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Writing the Research Paper: a Handbook, 8Th Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Writing the Research Paper: © 2012, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning A Handbook, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Eighth Edition copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used Anthony C. Winkler in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Jo Ray Metherell including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Publisher/Executive Editor: digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Lyn Uhl information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Acquisitions Editor: without the prior written permission of the publisher. Kate Derrick Assistant Editor: Kelli Streiby For product information and Editorial Assistant: technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Elizabeth Reny Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Media Editor: For permission to use material from this text or product, Cara Douglass-Graff submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Marketing Manager: [email protected] Stacey Purviance Content Project Manager: Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932459 PreMediaGlobal ISBN-13: 978-0-495-79964-1 Art Director: Jill Ort Print Buyer: Susan Spencer ISBN-10: 0-495-79964-5 Rights Acquisition Specialist: Katie Huha Wadsworth Production Service: 20 Channel Center Street PreMediaGlobal Boston, MA 02210 USA Photo Manager: PreMediaGlobal Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning Cover Designer: Nesbitt solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Graphics Inc./Alisha Webber Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Cover Image: VEER Locate your local offi ce at: international.cengage.com/region Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Writing the Research Paper A Handbook Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Eighth Edition Writing the Research Paper A Handbook Anthony C. Winkler Jo Ray Metherell Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xix 8 Revising Your Rough Draft 8a Principles of revision 119 1 Basic Information about the 8b Revising the opening paragraph 120 Research Paper 8c Revising sentences for variety and style 125 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 8d Revising words: Diction 130 1b Defi nition of the research paper 3 8e Rules for Writers. Not. 134 1c Format of the research paper 4 9 The MLA System of Documentation 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 9a Parenthetical documentation: Author- 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 work (MLA) 139 1g Writing the research paper: Steps and 9b Format for “Works Cited” (MLA) 144 schedule 9 9c Content notes 174 9d Finished form of the MLA paper 176 2 Choosing a Topic 9e Peer review checklist 184 2a How to choose a topic 13 9f Submitting your paper electronically 184 2b Topics to avoid 15 10 The APA System of Documentation 2c Narrowing the topic 17 10a Parenthetical documentation: Author- 3 The Library date (APA) 187 10b Format for “References” (APA) 193 3a Layout of the library 21 10c Writing the abstract 208 3b Organization of the library 10d Finished form of the paper 209 collections 27 10e Peer review checklist 218 4 Using the Computer in Your 10f Submitting your paper electronically 218 Research 11 The Traditional System of 4a Computers and the research paper 37 Documentation (CMS) 4b The Internet 38 11a Footnotes and endnotes 221 4c Online resources 38 11b Subsequent references in footnotes and 4d Researching with search engines 41 endnotes 229 4e Usenet, Listserv, telnet, and gopher 42 11c Electronic sources 230 4f Evaluating Internet sources 43 11d Finished form of the paper 231 4g Running a search 46 11e Peer review checklist 235 4h Useful Internet sites 47 11f Submitting your paper electronically 236 5 Doing the Research 12 Sample Student Papers 5a What information to look for 51 5b Where to look for information 52 12a Paper using author-work documentation 5c Assembling a working bibliography 58 (MLA) 239 5d Selecting your sources: Skimming 60 12b Paper using author-date documentation 5e Note-taking 63 (APA) 251 5f Plagiarism and how to avoid it 69 12c Paper using footnote documentation (CMS) 265 6 The Thesis and the Outline Appendices 6a The thesis: Defi nition and function 75 6b The outline 81 A Mechanics 6c Choosing an outline form 87 A1 Numbers and dates 271 7 Transforming the Notes into a A2 Titles 273 A3 Italic and underlining 277 Rough Draft A4 Names of people 278 7a Preparing to write the rough draft: A5 Hyphenating words 279 A checklist 91 A6 Spaces and punctuation marks 280 7b Writer’s block 91 A7 Foreign-language words 280 7c Writing with a computer 91 A8 Abbreviations 281 7d Using your notes in the paper 92 A9 Spelling 291 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover 104 B General and Specialized References, 7f Writing with unity, coherence, and an Annotated List emphasis 105 B1 A list of general references 293 7g Using the proper tense 108 B2 A list of specialized references 306 7h Using graphics in your research paper 109 Credits 329 7i Writing the abstract 115 Index 333 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xix 1 Basic Information about the Research Paper 1a Hatred of the research paper 3 1b Defi nition of the research paper 3 1c Format of the research paper 4 1d Reasons for the research paper 5 1e The report paper and the thesis paper 5 1f Drafts of the research paper 6 1g Writing the research paper: Steps and schedule 9 2 Choosing a Topic 2a How to choose a topic 13 2b Topics to avoid 15 2b-1 Topics that are too big 15 2b-2 Topics based on a single source 15 2b-3 Topics that are too technical 15 2b-4 Topics that are trivial 16 2b-5 Topics that are too hot 16 2c Narrowing the topic 17 3 The Library 3a Layout of the library 21 3a-1 The computer 21 3a-2 Online full-text databases 23 v Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning.
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