Readings in Conservation

Historical Perspectives in the Conservation of Works of Art on

Edited by

MARGARET HOLREN ELLIS

THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE LOS ANGELES Contents

Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Note to the Reader xix

Part I The Powers of Paper i reading i Verner W. Clapp | The Story of Permanent/Durable Book-Paper, 1115—1970 (1972) 3

2 Thomas Churchyard | A Sparke of Frendship and Warme Goodwill, That Shewes the Effect of True Affection and Unfoldes the Finenesse of This World (1588) 8

3 Robert Bell | Observations Relative to the Manufactures of Paper and Printed Books in the Province of Pennsylvania (1773) 18

4 Richard Herring | Paper & Paper Making, Ancient and Modern (1856) 20

5 Henri Pourrat | The Devil in the : A Tale (1948) 22

6 Eden Phillpotts | Storm in a Teacup (1919) 29

7 Henry Morris | Nicolas Louis Robert and His Endless Wire Machine: With Facsimiles of the Inventors Original Drawings of the First . . . (2000) 32

8 Jacques Derrida | Paper or Me, You Know . . . (1997) 34

9 Pierre-Marc de Biasi | A Paradoxical Substance (2011) 36

Part II The Mastery of Drawing 43 reading io Winslow Ames | Introduction to The Mastery of Drawing, by Joseph Meder (1978) 46

11 Letizia Montalbano | Drawings Revealed: Analyses of Graphic Techniques, Challenges, Directions and Points of View (2008) 49 12 Walter Koschatzky | Technique as Artistic Expression (1987)

13 Konrad Oberhuber | Introduction to Sixteenth Century Italian Drawings from the Collection ofjanos Scholz (1973)

14 Max Klinger | Painting and Drawing (1891)

15 Henri Zerner | What Gave Connoisseurship Its Bad Name? (1987)

16 J. D. Harding | Elementary Art; or, The Use of the Lead Pencil Advocated and Explained (1838)

17 Johann Peter Eckermann | Conversations with Goethe in the Last Years of His Life (1836—1848)

18 Henry Petroski | The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance (1990)

19 W. Ostwald | Letters to a Painter on the Theory and Practice of Painting (1904)

20 Joseph Farington | The Farington Diary (1795)

21 Marjorie B. Cohn | A Note on Media and Methods (1970)

Part III Printmaking: Multiple Originals reading 22 Ugo da Carpi | Petition to the Venetian Senate (1516)

23 William M. Ivins Jr. | How Prints Look: Photographs with a Commentary (1943)

24 Seymour Haden | About Etching (1878—1879)

25 Joseph Pennell | Etchers and Etching: Chapters in the History of the Art Together with Technical Explanations of Modern Artistic Methods (1925)

26 W. Biscombe Gardner | Wood Engraving as Compared with Other Reproductive Arts, and Its Future as a Fine Art (1896)

27 Hans W. Singer and William Strang | Etching, Engraving and the Other Methods of Pictures (1897)

28 Arthur Hayden | Chats on Old Prints (1906)

vi 29 Roy Vernon Sowers and Pauline Sowers | Enjoy Your Museum II: Prints (1934) 117

30 William M. Ivins Jr. | How Prints Look: Photographs with a Commentary (1943) 119

31 Rudolph Ackermann | Some Account of the Art of Lithography, or Process for Taking Fac-Simile Impressions of Drawings from Stone (1817) 123

32 Andre Mellerio | Original Color Lithography (1898) 129

33 Carl Zigrosser | The Historical Background of Originality (1965) 137

34 Walter Benjamin | The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1936) 144

35 Johanna Drucker | Offset: The Work of Mechanical Art in the Age of Electronic (Re)production (1998) 149

36 Ruth Weisberg | The Syntax of the Print: In Search of an Aesthetic Context (1986) 156

Part IV "Paper Is Part of the Picture" 159 reading 37 Heinz Corte | Perception of the Optical Properties of Paper (1976) 162

38 A. H. Munsell | A Color Notation System (1905) 168

39 E. J. Labarre | Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Paper and Paper-Making (1952) 173

40 J.-S.-E. (Jean-Sebatien-Eugene) Julia de Fontenelle | The Papermakers' and Paper Merchants' Complete Manual (1828) 177

41 R. H. Clapperton | Paper and Its Relationship to Books (1934) 180

42 James Harper | Verso: The Flip Side of Master Drawings (2001) 182

43 Allan H. Stevenson | Are Twins (1951—1952) 186

44 Paul Needham | The Study of Paper from an Archival Point of View (1988) 198

45 Elizabeth Lunning | Characteristics of Italian Paper in the Seventeenth Century (1989) 203

vii 46 Elizabeth Lunning and Roy Perkinson | The Print Council of America Paper Sample Book: A Practical Guide to the Description of Paper (1996)

47 Judith Walsh | Paper Survey (1999)

Part V Deterioration and Change: Paper "Yellow'd with Their Age" reading 48 John Murray | Practical Remarks on Modern Paper (1829) 2

49 Honore de Balzac | Lost Illusions (1837—1843) 2:

50 Wolfgang Schlieder | Friedrich Gottlob Keller, Inventor of the Wood-Pulping Machine: Contributions to His Biography from Letters (1977) 24

51 B. L. Browning | The Nature of Paper (1970) 24

52 S. Kohler and G. Hall | Acidity in Paper (1925) 2;

53 Arthur David Baynes-Cope | Superstition and Science in Conservation (1982) 25

54 W. J. Barrow | Migration of Impurities in Paper (1953) 2(

55 Philip Luner | Paper Permanence (1969) 2"

56 American National Standard for Information Sciences | Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984 (1984) 27

57 Antoinette Dwan | Paper Complexity and the Interpretation of Conservation Research (1987) 27

58 Vincent Daniels | The Discolouration of Paper on Ageing (1988) 28

59 Paul M. Whitmore | The Mechanisms of Chemical Deterioration of Paper (1994) 28

60 Helmut Bansa | Accelerated Ageing of Paper: Some Ideas on Its Practical Benefit (2002) 29

61 Henk J. Porck | Rate of Paper Degradation: The Predictive Value of Artificial Aging Tests (2000) 29

via 62 Nicholson Baker | Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper (2001) 298

63 Robert L. Feller | The Deteriorating Effect of Light on Museum Objects: Principles of Photochemistry, the Effect on Varnishes and Paint Vehicles and on Paper (1964) 303

64 Robert L. Feller | Concerning the Place of Science in the Scheme of Things (1989) 309

Part VI Deterioration and Change: Media "Even in

Their Partial Ruin Marvelous" 315

Watercolors reading 65 Marjorie B. Cohn | Wash and Gouache: A Study of the Development of the Materials of Watercolor (1977) 317

66 Joseph Sidebotham | Letter to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1877, 1881) 326

67 W. J. Russell and W. de W. Abney | Report to the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education on the Action of Light on Water Colours (1888) 329

68 Winsor & Newton | Statement of Policy 1892 (1997) 335

69 W. Ostwald | Letters to a Painter on the Theory and Practice of Painting (1904) 339

Iron-Gall Ink

70 Thaddeus Davids | The History of Ink including Its Etymology, Chemistry, and Bibliography (i860) 342

71 J.R. | Ink for Lawyers (1884) 348

72 John Murray | Practical Remarks on Modern Paper (1829) 351

73 Sigmund Lehner | Ink Manufacture including Writing, Copying, Lithographic, Marking, Stamping and Laundry Inks (1902) 353

74 Walter S. Landis | The Electrolytic Corrosion of Electroplated Objects (1911) 356

ix 75 Otto Posse | The Conservation of Manuscripts, According to the International Conference for the Conservation and Repair of Old Manuscripts at St. Gallen (1899) 3*

Part VII Treatment: Limits and Limitations 36 reading 76 Arthur David Baynes-Cope | Ethics in Paper Conservation (1982) 36

77 Irene Briickle | The Practice of Looking in Paper Conservation (2001) 3"

78 Mitchell S. Buck | Book Repair and Restoration (1918) 35

79 Chris Caple | Conservation Skills: Judgement, Method and Decision Making (2000) 37

80 Alfred Whitman | The Print-Collector's Handbook (1903) 38

81 Carlo James | Old Master Prints and Drawings: An Art-Historical Survey of Collecting and of Preservation Methods (1992) 38

82 Thea Burns | Preserving Master Drawings: A Cultural Perspective (2001) 40

83 Irene Briickle | Aqueous Treatment in Context (2011) 41

84 Antoinette King | The Conservation Treatment of a Collage: Man with a Hat by Pablo Picasso (1987) 42

85 Keiko Mizushima Keyes | The Unique Qualities of Paper as an Artifact in Conservation Treatment (1978) 42

86 Antoinette King | Technical and Esthetic Attitudes about the Cleaning of Works of Art on Paper (1986) 43

87 Keiko Mizushima Keyes | Alternatives to Conventional Methods of Reducing Discoloration in Works of Art on Paper (1980) 44

88 Carlo James, Caroline Corrigan, Marie Christine Enshaian, and Marie Rose Greca | Old Master Prints and Drawings: A Guide to Preservation and Conservation (1997) 45

89 Jane McAusland | The Practicalities and Aesthetics of Retouching: Rationality versus Intuition (2002) 45

X Part VIII The Paper Conservator: Going beyond

the Bench 471 reading 90 George Cumberland| An Essay on the Utility of Collecting the Best Works of the Ancient Engravers of the Italian School . . . (1827) 475

91 Max Schweidler | The Restoration of Engravings, Drawings, Books, and Other Works on Paper (1950) 477

92 Anne F. Clapp | Curatorial Care of Works of Art on Paper (1973) 480

93 Marjorie B. Cohn | Editorial (1979) 482

94 Marjorie B. Cohn | Change, We Hope for the Better (2001) 485

95 Salvador Munoz-Vinas | Contemporary Theory of Conservation (2005) 492

96 Richard Hemmings | Restoration (2004) 495

Further Reading 498 About the Editor 513 Index 514

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