr., viii, 224 Niger delta, 3 role on the Kru unrest, 224 Nigeria, 16, 137, 152, 157, 161, 227 Moratorium Act, 242 Nigerian labourers, 161 Moroccan, 2 Nigerian Ordinance Morocco, 23 No. 65 of 1917, 137 Morris, T., member, House of Nilotic, 2 Commons, 247 Nimba, 15, 148 talks of a German mandate over Nimley, Juah Liberia, 226 confnement in Military camp Morro river, 12, 13 in Monrovia, 225 Mount Barclay Rubber Kru unrest, 217, 218 Plantation, 105 surrenders October 1936, 244 Mulattoes, 7, 15 Nimli, 203 Munich Agreement, 12 Non-recognition of Barclay Musardu, 15 administration by Britain and Mussolini, 237 USA, 238, 240 274 INDEX

Noord Europesche Erts en Pyriet Paris, xiv, 77, 86–93, 115, 121, 124, Maatschappy of Amsterdam 159, 213, 238, 247 (NEEP) loan of 1912, 121 license to explore and prospect, 236 Paris Peace Conference and Liberia repealing the right, 237 Monrovia North Atlantic air route, 248 plan to defend; after the city was Northern Europe, 239 shelled, 75; Anglo-French Plan Northern Rivers, 16 to boost Liberian fnances, 89; Northern Territories, 131 the French plan, 89 recruiting labour from, 131 Parker, P.C., 79 Northwestern University Parks, Consul General, 44, 56, 57, 61, economists, 155 62, 64, 71n73, 71n85, 72n89, coercive measures in labour 72n94, 72n99, 99n7, 99n16, recruitment by Firestone, 155 99n17, 99n22, 100n38, 100n58, Nuon River, 13 101n62, 168n61, 211, 230n34 Nyemah, King, 206, 229n16 Parle Weah, 220 Patton, Bishop, 167n37 role in the note of Francis of June O (1929), 140 O’Meara, Francis (Consul General), Pawning, 143, 144, 147, 148, 51, 70n54, 71n59, 99, 101n68, 158, 160, 178 106, 108, 109, 112, 115–120, Payne, B. W., 211 126n11, 126n24, 126n25, Peace Conference, see Paris Peace 126n28, 127n37, 127n45, Conference and Liberia 127n48, 127n53, 127n57, Pennsylvania, Colonization 127n61, 127n62, 127n63, Society of, 8 128n68, 128n69, 128n74, People’s party, 119, 159, 223 166n11, 166n12, 166n15, Permanent Liberian delegation 166n16 to the League of Nations, Obey, Lt., 223 167n38, 172, 220 Ohio, 108, 120, 168n74 Permanent Mandates Oost Afrikaansche Compagnie, Commission, 246 20, 23, 186 Pernambuco, 35–37 Open Door, 144 Philippines, 85, 104 policy in relation to the interior, 144 See also Rubber production Order in Council, 56, 228 Phillips, Sir Owen, 53 Ormsby-Gore, 162 Pilot, C.T., 239 Poland, 171, 238, 239, 245–247 Polish Consul to Liberia, see Rathaus P Polish corridor, 247 Pan African Congress, 2nd, 4th, 92, 111 Polish–Liberian relations, 238, 245 Paramount chiefs, 16, 142, 147, 173, Polish medical expert, 235 215, 217, 219, 228 Poll Tax, 59 INDEX 275

Poro, 4 “Raleigh”, US Navy ship, 82 Port Authority of Monrovia, 234 Rasmussen, 188, 189 Port of Entry Law (1865), 20, 200 Rathaus, 239 Portuguese, 2, 3, 17, 150 Reaction of Britain to the US loan Portuguese East Africa, 56 proposal, 27 Post Offce Reaction of British and American press Liberian, 120; London, 120 to the report of I.C.E, 162 Powney, 24 Reaction of France to the US loan ‘Prahsu’ ship, 208 proposal, 28 President Howard, 33, 43, 61, 69n11, Reaction of U.S. to, British proposals 69n16, 70n32, 71n71, 72n97, on Liberia at the Peace 75, 78–80, 87, 121, 124, Conference, 90 128n82, 128n96, 128n97, 151, Reactions of, USA–Britain to the 159, 204, 206–208, 210, 211 Brunot Committee Liberian vessel, 79, 80 recommendations, 182 Prince Henry, 3 Reber, Samuel Prince of Wales, 207 Liberia Committee accepts the new Principe, 18, 150 U.S. plan, 183 Proclamation, 34, 55–58, 60, 71n72, new U.S. plan sent to the League 72n97, 74, 75, 97, 148, 158, through Reber, 183 160, 251n66 Recognition of Barclay administration Liberian (June 22, 1916), 71n72 by UK-November 1936, 244 Proclamation of June 1917, 75 by USA-June 1935, 242 Proclamation of the Liberian Recruitment of labour, 144, 149, President, October 1930, 158 152, 154 Programme of reforms announced by change of existing agreement, 129 President King, 158, 163 Rees, J.D., Sir, 43, 53, 54 Protectorate, 10, 13, 22, 53, 54, 84, Regulations controlling employment 85, 88, 89, 91, 94, 132, 139, of Liberian labour by foreign 145, 160, 162, 206, 228 countries–1903, 149 Providence Island, 7 Report of International Commission Provincial commissioner, 173, 174, of Enquiry (ICE), 153, 165, 233 177, 184, 228 Right of Entry withdrawn in 1913 Public , 234, 239 from Puerto Rico, 85 Bettou, 203 Pyne Nyekan, 215 Fish town, 203 Garraway, 203 Niffu, 203 R Pickaninni Cess, 203 Raczynski, Count, 238 Rocktown, 203 Liberian–Polish overtures, 238 Settra Kru, 203 Railway in Liberia, 117, 118 River Cess, 202 place for construction, 89, 114–118 Riviêres du Sud, 16 276 INDEX

Roberts, J.W., Senator from Sinoe, 155 St. John’s River, 8 Roberts, Joseph Jenkins, St. Vincent, 209 Liberia’s frst President, 9, 10, 19 Sanoquelleh, 173 Roberts, W., 227 San Pedro, 15 Robertsfeld Airport, 248 Santa Isabel, 150, 153, 156 ‘Rochester,’, 220 Sao Thome, 18 British ship, 220 Sarawak, 104, 105 Rommel, 248 Sariti, 220 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 93, 190, Santa Claus, 218 240, 241 Sasstown, 48, 50, 203, 207, 212, 214, Ross, Donald, 107, 108 216–219, 221, 223, 231n62 Ross, Liberian Senator, 56, 57, 80 Sasstown (New and Old), 216, 217, 221 Ross, S. A., 56, 57, 80, 153, 154, Savanna, 1–3, 16 202, 205 Sawyer, Amos, 14, 30–31n26 Rotterdam, 20, 37, 47, 49 Schistosomiasis, 174 The Round Table, 88 Schofeld, Captain, 205 Royal Geographical Society, Scott, H. D., 106 95, 167n40 See also Rumours about Firestone Royal Navy, 10, 66, 78, 82 Agreement Royal Proclamation, 60 Scramble, 15, 22 on trading with the enemy, 55, 78 Sejou, Dr., 238 Roye, loan from London Bank, 23 Sekondi, 131 Rubber Senate, U. S., 26, 93, 110, 154, consumption of, 103, 107 163, 165, 179 Firestone’s Agreement with Liberia, Senegal, river, 10, 16 xiv, 12, 105 Settra Kru, 202–205 production of, xiv, 103–105 Seymour, John, 15 Rue, Sydne de la, 106, 108 Sharp, Grenville, xiv, 5 rumours about the agreements, Sharpe, Richard, 28, 41, 44, 75, 204 89, 106 Sharpe, Sir Alfred, 95, 162 Rubber production, 104 Shepherd, 98, 101n64 Rumours about Firestone Agreement, Sheppard, Rear Admiral T.D.L., 78 106, 112 recommendations of, 78 Russell, F.A.K., Dr., 214, 217, Sherbro, 6, 7 219–221, 251n54 Sherman, Reginald, 19, 154, 155 Rydings, D. G., 212–218, 220 Sierra Leone, xiii, xiv, 3, 5–7, 9–13, One man commission 16, 19, 21, 22, 38, 44, 52, 74, to Kru coast, 213 78, 79, 84, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 132, 134, 136–138, 145, 146, 160, 162, 180, 206–208, S 210, 228, 237, 238, 240 Saben, M. B., 239 Simon, Sir John, 194, 197n66, Sahara desert, 1, 16 212, 243 INDEX 277

Simpson. C. L., Liberian Secy. of State, Spanish efforts to get labour from 225, 236, 238, 245, 247, 248, British West Africa, China not 250n7, 250n12, 250n14, successful, 152 250n21, 251n49, 251n51, Foreign Offce/Colonial offce’s 251n58, 251n59 reaction, 152 Sinoe settlement, 8 Liberia- agreement between private Slater, Governor of Sierra Leone, parties and Spain, 153 117, 118, 127n65 Spain, 35, 42, 60, 64, 65, 129, Slave 141, 152, 171, 227 abolition of slave trade, 17, 173 Spring-Rice, Cecil, Sir, 37 Atlantic slave trade, 4 Starboard, 79 slavery, xiv, 4–6, 12, 17, 137, State Department, of the USA, 139–141, 143–148 9, 26, 27, 38, 39, 42, 45, slave trade, 4–6, 10, 12, 17, 26, 46, 49, 68, 84, 86, 87, 91–93, 129, 148, 200 95, 96, 100n41, 110–114, Slavery Convention (1924, 1926), 121, 124, 129, 130, 138–140, 146, 152, 167n47 142, 152, 157, 158, 162, demand for ratifcation, 129 163, 165, 179, 182, 185, Sleeping sickness, 156, 174 188–190, 208, 230n23, 242, Smallbones, 107, 108, 117, 126n26, 243, 246 127n64, 128n81, 128n83, Statutory List, 78 128n85, 128n90 Steel-Maitland, A. D., M. P., 51, 54 Smallpox, 156, 235 Sterling, 24 Snow, T. M., 116, 127n59, Stevenson, Sir James, 103 128n91, 168n67 See also Rubber production; Societe Coloniale pour la Commerce Stevenson Restriction Act et I’Industrie’, 89 Stevenson Restriction Act, 104, 125, French Syndicate, 89 126n2, 126n4 Somerset, James, 5 Stockton, Robert F., 7 Songhai, 1, 2 Stokes, Rev. Anson Phelps, 140 empire, 1, 2 Stuart, John, 216, 218, 219, 222 Sottile, Antoine, 141 aliasis Major Frank and South Africa, 34, 180, 228 Major Ford, 215 South American Cable Company, Stuart, Lord C., 67 35, 38 Submarine, 37, 78–82 South Atlantic route, 248 German, xiv, 67, 79, 81 South East Asia, 107 Sudan, 1 Soviet Union, 248 Sudanic Kingdoms, 1 Stalin, 240 empires, 16 Spanish American War, 35 Suggestion of the International Spanish Chargé d’Affaires, 81 Commission of Enquiry Spanish Colonial Government of (ICE), 172 Fernando Po, 149, 152, 205 Sumatra, 107 278 INDEX

Supranational Authority, 89 Tubman, W.V.S. President of the League, 89 of Liberia, xvii, 14 Supreme Court, 80, 106, 145, Twe, D., viii, 154, 219, 222 159, 174 Switzerland, 142 Syndicato Agricola de los Territories U Espalones del Golfo de Guinea UNIA Convention of 1920 and a Liberian frm owned by British reaction to UNIA Ross, S. A. (1928), terms, 153 presence in Liberia, 136 ignominious deportation of UNIA members from Monrovia, 133 T king’s explanation for the Tabouis, Madame, 247 deportation of Garvey Taft, U.S. President, 26, 93 followers, 133 Takoradi, 248 Union Jack, 205, 206, 209 Tetteh Quashie, 132 Union Mining Company, 23 Texas, 12 United States Agency for Recaptured T.G. White and Company, N.Y, 95 Africans, 6 Thompson, 244 United States Trading Company Thorade, 43 (USTC), 24 Three-Year-Plan, 240, 241 United Trading Company, Banking Timbuktu, 16 Department, 186 Togba, Blogba, 215 Universal Negro Improvement Togo, 23, 53, 110 Association (UNIA), 111, 132 Tommassi, Signor, 245 University, Fisk, 142 Tondibi, Battle of, 2 University of Oregon, 111 Trade and the settlers sessions on International British involvement, 44 Relations, 111 decline of trade, 20 Upshur Declaration, 9 German involvement, viii U.S. Congress, 6, 23, 104 Roberts, Benson, Warner, U.S. Naval Coaling Station, 26 Payne, 19 Roye, Sherman, 19 types, 7, 22 V Travell, W.A., 214, 217–220 Vai, 2, 3, 106 report on Kru outbreak Vansittart, 119, 125 of 1930s, 218 Venezuela, 19, 171 Treasury Department, 59, 93 Versailles, 88, 246 of the USA, 93 Versailles Treaty and Liberia, 87, 109 Treaty Department, 112 Vichy France, 249 True Whig Party, 73, 119, Victorian era, 44 137, 223 Virginia, Legislature of, 6 Truth, 75, 107, 114, 120, 159 Volta River, 3 INDEX 279

W amendments, 193 Wal Wal incident, September, 1934, 190 League Plan withdrawn, 191 War Bulletins, 83 Liberian amendments, 193 Warburg, Kuhn, Loeb Liberian Legislature fnds them and Company, 26 unacceptable, 193 War offce, 64, 65, 74, 114, 116, 180 Liberian reservations, 192 Washington, 159 ‘permanent’ and ‘temporary,’, 191 Washington, D.C, 6, 37, 61, 77, 86, Recommendations, 192 87, 92, 97, 113, 121, 124, 125, submits new proposals, 183 140, 162, 179, 186, 208, Winship etc. considers, 190 213, 241, 247 Winship, Major General Banton W.D. Woodin and Company, 23 Joint statement with Barclay, 190, Weaver, 204 191 Weinthal, Leo, 124, 128n94 Wireless stations West Africa Gold Concessions Ltd, 23 French, 35 West African Currency Board, 24 German, 35–41 West Africa, the Weekly Magazine Witherspoon, J.J, 155 from London, xv Woermann, 20, 21, 47, 49, West Indies, 24 52, 56, 79 West J. W., 47 Wolf, Frederick, 28, 41 White List, 57, 60, 78 Wolo, P.G., viii See also Black List See also International Commission White Rajah, 105 of Enquiry See also Rubber production Worley, H.F., 75, 80, 86, 99n6 Whittall, 244 Wiechers and Helm, 47, 56 Wilberforce, William, xiv, 5 Y Wild, Roland, 126n22, 197n46, 227, Yapp, A.E., 235, 239, 240, 244 231n77, 250n28 Yancy, Allen, 154 Wilson U.S. President, 91, 93, 124 resignation of, 160 Winship, Lyle, Firestone Jr. and See also Report of International Grimes, L.A. meet at Geneva, Commission of Enquiry (ICE) March, 1933 Young, Major C, 126n8, 203