1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3271 By Mr. KEATING: 312. By Mrs. NORTON: PP.tition of the De-· this hour, for work to do that demands H. R. 3006. A bill for the relief of Laura partment of New Jersey, Reserve Officers As­ the best we have and still finds us inade­ Spinnichia; to the Committee on the Judi- sociatiol} of the United States, recommend­ ciary. · ' ing that adequate funds be appropriated to quate. Then may we seek Thy help, H. R. 3007. A bill for the relief of Ernest enable all Air Reserve officers who desire to knowing that in partnership with Thee, F. Lutzken; to the Committee on the maintain and increase their ftying skill and in applying Thy will to our problems, Judiciary. proficiency to do so, and w·ging the con­ there shall be·no dull moments and no By Mr. KEFAUVER: tinued maintenance of adequate Air Reserve problems beyond solutfon. God bless us H. R. 3008. A bill for the relief of J. S. flying. training facilities at the Newark all and help us to be right and to do Kirby; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Municipal Airport until such time as equally right. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. By Mr. MARCANTONIO: adequate and accessible facilities are made Amen. H. R. 3009. A bill for the relief of Adolph available for such Air Reserve flying train­ Grabowski; to the Committee on the Judi­ ing; to the Committee on Appropriations. · THE JOURNAL ciary. 313. By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: Resolu­ On request of Mr. WHITE, and by By Mr. PRESTON: tion passed by executiv.e committee, Depart­ H. R. 3010. A bill for the relief of Florence ment of Wisconsin, American Legion, on unanimous consent, the reading of the Bryant Peters and E. B. Peters; to the Com­ September SO, 1947, endorsing Camp McCoy, Journal of the proceedings of Wednes­ mittee on the Judiciary. Wis., as a permanent military training cen­ day, April 9, 1947, was dispensed with, By' Mr. REEb of Illinois: ter; to the Committee on Armed Services. and the Journal was approved. H. R. 3011. A bill for the relief of Angelo 314. Also, petition of a group of citizens of MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Miletto; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Kenosha, Wis., protesting against the pro­ · By Mrs. EOGERS of Massachusetts: posed loans to TUrkey as being against the Messages in writing from the President H. R. 3012. A bill for the relief of ,Joseph best interests of American · democracy and of the United States submitting nomina­ A. Ninteau; to the Committee on the Judi­ world peace; to the Committee on Foreign tions were communicated to the Senate ciary. Affairs. by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. · By Mr. SARBACHER: 315. Also, petition of a group of citizens H. R. ·3013. A bill for the relief of Mrs. · 1n the Ftrst Congressional District of Wis­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE Mary Wadlow; to the Committee on Mer­ consin urging passage of S. 265, a bill to A message from · the House of Repre­ chant Marine and Fisheries. prohibit the transportation of alcoholic sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its By Mr. TRIMBLE: beverage advertising in interstate commerce H. R. 3014. A bill for the relief of James L. and the broadcasting of alcoholic beverage reading clerks, announced that the Stice; to the Committee on Post Office and advertising over the radio; to the Committee House had passed, without amendment, Civil Service. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. the bill tition oi Charles The message also announced that the and referred as follows: Van Newkirk, petitioning consideration of his House had passed the bill ring with­ others (members of West.Palm Beach Town­ The message further announced that out restrictions each State to provide in ac­ send Club. No. 1), petitioning consideration the House had passed the following bills, cordance with its needs for the financing of their resolution with reference to endorse­ in which it requested the concurrence from State sources of its unemployment in­ ment of the proposed social-security legisla­ surance and employment service programs, tion known. as the Townsend plan, intro­ of the Senate: either through taxation under its unemploy­ duced in the· Eightieth Congress as House bill H. R. ()03. An act to amend an act of Sep­ ment insurance law or otherwise; to the 16; to the Committee on Ways and Means. tember 27, 1944, relating to credit for military Committee on Ways and Means. 319. Also, petition of Austin L. Love and or naval service in connection with certain 308. Also, resolution concurred in by the others (members of West Palm Beach Town­ homestead entries; Senate and the Assembly of the State of New send Club, No. ·s), petitioning consideration H. R. 1098. An act to authorize the segrega­ York urging the Congress of the United of their resolution with re1erence to endorse­ tion and expenditure of trust funds held in States to enact H. R. 577 o.r similar legisla­ ment of the proposed social-security legisla­ joint ownership by the Shoshone and Arap­ tion designed to safeguard existing military tion known as the Townsend plan, Intro­ aho Tribes of the Wind River Reservation; graveyards that are given proper and ade­ duced In the Eightieth Congress as House H. R. 1099. An act to declare that the quate care by States and/or communities bill 16; to the Committee on Ways and United States holds certain lands in trust for wherein they are located; to the Committee Means. the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe; on Public Lands. 320. Also, p·etition of H. C. Curtis and H. R. 1350. An act to amend the act entitled 309. By Mr. NORBLAD: House Joint Me­ others (delegates from the Townsend Clubs "An act to establish a National Archives of morial No. 18 of the Forty-fourth Legislative of the ·Sixth Congressional District of Flor­ the United States Government, and for other Assembly of the State of Oregon, petitioning ida), petitioning consideration of their reso­ purposes";· · · and urging the Congress of the United States lution with reference to endorsement of the H. R. 1358. An act to amend the act entitled to enact certain amendments to the grants­ proposed· social-security legislation known as "An act to provide for the management and in-aid programs of the Federal Social Secu­ the Townsend plan, introduced in the operation of naval plantations outside the rity Act; to the Committee on Ways and Eightieth Congress as House bill 16; to the continental United States," approved June· Means. Committee on Ways and Means. 28, 1944; 310. Also, Senate Joint Memorial No. 5 of H. R. 1368. An act to include civilian officers the Forty-fourth Legislative Assembly of the and employees of the United States Naval State of Oregon, memorializing the Congress Government of Guam among those persons of the United States to enact legislation who are entitled to the benefits of Public authorizing and enabling the United States SENATE Law 490 of the Seventy-seventh Congress, ap­ to cooperate with the Republic oi' Mexico in proved March 7, 1942 (56 Stat. 143), as checking the spread of the highly contagious, THURSDAY, APRIL 10, 1947 amended, and for other purposes; Infectious, and injurious disease of cattle H. R. 1369. An act to amend the act entitled and other livestock, known as epizootic Alaska; to the things we so often take for granted. We enlisted men of the Marine Corps and Marine Committee .on Ways and Means. thank Thee for the keen challenges of Corps Reserve; · 3272 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 H. R. 1584. An act authorizing the erection Kern Myers Thomas, Utah PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS and operation of a memorial museum and Knowland O'Conor Thye Petitions, etc., were laid before the shop on the Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho; Langer O'Daniel Tobey Lodge O'Mahoney Tydings ·senate, or presented, and referred as in­ H. R. 1605. An act to ameny the Amefican Bar H. R. 2369. An act providing for the sus­ sonal friend. Association, tax administrators, and others: pension of annual assessment work on min­ The Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. Therefore be it ing claims held by location in the Territory McGRATH] and the Senator from Louisi­ "Resolved, by the House of Representatives of Alaska; ana [Mr. OVERTON] are absent by leave of the Sixty-fifth General Assembly of the H. R. 2758. An act to amend the act en­ State of Illinois (the Senate concurring here­ titled "An act to provide :for the adminis­ of the Senate. in), That to allow such discrimination and tration of the Washington National Airport, The Senator from Georgia· [Mr. Rus­ inequality to continue to exist is undemo­ and for other purposes," approved June 29, SELL] is absent bacause of illness. cratic, discriminatory, burdensome, and con­ 1940; The Senator from West Virginia [Mr. trary to the very essence of a tax system H. J. Res. 90. Joint resolution to correct an KILGORE] and the Senator from New which purports to place a fair and equal tax error in the act approved August 10, 1946 York [Mr. WAGNER] are necessarily ab­ burden on all citizens of the United States, (Public Law 720, 79th Cong., 2d sess.), regardless of the State wherein they may re­ relating to .the composition of the Naval sent. side; and be it further Reserve; and The PRESIDENT pro tempore. "Resolved, That the Congress of the United H. J. Res. 116. Joint resolution to correct Seventy-nine Senators having answered States 'now assembled be urged to take such technical et:rors in the act approved August to their names, a quorum is present. steps as may be necessary to remedy this 13, 1946 (Public Law 729, 79th Cong., 2d sess.). TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS unfair and discriminatory tax burden which is unjustly placed on the citizens of the CALL OF THE ROLL By unanimous consent, the following State of Illinois and that full and favorable Mr. WHITE. I suggest the absence routine.business was transacted: consideration be given to proposals allow­ of a quorum. ing division of income for tax purposes be­ AMENDMENT OF SERVICEMEN'S READ­ twaen husband and wife in all States of the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Be­ JUSTMENT ACT OF 1944 fore the roll is called, may tht.. Chair rec­ Union; and be it further ognize the Senator from Texas [Mr. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ "Resolved, That suitable copies of this pre­ fore the Senate a letter from the Ad­ amble and resolution be sent by the Secretary CoNNALLY] so that he may have the of State to the President pro tempore of the :floor? ministrator of the Veterans' Administra­ United States Senate, to the Speaker of the Mr. WHITE. Certainly. tion, transmitting a draft of proposed United States House of Representatives, and The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The legislation to extend for 1 year certain to each Member of Congress from the State Chair recognizes the Senator from Texas. provisions of section 100 of the Service­ of Illinois." Does he yield for a quorum call? men's Readjustment Act of 1944, as A .1oint memorial of the Legislature of the Mr. CONNALLY. I yield. amended, relating to the authority of the Territory of Alaska; to the Committee on The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to en­ Finance: clerk will caB the roll. ter into leases for periods not exceeding "Senate Joint Memorial 4 The legislative clerk called the roll, 5 years, which, with the accompanying "To the Congress of the ·united States, the and the following Senators answered to paper, was referred to the Committee on Administrator of Veterans' Affairs, and Finance. Hon. E. L . Bartlett, Delegate to Congress their names: from Alaska: EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED Aiken Capper George "Your memorialist, the Legislature of the Baldwin Chavez Green Territory of Alaska, respectfully represents Ball Connally Gurney As in executive session, Bricker Cooper Hawkes The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ that: Bridges Cordon Hayden fore the Senate messages from the Presi­ "Whereas various acts of Congress have im­ Brooks Donnell Hickenlooper dent of the United States submitting posed certain restrictions and limitations Buck Downey Hill upon the benefits and awards which are to Bushfield Dworshak Hoey sundry nominations, which were re­ be paid to veterans of the armed services. of Butler Eastland Holland ferred to the appropriate committees. Byrd Ecton Ives the United States and to their beneficiaries, Cain Flanders Jenner Europe would be repatriated to erans of the armed services of t he United beaten, and does propose to fight increased Palestine and become free and useful citi­ States who reside in Alaska, due to the fact freight rates with all weapons at its disposal, zens of an independent republic. The He­ that the cost of living is higher than within with the view that the problem should be brew Committee points out that no other the cont inental limits of the United States; solved on the national level with temporary complete solution has been offered and that and relief forthcoming as a sensible, foresighted the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry "Whereas the United States Government is investment which would pay off manyfold merely proposed a continuation of the pres­ cognizant of the fact that such a condition in the years to come, and as the only solution ent unbearable state of affairs. - exists within the Territory of Alaska and has compatible with the national interest: It will r.equire, the plan states, a smaller made provision for its employees therein to "Now, therefore, we, your memorialists, do effort on the part of the United States Gov­ receive a differential of 25 percent of their respectfully pray that section 27 of the Jones ernment to have this complete plan carried base salaries: Act be amended ·to remove the present dis­ out than to carry out any one of the frag­ "Now, therefore, your memorialist, the crimination therein contained against the mentary proposals on which it now works Legislat ure of the Territory of Alaska, re­ Territory of Alaska. and which leave the question unsolved. spectfully prays that the necessary steps be "And your memorialists will _ever pray." Action on· this plan is well under way. taken to remove all limitations and restric­ By Mr. CAPPER: and it will be carried out irrespective of the tions as above set forth imposed upon all A petition of 290 citizens of the city of anticipated rejection of the plan by the vet erans' benefits as applied to those veterans Holton, Kans., praying for the enactment of British Government which had entirely of the armed services of the United States legislation to prohibit the transportation of abandoned the .mandate and had turned and their beneficiaries who reside wit hin the alcoholic-beverage advertising in interstate Palestine into an occupied territory ruth­ Territory of Alaska, and further, that all such commerce; to the Committee on Interstate lessly subjugated by a military force. It benefits and awards to Alaskan veterans and and Foreign Commerce. must now be realized, the Hebrew Commit­ to their beneficiaries be increased by 25 per­ tee emphasizes, that the issue is a conflict cent. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT FOR between the oppressed Hebrew nation and "And your mei.norialist will ever pray." PALESTINE the oppressor-the British Empire. A joint memorial of the Legislature of the Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask According to the plan, it would most prob­ Territory of Alaska; to thP- Committee on unanimous consent to -have printed in ably become imperative to convene the He­ Interstate and Foreign Commerce: brew national assembly abroad and to estab­ the RECORD a release by the Hebrew Com­ lish a provisional government in exile with "House Joint Memorial 4 mittee of National Liberation, headed several members of the cabinet functioning "To the Congress of the United States, the by a former distinguished Senator, Guy underground in Palestine. President of the United States, and Gillette, of Iowa. Delegate from Alaska: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE There being no objection, the release JUDICIARY "Whereas section 27 of the Jones Act (Mer­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, chant Marine Act of 1920, 48 U. S. C. A., sees. as follows: Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on 861-889) is grossly discriminatory against the Judiciary, to which was referred the Alaska in that it requires all shipments orig­ HIGH LIGHTS OF THE PLAN FOR ESTABLISHMENT bill continent in bond by TINE the Nationality Act of 1940, reported it Canadian Railway to be carried north in A plan for the immediate establishment without amendment, and submitted a American-flag ships, although similar ship­ of a provisional government of Palestine was report thereon. ments destined for Pacific coast ports in the submitted by tht Hebrew Committee of Na­ REGISTERS OF LAND OFFICES-REPORT States may be hauled south in Canadian tional Liberation to the General Secretary OF A COMMITTEE bottoms; and of the United Nations and to all the indi­ "Whereas the original purpose of protecting vidual member governments of the United Mr. THYE, from the Committee on Puget sound shipping interests to foster an Nations. Expenditures in the Executive Depart­ American coastwise merchant marine as The plan advocates the termination of the ments, to which was referred the bill necessary for the national defense has been British mandate over Palestine and the estab­ ob­ collector of internal revenue for the district structed Alaska's development for over 30 The plan stresses, amongst the principles of Hawaii, to fill an existing vacancy. years, notwithstanding which substantial in­ which would constitt~te the policy of the creases are proposed to bail out the present provisional government, the separation of BILLS INTRODUCED monopoly of the port of Seattle at the further church and state and universal suffrage, re­ expense of the industries and consumers of gardless of sex, creed, or descent, to all Bills were introduced, read the first Alaska, and at the cost of sacrificing the literate citizens of Palestine; freedom of time, and, by unanimous consent, the otherwise inevitable development of the Ter­ worship and equality before the law of all second time, and referred as follows: ritory which is of paramount importance to citizens, regardless of extraction and religion. By Mr. LANGER: the Nation as a whole; and The plan thus envisages a Hebrew Pales­ S. 1082. A bill to credit certain service per­ "Whereas restoration of Alaska's so-called tinian republic free from either Jewish or formed by employees of the postal service lifeline, which broke down as a result of long­ Moslem religious domination. who are transferred from one position to an­ time shortsightedness and as a consequence It lists 13 tasks which would b'l amongst other within the service for purposes of de­ of intensive war use and employer-employee the first to be undertaken by the provisional termining eligibility for promotion; to the controversy, should not be undertaken at the government. These include the granting, Committee on Civil Service. sole expense of Alaskans in the guise of in­ upon application, of Palestinian passports to (Mr. LANGER also introduced Senate bill creased rates, especially since the ruinous all Hebrew displaced persons in Europe and 1083, for the relief of William Gerald Bishop, effect on · the Territory would be a serious the organization of their speedy repatria­ which was referred to the Committee on the detriment to the national interest; and tion to Palestine; the organization of a Pales­ Judiciary, and appears under a separate "Whereas freight rates under free compe­ tine army to · safeguard the security and heading.) tition would open up hauling of cargo from tranquillity of the country, and the dispatch By Mr. HILL (for himself and Mr. the eastern United States to the port of of diplomatic emissaries to the various capi­ SPARKMAN); Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and thence tals of the world as a preliminary to obtain­ S. 1084. A bill to amend the act entitled in Canadian bottoms to Alaska coastal points ing membership in the United Nations. "An act to provide that the United States XCIII-_-207 3274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 shall aid the States in the construction of tary or na-val service in connection with cer­ 13, 1946 (Public Law 729, 79th Cong., 2d rural post roads, and for other purposes," tain homestead entries; sess.); to the Committee on Armed Services. approved July 11, 1916, as amended and H. R. 1098. An act to authorize the segrega­ H. R. 2109. An act to amend section 1003 supplemented, and for other purposes; to tion and expenditure of trust funds held in (b) of the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as the Committee on Public Works. joint ownership by the Shoshone and amended; By Mr. BALDWIN: Arapaho Tribes of the Wind River Reserva- H. R. 2336. An act to amend section 327 of S. 1085. A bill to provide Federal aid to the tion; · the Communications Act of 1934 so as to States fc · the construction of armories and H. R. 1099. An act to declare that the United permit, subject to certain conditions, the similar training facilities for the National States holds certain lands in trust for the use of Coast Guard radio stations for the Guard and Naval Militia; to· the Committee Minnesota Chippewa Tribe; reception and transmission of commercial on Armed Services. H. R. 1584. An act authorizing the erection messages; and S. 1086. A bill for the relief of Jon Ovezea; and operation of a memorial museum and H. R. 2758. An act to amend the act en­ to the Committee on the Judiciary. shop on the Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho; titled "An act to provide for the adminis­ By Mr. STEWART (for himself and Mr. H. R. 2369. An act providing for the suspen­ tration of the Washington National Airport, HILL): sion of annual assessment work on mining and for other purposes," approved June 29, S. 1087. A bill to amend section 502 (a) claims held by location in the Territory of 1940; to the Committee on Interstate and of the Department of Agriculture Organic Alaska; to the Committee on Public Lands. Foreign Commerc~. Act of 1944; to the Committee on Agriculture H. R. 1350. An act to amend the act en­ and Forestry. titled "An act to establish a National Ar­ MEETING OF APPROPRIATIONS SUBOOM­ WILLIAM GERALD BISHOP chives of the United States Government, and MI:J'TEE ON LABOR AND FED~AL SE­ for other purposes"; to the Committee on CURITY Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask Civil Service. unanimous consent to introduce for ap­ H. R. 1888. An. act to incorporate the Mr. KNOWL~A.ND. Mr. President, on propriate reference a bill for the relief AMVETS, American Veterans of World War' behalf of the Subcommittee on Labor and of William Gerald Bishop. II; and Federal Security of the Appropriations H. R. 2032. An act to preserve the continu­ Committee, I ask unanimous consent that I wish to have it clearly understood ity of residence in the United States for that I do not know Mr. Bishop. How:.. we be permitted to meet at 2:30 this naturalization purposes in the cases of alien afternoon. ever, I understand that if he is deported, residents who departed for service in Allied it will be tantamount to a sentence of armed forces durihg the Second World war; The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ death. That is what his lawyer tells to the Committee on the Judiciary. out objection, consent is granted. me. I believe that in this country every H. R.1358. An act to amend the act· en­ THE LILIENTHAL NOMINATION-EDITO­ man is entitled to take advantage of titled "An act to provide for the manage­ RIAL FROM THE PITTSBURGH PRESS ment and operation of naval plantations, every avenue available to him so that outside the continental United States," ap­ [Mr. MYERS asked and obtained leave to he may obtain justice. . I am informed proved June 28, 1944; have printed in the RECORD an editorial en- by his attorney, whom I have also never H. R. 1368. An act to include civilian officers titled "Confirm L111entha,l," published in the met before, that this Irian has not had and employees of the United States Naval Pittsburgh Press of April 4, 1947, which ap­ justice. By introducing this bill and Government of Guam among those persons pears in the Appendix.) having the subject brought up before the who are entitled to the benefits of Public REASON FOR AID TO GREECE-ARTICLE Subcommittee on Immigration of the Law 490 of the Seventy-seventh Congress, BY WILLIAM PHILIP SIMMS Committee on the Judiciary, that sub­ approved March 7, 1942 (56 Stat. 143) , as amended, and for other purposes; [Mr. MYERS as l~ed and obtained leave to committee will have charge of this mat­ H. R. 1369. An act to amend the act entitled have printed in the RECORD an article on the ter and will have an opportunity to in­ "An act providing for the reorganization· of subject o! the proposed aid to Greece written vestigate it thoroughly. He is to be de­ the Navy Department, and for other pur­ by William Philip Simms and published in ported this evening, I understand, and poses," approved June 20, 1940, to amend the the Pittsburgh Press, which appears in the therefore I am introducing this bill at act entitled "An act authorizing the Presi­ Appendix.] · this time. dent to appoint an Under Secretary of War AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY T'nere being no objection, the bill during national e!llergencies, fixing the com­ pensation of the Under Secretary of War, and The Senate resumed the c'onsideration Russia and her communistic and evil influences. In other words, $300,000,000 to the Greek . _Government system. merely to extEnd small amounts of eco­ for relief to its citizens·until Greek econ­ Mr. President, I hold in my hand an nomic aid to supply her needs for a brief omy can be rebuilt, and funds for the article published in last ·night's Wash~ period would be of little r..vail if in the equipmen~ of the Greek Army and for ington Star and written by Constantine meantime her Governm.ent collapses and its training. Brown, whom many Senators know. The the forces of communism take over her In the case of Turkey, the relief of dispatch is ~rom Athens, where Mr. Government. If Greece is to live, if there $100,000,000 is intended for assistance in Brown is on tour, surveying world con­ is to be a Greece, she must be given aid Turkey's military program of moderniz­ ditions. I quote very briefly: to maintain the essentials of law and ing its military equipment and in train­ Estimates of the strength of the Com­ order, to suppress outlaw bands making ing the armed forces. munist military forces which are supporting war upon her. The economy of Greece is threatened the Greek guerrillas operating from Yu-go­ The United States is not seeking to in­ with total collapse unless emergency aid slavia, Bulgaria, and Albania vary from tervene in Greece. Whatever we shall is quickly granted. · Her people suffered 100,00 to 250,000. do in Greece will be done at the urgent the rigors and misery of years of war­ As to those figures, of course, I cannot request of the Greek people. We do not fare. Attacked on her northern borders give approval. I do riot know the· num­ propose to dictate to · Greece as to the and invaded by Italy and Albania, her ber. The number, however, is much form of government which she may have, gallant soldiery fought valiantly and larger than we had been led heretofore or as to her institutions. We do mean heroically in defending her soil. Finally to believe. But here is the main point: to have control of the expenditure of overwhelmed by the Nazi invasion, her these funds under American supervision territory was devastated, her people The general headquarters is located at in order that they may be utilized for stripped of their possessions, her trans­ Skoplje, Yugoslavia. the purposes intended. But the Greek • portation system and highways largely The Communist army, the Communist people ought to remain entirely free detroyed and her people plunged into host that is attacking Greece and sowing without any political control or domi- the agonies and horrors of years of a disaster and disruption throughout nance by the United States. · cruel and hostile occupation. She now Greece, has its headquarters in Yugo­ In the case of Turkey, it is in the na­ lies broken and bleeding with her peo­ slavia. Yugosiavia, as all Senators tional interest of the United States that ple in dire need of the primary necessi­ know, is a sycophant of Russia and her she be extended aid in the form of mili­ ties of life. Her government's activity is communistic system. Through UNRRA tary equipment or supplies and .the helpless to restore normal conditions be­ · we gave Yugoslavia $400,000,000, so the training of her armies in order to main­ cause of the lack of resources and facili­ testimony of Mayor LaGuardia before tain her sovereignty, her territory, and ties to meet the emergency that threatens the committee disclosed. Of that sum her securjty. Turkey, since the begin­ her very existence-an emergency that the United States paid 70 percent, or ning of World War II has maintained a unless aid is granted will submerge that $280,000,000. Today Yugoslavia de­ large armed force. It has entailed a se­ ancient and unhappy land in chaos, con­ nounces us and abuses us and challenges vere strain upon Turkey's economy. fusion, and ruin. These are the fertile us. I shall not mention the, incident of Her need for mobilizing · and keeping soils in which germinate and flourish the shooting down of our aviators. But, under arms i1er military forces is im­ communism and tragic dislocation of Mr. President, that shows the attitude of perative. It is well known that Turkey order, of law, and of government itself. Yugoslavia, and when it is known how is under constant threat from abroad Mr. President, in this connection let subservient she is to Russia it is not a and that her security is endangered. us not forget 'what Greece during the very radical conclusion that her conduct It is well known that Albania, Yugo­ course of her long and distinguished his­ now in tolerating the headquarters of slavia, and Bulgaria are completely tory has done for the world. We must the Communist army opposing Greece under the domination and control of So­ not forget that the very term 1'democ­ shows her approval and commendation. viet Russia. They have embraced, racy" itself comes from two Greek words. If Greece is to survive as a free na­ either willingly or under the threat of We cannot forget that in classic and tion, if her integrity is to be maintained, overwhelming armed forces, the doc­ ancient days Greece, with her literature, if her sovereignty is to be respected, she trines and ideologies of Soviet Russia. her oratory, her statesmanship, her pub­ must have the military means to suppress They are the obsequious sycophants of lic activities, her literature, her archi­ these lawless bands and to maintain her Soviet Russia and her doctrine of. infil­ tecture, her sculpture, and her painting government and the integrity of her ter­ tration and military and political pres­ contributed mightily to the culture and ritory and the safety of her people sure looking to the subjugation of its advancement of civilization. Rome con­ against these evil ·and insidious influ­ victims. The world needs but to look quered her with armies, but Greece im­ ences that seek by infiltration and ab­ about at the unfortunate situation of posed upon Rome the dominion of the sorption to pull down the Greek flag and Poland, of Czechoslovakia with a great mind and spirit, enriching and enabling to lift in its stead the banner of com­ and glorious history, and of Rumania, the civilization of that era. Greece has munism and chaos and confusion and to know how the Russian system has been our friend throughout the years, misery. engulfed these unfortunate lands and notably since she gained her independ­ Mr. President, by the enactment of broken the spirit of their people. In the. ence from Turkey in 1820. She is our this bill we do not send a single combat case of Poland a tremendous Russian friend; we have been her friend. We do soldier to Greece. There has been com­ army is on her eastern border. Other not today desire to see her become the plaint by Mr. Gromyko and others to Russian occupation armies in Germany tragic victim of dark and cruel forces the effect that we were proposing to send are on Poland's western border. She is and conditions which would bring about military aid to Greece. Not a single com­ within a vise and is absolutely compelled her ruin. bat soldier will be sent; only a small to respond to the wishes of the Soviets. It may be asked why should funds be group of military men to assist in the Even now in Moscow, Soviet Russia is extended to Greece and Turkey for their training of the Greek Army and in teach­ delaying and blocking action on a peace military establishments? ing it how to utilize the weapons which it treaty for Germany. She has an am­ The answer is that in Greece armed has in its hands. · The naval forces we bition to establish a dominant influence bands of guerillas operating chiefly in propose to s~nd will also be very small; in Germany and to bring a large part of 3276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 the territory of Germany w1th1n the of her government or her institutions. with neither the facilities nor the funds Soviet system. We want to see Germany Why does she now oppose our extending with which to meet the emergent con­ reestablished, but she must be stripped similar aid to Greece for the same pur­ ditions in Greece and Turkey. of her military power. We want to poses-for the purpose of maintaining 'President Truman is not justly subject eradicate the war fever and her ambition her integrity, of giving security to her to criticism in this regard. He knows, for world mastery. We want Germany's people, and of implementing her own as we know, and as the United Nations economy lifted to a high level. Her con­ institutions? organization and the Security Council tinued existence is necessary to Euro­ Russia !was an ally during World War know, that the United Nations is not pean economy. n. She was an ally when our country - equipped with either the funds or the Soviet Russia, however, wants to im­ was under arms, fighting the common facilities to render this aid. The United plant her ideology, her communistic sys­ enemy. We have indulged the hope that States, through former Senator Austin, tem in that unhappy land and to bring in peace she might be our ally as well its representative in the Security Coun­ her people within the Soviet orbit. as in war. We had based our hopes on cil, officially advised the Council of the Soviet Russia, by her system of the thought that the unity of the great proposed action of the United States and spreading creeping paralysis among powers in the United Nations would gave assurances to the United Nations smaller and weaker nations, hopes to preserve peace, would preserve the sane.:. that there is involved no desire nor at­ bring about world dominion and to con­ tity of sovereign nations and would guar­ tempt to invade the jurisdiction or au-. trol the destiny of Europe. She hungers antee their security and safety. · thority of the United Nations. for "all the land that joins me." Those We want to be friends with Russia. The bill provides, out of an abundance words are taken from the story of an If she wants United States friendship, of caution, out of a desire to meet the old farmer who, upon inquiry, stated let her cease to infiltrate other coun­ criticisms, attacks, and suggestions that that all he wanted was "all the land tries; Middle East, and to the Far East charged that out aid would constitute ernment, but she has no right by political in her mad march toward world dominion intervention in the internal affairs of pressure, by the threat of armed force, must be arrested. Greece and Turkey. Mr. Gromyko, of to sap the strength of independent and Let me observe here that Greece and course, does not want Greece or Turkey sovereign peoples and to so enervate Turkey are almost indissolubly linked. to receive aid either from the United them and strip them of their strength as If Greece should fall, with her chain of Nations or from the United States. That to be able to bring them under her islands extending to the boundaries of is my considered belief. If a proposal dominion. Yes, we want Russia to have Turkey, it would be only a little while should be made to the United Nations her own form of government. We want until Turkey would be forced to suc­ organization to supply the aid carried in her to be secure Within her own bound­ cumb. Aggression feeds upon each suc­ this bill, Mr. Gromyko, as a representa­ aries. We should give her assurance of cess. It is urged on to other conquests, tive of Soviet Russia, would, according to that desire. No one wants to invade to greater dominion, to a more sweeping my belief, promptly interpose a veto as Russia, or hamper or.interfere with her extermination of governments and sys­ he has done on a number of occasions internal affairs. tems, until an outraged world resists and heretofore. Ten times the Soviet has During World War II, we sent, from overcomes and drives back its barbaric vetoed action by the Security Council. March 1, 1941, to September 30, 1946, system. Mr. Gromyko knows that the United Na­ $11 ,297,883,000 in lend-lease to help Rus­ Greece, unaided and alone, cannot suc­ tions does not possess the funds nor the sia maintain her integrity and preserve cessfully resist the tidal waves of com­ facilities to grant the required aid. He her Government and assure her security. munism nor the sweep of armies sup­ knows it does not have a dime nor a single Is there any hostility in that? We were porting it. Turkey, unaided, cannot ar­ soldier to devote to such a cause. He ready to send lend-lease assistance to rest an attack by a great military power. wants to send Greece and Turkey for aid Russia in order that she might survive, The aid proposed by this bill must be where he knows there is no aid. Mr. in order that she might have her own granted, and granted speedily, if Greece Gromyko's sally is a flank movement. Government, in order that she might and Turkey are to survive. We made loans to Italy, to France, and have her own institutions. We did not There is no confiict between what is to other countries, and every one of them question her form of government or her proposed in this bill and the functions was based upon the implication that by institutions when we sent that aid. We of the United Nations. The President in the extension of those loans the respec­ did not equivocate. We did not hesi­ his address to the Congress pointed out tive countries could stabilize their econ­ tate. We did not inquire as to the form that the United Nations was equipped pmy and prevent or override agitations 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3_277 of a: communistic nature. Who com­ peace. So long as there e'tists in the peoples everywhere on the globe are plained that those loans ought to have world the ·evil influence of national am­ looking to us with hope in their hearts been made through the United Nations? bitions to conquer or subjugate other and a prayer upon their lips. What we Where was the champion standing forth lands or nations, we must be alert to the shall do will be recorded in the solemn then to demand that the appeals of dangers to our own security and to the annals of our time. The United States, France, Italy, and Great Britain should peace of the world. In these troubled with a glorious tradition, faces the judg­ go to the United Nations? The press days, the United States must maintain ment of history. The United States, the carried reports that Russia had made its defenses and its armed services. It nursery of liberty since Jefierson flung loans to Poland. I never heard of their is the imperative duty of the United his flaming declaration into the faca of a being submitted to the United Nations. States to maintain an army adequate for British king; the United States, the It is my view that the United States our defense and capable of being ex­ strongest, the richest and the most pow­ must he frahk with Russia and that we panded to meet our national require­ erful Nation · on the globe, must answer must demand frankness of the Soviets. ments. We must maintain the greatest the cry of impoverished and sha" tered We must proclaim the truth. Let them navy that floats upon the seven seas­ Greece for aid to alleviate the sufierings know where we stand. There is no de­ not for ofiense, not for conquest, but for and hunger of her unhappy people and nial that. one of the cardinal purposes the defense of this land and the safety to strengthen her arme<.! forces, to sup­ of this bill is to enable Greece and Tur­ of our people. The United States must press rebellion, and to preserve her life. key to resist the encroachments of SJviet maintain the greatest and most efficient We must answer the appeal of Turkey Russia and her satellite states. Russia air force in the world. World War II to strengthen and equip her armies, to is not unaware of this purpose. We has demonstrated the military power of preserve the integrity of her soil and her should make that purpose clear. We the air servi-ces. It wrote a new and rights as a nation. Mr. President, as the should demand of Russia that she aban­ startling chapter in the history of war­ greatest champion of democracy in all don the methods by which she subju­ fare. It will grow and develop as a re­ the centuries that have passed over the gated the satellite states. We should sult of scientific invention and through hoary head of mother earth, we cannot, make it plain that as a· Nation and a · the daring exploits of that arm of the we must not, say "No." people we shall resist this efiort to de­ service. HENRY FORD stroy the independence or integrity of The highest and most compelling duty free peoples. · Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, of the congress of the United States is at 2:30 this afternoon the State of Michi­ We are devoted to the cause of peace. to provide for the protection and security gan is standing by in a memorial mo·­ We have pledged our suppor ~ and our of our beloved land and the people of loyalty to the United Nations as an or­ these United States. We must not, we ment of devoted tribute to Henry Ford. ganization for the promotion of peace shall .not, neglect the imperative duty of It is the hour of his funeral. I join in and for the support of free governments. adequate national defense. It will not · this memorial to a great American, with Read the Charter. Written into that alone give us security at home, but will this brief benediction, though words document in the most solemn fashion· invest our voice with a strength neces­ would be inadequate, even if multiplied is the statement that one of the obliga­ sary to carry conviction to lands abroad ten thousand times: tions assumed by members of the United that we are prepared to fulfill our com­ Mr. Henry Ford's death ends one of Nations is to protect and defend the sov­ mitments and obligations in the interna­ the greatest and most thrilling careers ereignty of free peoples and free nations. tional field. in the life of this country. It is the vivid These are the great -objectives of that epitome of what one man can do for Mr. President, throughout the cen­ himself and for his fellow men under our organization. We shall continu~ in our turies ruri the dreams of would-be con­ system of American freedoms. Through devotion to it and its purposes. querors. Plans for conquest and domin­ his own irresistibie genius and courage We fought World War I and World ion fill many pages of the solemn·history he not only rose from humble. obscurity War II to. secure world peace. We came of the world. These dreams were dissi­ to fame and fortune, but he also founded out of those wars without any added ter­ pated by outraged people who resisted a new ·national economy of mass produc­ ritory, without any bounties or repara­ and crushed them. Communism can­ tion which blessed his hundreds of thou­ tions. We came out with nothing but not conquer the world by the devices sands of employees with high wages and enormous sacrifices of blood and treas­ she now employs. The free peoples of his millions of customers with low prices. ure which we made toward the estab­ the world are determined to remain free. He has probably had as great an impact lishment of the principle of world peace They will not be deluded by the :false and on his times as if he had been a President and respect for nations and their terri­ fatuous promises that communism ofiers. of the United States. With it all, he con­ tories and institutions. The aid pro­ They will resist unto the death. They tinued always to be a modest, kindly, posed in this bill is iJJ. the interest of and will determine their own destiny. They gentle friend with constant interest in will contribute to world peace. Without will not be coerced by any foreign power the welfare of his country and of his such aid war might ultimately develop in or influence. fellow men. He was a giant in a day of those areas. War anywhere on earth is Let Russia reflect that Mussolini had giants. He will never be forgotten. a threat to our peace. a dream to build an empire on the ruins In World War I, by reason of an in­ of conquered lands. Mussolini's empire AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY cident in an obscure town in Europe, we was shattered and broken; and Musso­ The Senate resumed the consideration were drawn into that world conflict. In lini, its master and author, was interred of the bill England under the principally responsible for the United British Po.wer": British Government. Nations, would have done, faced with the . The No. 1 fact of life to hold onto in this Unlike Britons, Americans never really be­ same situation which faces our Govern­ maelstrom of postwar political readjustments lieved that labor meant what it said about ment now in Greece and Turkey. And is that the British are shifting their empire. breaking with the old English imperial tra­ the reply which keeps coming back to me They are moving out of Asia and east Europe ditions. Hence, when successive steps were is the statement of the Manchester to consolidate in Africa and the Near East. taken toward India's freedom, they always Guardian, a world-honored i:nglish Their great adventure is the chance of de­ flattered themselves that they could detect in veloping an Arab world and exploiting Africa. each decision some subtle English trick; newspaper, which said, as quoted on From a speculative standpoint, it seems to some new way of holding India against her March 21 by the. New York Herald be good strategy. Britain has neither the will. As labor, with gathering speed, disen­ Tribune: economic sinews nor the fire power to hold gaged itself of empire (the setting of a near One feels that, faced with the same situa­ India and the Far East or to defend Australia date for Indian independence followed hard tion, President Roosevelt would first have and New Zealand. Her land-based planes on the agreement for Burma's freedom) they tried to do the same things through the probably could hold Africa. There she could found it increasingly difficult to discover United Nations by enlisting the support of _obtain raw materials produced with cheap equivocatiom:. The coal crisis gave them an other nations, including Russia if possible. labor, to be processed in England for export excuse for seeing necessity, not design, in Peace, the status quo, the integrity of na­ at a profit to Britain. By agreement with Britain's actions; u foolish notion, because tions- these are not exclusively American in­ either the United States or Russia she might far weaker countries (France and Holland) terests, but the interest of us all. be able to share the rich oil fields of the Near were hanging on to thP.ir empires for dear East, whence would come the oil to power life. The proposal of President Truman to What is this proposal we now have to the air force and fleet that would defend the assume responsibility for Turkey and Greece approve or reject? It is not a relief African empire. The Arabs offer a brilliant took 1;hem utterly by surprise; almost, as it bill-because no relief is asked for Tur­ opportunity, for they are a people of great were, between the words "British" and "im­ key, and half of what is asked for Greece ability and no organization. Their political perialism.'' The burden America thus pro­ is for equipping, training and maintain­ life is a jigsaw of feudal rivalries. Their posed to take up was one of the most un­ ing a Greek army of 125,000. economy is totally un~eveloped. popular- Some say it is a momentous new doc­ The letter goes on to infer, Mr. Presi­ Speaking of the British occupation of trine and they compare it to the Mon­ dent, that Britain is constantly chang­ Greece- roe Doctrine except that it extends to ing and shifting the point of her empha­ Britain had ~ver carried. English troops en­ the whole world and not merely to the sif' geographically in that remote part of tered Greece to keep it from falling into the Western Hemisphere. Some say it is a the world. Russian sphere. In so doing, they arrested showdown with Russia and that we have t read another paragraph: in mid-course h Communist-led revolution. determined to join issue with the Rus­ Britain did her best to support. what mod­ How then will the Russians react if the erate elements existed, but without success; sians at every point of their circum­ United States should formulate a foreign ference. policy that has as its obvious purpose con­ only the Royalists and the Communists were Others say that we have determined to trol of the flanks on Russia's only warm­ strong in the countryside, and. whatever cabi­ stop communism and now accept its water outlet? Imagine, for a moment, that nets were put together at the top, the actual the United States of America were a land· administration of the law fell (if Communists challenge in every continent and country were excluded) into Royalist hands. The and clime. locked Nation without Atlantic or Pacific sea· ports and that our only outl t to the Atlantic . memory of communistic excesses, and fear Others say it divides the wo,rld into was through the Mississippi River and the of the Slav bloc with its extravagant claims two spheres, the East and the West. For Gulf ~ Mexico. Imagine then that Russia, on Greek territory. drove many sincere. Re­ example, the Stockholm Expressen says: disapproving the Aleman regime in Mexico, publicans to vote for the return of King In the long run, the speech- decided to intervene with arms and money George. As Britain gradually relaxed her in­ to unhorse Mr. Aleman and substitute a re· fluence, and the Royalists gradually got a Referring to the President's address­ gime sympathetic to and in close collabora­ freer hand, they in turn proceeded by their has merely increased the difficulties and tion with one of the totalitarian govern· harshness and incompetence to turn Re­ deepened the disagreements between the ments, let us say the Argentinian. Even publicans into Communists. East and the West. which are shaking the without the Monroe Doctrine, America would spring to arms. I hope that will not be accomplished postwar world. in the United States. From many parts of the world come the I read another paragraph: The British decision to withdraw alto­ rising murmurs that it is the expression The upshot cannot be favorable to the gether was logical and expected. As Amer­ of a new and expanding American im­ United States. The Russians will be resent­ ica moved hastily into action, Britain en­ perialism, while a French newspaper ful and even more suspicious than in the joyed the luxury of a sideline seat. adds that the President's- past. They will close ranks at home, more willingly suffering a low standard of living Mr. President, surely a doctrine sub­ concern is not for democracy but for the in order to build up their industrial potential ject to so many different interpreta­ interest of American big businessmen who for defense. They will look at Britain as an are in full action in the Near East. tions-and I am giving them to the Sen­ ally, even as a partner in the development ate only for what they are worth-which Mr. President, I have before me a pub­ of oil fields in the Near East, and to the ex­ has aroused such sincere concerns and lication entitled "The Value Line-In­ clusion of the United States. fears from noncommunistic sources in vestment Survey"; it is further entitled And the last quotation from this pub­ so many parts of the world, which has "Fortnightly Commentary." It states it­ lication: illimitable and incalculable implications, self to be published in New York, and The (;}anger to Americans is not the ac- · as admitted by its own proponents, purports to be an expression of the busi­ tivity of Communist agents but the deteri­ should not be adopted without the Amer­ ness point of view. I read the first para­ oration of capitalism itself. Sensing our ican people taking ample time to debate graph-"Intervention in Greece" is the own weakness we look for a foreign devil to and to weigh the solemn judgment they heading: blame it on. But this is selr'-deception. shall cast upon it. After this letter goes to press, President Communism would have no chance at all in a world, or even in a part of a world, in The Congress and the country debated Truman will address Congress on the subject .lend-lease, another momentous Ameri­ of American intervention in Greece. We are which capitalism was working. Rome did of t he opinion that even if the United States not fall because of the power of the bar­ can policy which had my hearty sup­ should establish an anti-Communist regime barians, but because of the weakness of the port, for many months before we en­ on the Greek flank of the Dardanelles, Russia Romans. In weakening capitalism in order acted it. The Senate Foreign Relations would not immediately go to war. But Amer­ to "contain" Russia by naked military force, Committee conducted hearings before it ican commitments in Greece, if they are to we do not defend ourselves intelligently. recommended it. Those of us who are achieve their purpose, would have to be fol­ deeply disturbed by this monentous pro­ lowed by commitments in other parts of the And one other quotation. The publi­ world, and such extensive undertaking would cation from which I am reading now is posal now before us protest against the weaken capitalism in the American sphere. the U. D. A. London Letter, published by effort to secure its hasty passage by the In so doing they would prove to be self­ the Union for Democratic Action Edu­ Senate without adequate opportunity for defeating. cational Fund, Inc., in London. This let- debate in the Senate and in the country. 3280 CONGRESSIONAL RE.CORD-SENATE APRIL 10 Especially is it regrettable that the He testified that Hitler finally acqui­ It is well known that the International Senate, where the privilege of debate can esced. The result was that the Nazi as­ Food and Agricultural Organization set be unlimited according to the rules, has sault upon Soviet territory was launched up under the United Nations organiza­ chosen to act first upon this measure in­ .on the 22d of June 1941, instead (;)f on tion sent a mission to Greece to make stead of following the practice we used the 8th of May. Because the Germans a study of short-term and long-term in connection with lend-lease and let­ were aware of what the Greeks had done needs in that war-torn country. That ting the measure first pass the House t.o. upset their timetable, they wreaked mission submitted a report, which was and then come to the Senate after the every barbaric form of vengeance that recently published. In its report, ft Nation has been more fully· adVised of they could possibly conceive upon the askedefor two kinds of relief-perhaps I its· significance and implications. Greek p~ople. I know, therefore, how should say three kinds: First, they ap­ Let me hasten to assert that in 'these dire is their distress and how great is pealed to the Econoiilic and Social Coun­ observations in no sense of the word do I their need. · cil of the United Nations and to the cast any disparagement upon or direct Relief for Greece could have been con­ United States and Britain, to provide any criticism to the able chairman of- the tinued through UNRRA, which was set Greece with short-term 'relief in the Foreign Relations Committee [Mr. VAN- · up by ·the United. Nations organization, matter of food and· other imports which DENBERGl or to the distinguished members and to which we generously contributed. they were not otherwise able to get ·to of that committee. On the contrary, But the Government of the United States cover the period following UNRRA's tlie chairman has been characteristically is responsible for the termination of withdrawal until in~rnat1ona1 assist­ distinguished in the fairness with which UNRRA, giving some justification for as­ ance and an expanding economy would he has approached every aspect of this serting that, in the dispensation of re­ no longer require: such special aid. I question. He has alread~ told the Sen­ lief, we were not thinking solely about understood that type of aid referred to ate that the committee heard every wit­ human need and the suffering of men, the kind of relief contemplated in the ness who asked to be heard. Yet it is women, and children, but those who ob• $50,000;000 appropriation which is being a fact--and I am sure it was a necessity tained relief had· to be politically ac- made available by Congress for assist­ on the part of the committee-that in . ceptable to our dispensation. Relief ance to the distressed Greek people, out­ many cases the witnesses were limited could have been provided throug:i.1 an side the proposal which is now before us. in the time they were allowed before the international relief fund set up in the But, the burden of the reca.mmendation committee. I feel that, if the hearings United Nations, as other nations wished of that mission of the Food ·and Agricul­ are considered by the committee to have to do, upon the recommendation last year tural Organization was that the World been adequate, surely here in the Sen­ of former Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, the Bank make a loan of $100,000,000 to ate, Senators should search their souls head of UNRRA, pursuant to the direc­ Greece for long-term rehabilitation of ~nd minds upon this. momentous pro­ tive of UNRRA itself in the United Na­ her economy. posal and give the American people an tions. It is said that the World Bank cannot opportunity to express their sentiments But, Mr. President, United States rep­ give this · assistance, that it cannot ex­ to their Congress before we launch Amer­ resentatives prevented that resolution tend this loan. No one denies that it ica upon a course, the implications of setting up an international relief fund has many billions of dollars in its treas­ which no honest man can foretell. from being adopted, though Mayor La­ ury. One reason it is not able immedi­ From church people, from those whose Guardia asserts that he had visited Stalin ately to give .this assistance is because faith in the future is pinned to the beforehand and that the head of th< So­ there has been some delay on the part United Nations, from those who both viet Government had given his commit­ of our Government in recommending love America and love peace, there is · a ment that the Soviet Union would par­ some of the officials of the institution. rising tide of opposition to this measure ticipate in setting up such an interna­ It is said it is a lending organization. as it is now before the Senate, in spite tional relief fund. Several weeks ago the bank announced of the generous gesture which the For­ I hold in my hand the resolutions and that the Greek Government had notified eign Relations Committee, in the utmost official documents showing who proposed it that it inten.led to apply for a loan o.f good faith, has extended to the United to set up an international relief fund and and would -do so as soon as it completed Nations: I believe Senators will have to who killed it. This material comes to me, a study of its needs and its reconstruc­ go no further than their own mail to af­ upon my request, from the United Na­ tion progran. Surely the. Greeks could firm the growing opposition to the pro­ tions organization itself. pay something back. The United States posal, the end of which no one can hon- We are already undertaking to pro­ is the major stockholder in the World estly foretell. " vide $50,000,000 outside this bill for im­ Bank. If the bank should lose the fund, Robbed of the military aspects, this ·mediate relief to Greece, and that is all we would lose the major part. But is measure would have had no opposition that is asked to relieve distress in Greece. not that preferable to giving it all with­ in Congress, for we all favor Greek re­ It will be recognized that I refer to the out any hope of reimbursement to the lief to the utmost. In 1945 I had the general relief bill providing $350,000 ,000 American taxpayers? privilege of spending a few days in for relief of other distressed nations and So I say, Mr. President, that the relief Athens. I saw the horror which those peoples of the world. But again, Mr. needs of Greece, short term and long people had experienced as the Germans President, while that bill allows $50,000,- term, could have been taken care of sought to wreak their vengeance upon 000 for Greece, there is some justification through UNRRA .had we continued it. them for knocking out of order Hitler's for the assertion that we recognize hu­ They could have been provided for in an timetable to invade the Soviet Union. man misery and need only when it hap­ international relief fund had we not I heard this at Nuremberg in 1945 from pens to occur in a country whose. political killed it. They could be aided now in the mouth of General von Brauchitsch, .policy is agreeable to the State Depart­ connection with the $50,000,000 which who had been commander in chief of ment of the United States. Congress is in the course of providing. the German Army. .The timetable The long-term relief can and should be called for an attack upon Russia by the When the Good Samaritan was on the provided through the World Bank set Germans on the 8th of May 1941. Then way to Jericho and heard a cry to his up for the express purpose of giving such they determined to occupy Greece and conscience, he did not ask whether the assistance to those who require it. Yugoslavia. Hitler· gave the order· to recipient of his charity was on his po­ Even if the President had asked the General von Brauchitsch for execution. litical side. It is a good lesson for Amer­ Congress to make a direct grant of He occupied those two countries. But ica to recall today, like other Biblical money to Greece for both relief and re­ Von Brauchitsch was a good enough gen­ illustrations, in t}1.e dispensation of Chris- habilitation, he could have got the money eral and an able enough commander to tian charity. · by a simple request. Congress is not anticipate the difficulty of this assign­ The $150,000,000 which ·~his measure going to deny a request of the President ment. Perhaps he sensed ahead of time requests for economic rehabilitation in that we do our duty in an economic way the glorious· and heroic defense which Greece should be and can be provided to the other peoples of the world. But-- would be made by the peoples of Greece through the World Bank in the form of What has deeply moved and disturbed and Yugoslavia. He called upon Hitler, a loan, a part of which, at least, could the American people and people all over he said, to allow him to withhold the be paid back, and would not in the first the world is the unprecedented proposal, attack upon Russia until the job in instance be an outright gift, provided at first, that we send a military mission to Greece and Yugoslavia was completed. the expense of the American taxpayers. Turkey; second, that we give Turkey 194-7 CC'NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3281 $100,000,000 for the equipment and sup­ world. This proposal has disappointed intimidate the opposition to their own port of her army for the next 15 months; the hopes of -the American people for domestic policies. third, that we send a military mission to peace more than any other single event Mr. President, it is not true that the Greece; fourth, that we give Greece since the establishment of the United United Nations is incapable of meeting $150,000,000 to equip, train, and sup­ Nations. the present problems of the eastern port a Greek Army of 125,000 for the Mr. President, let me summarize the Mediterranean unless the United States next 15 months. results from the last Gallup poll on that makes it so. I know we are moving in a fast world. subject. The poll indicated that 56 per­ If we rob the United Nations of the I know especially that the international cent of the peopie queried favored the stalwart support of the strongest nation scene is kaleidoscopic in its changes; but bill asking for $250,000,000 to give aid to in the world and then condemn it as I will say candidlY. Mr. President, that, Greece, but the poll report also indicated being incapable of acting, the fault is if 6 weeks ago anyone had suggested to that a majority of the people regretted upon us, not the United Nations. We me that the President would propose or . that we had not gone, in the first in­ shall have to bear upon our hearts and that the American Congress would stance, through the United Nations or­ consciences the immeasurable conse­ countenance our sending a military mis­ ganization, and the poll further disclosed quences, not only of this new doctrine sion to Turkey, paying the major part of that an overwhelming majority opposed which now is proposed, but the mortal the support for the equipment and our sending military missions to Turkey b!ow that we strike at the United Na­ maintenance of a Turkish Army; I would and to Greece. . tions, which is our one great· gain from have thought that the suggesti_on was Mr. President, the question of sending all the- blood and treasure the war has unthinkaBle. It is so linked with the military missions might be adverted to just cost us. animosity that is directed against some at this point. At the present time there The leaders who have proposed this nations and some peoples, it is so deli­ is no statute which authorizes the Presi­ measure to us, however earnest and sin­ cately interwoven with a nation like dent of the United States to send a mili­ cere and patriotic, I fear are not aware Greece for which we have such supreme tary mission to any country outside the of what they have done. In an honest respect and affection, that we seem to Western Hemisphere. There was a stat­ but misguided zeal to strike out against take it as a matter of course that today ute, enG..cted several years ago, which per­ what they call communism, as one does there are no geographic limits to where mitted us to ~end military missions against horrible shapes and forms which America may go in giving aid and armed within the Western Hemisphere, but not accost one in a nightmare, they would support for things which we approve of outside it. On the contrary, the fact sabotage the United Nations, destroy any in various parts of the world. that the Executive recognizes that he hope of reconciliation with Russia, There is an axiom in the law that what has no authority to send military mis­ launch the United States upon an un­ ·we do by another we do ourselves. If sions outside the Western Hemisphere' is · precedented policy of intervention in re­ we finance another nation's army by best attested by the fact that there is mote nations and areas of the world uni­ providing money for its support, by giv­ now pending in the present Congress a laterally, ally us with the reactionary ing them the equipment, by providing bill to authorize the President to do that and corrupt regimes of the world, subject training in the use of the equipment, very thing-to send military missions this Nation to the serious accusation of through the medium of an American outside the Western Hemisphere. aspiring to become the new Rome or the military mission, can it be denied that I recall that in 1945 I was visiting in old Britain, and risk for the American to a very practical degree the foreign Syria and was talking to the highest of­ people a war which may destroy civili­ army becomes our army because we are ficials of the Syrian Government. To zation. financing it, we are equipping it, we are the American minister whom. I accom­ Against such a policy, small wonder training it, and we are providing super­ panied in the conference and to me­ that the protests of those groups who vision in certain ways through an Ameri­ with the idea that in some way I might believe in peace and the United Nations, . can mission? Above all, we are helping be able to help in the accomplishment those who want America to hold firm to to continue its existence. of their recommendations-they pleaded its old democratic traditions, are rising What deeply frightens the Americ·an that two American officers in American to a higher and higher pitch. people is that, if Congress adopts this uniforms be permitted to go there, to help Surely the Senate will not adopt in measure. it will make the United States. them achieve their emancipation-from haste this policy, the end of which no the principal founder of the United Na­ the Russians, Mr. President? No; from Senator can foresee. tions, repudiate its solemn covenant to the British troops. But our officials had Mr. President, let me digress here to act through the United Nations for the to report to them that our Government observe that, as I said to the Foreign prevention and removal of threats to the had no authority to send military mis­ Relations Committee the other day, a peace and for the suppression of acts of sions outside the Western Hemisphere, committee characteristically courteous aggression or other breaches of the even though they sympathized with their in their reception, I supported lend­ peace, and to bring about by peaceful aspirations. Help later was given. The lease. I saw Senators on this floor means and in conformity with the prin­ Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDEN­ search their souls for the right decision ciples of justice and international law, BERG] and the Senator from Texas [Mr. on that policy. They saw its implica­ adjustment or settlement of internation­ CoNNALLY] had a very great and excel­ tions and where it might lead. So did I. al disputes or situations which might lent influence in the United Nations in But I supported it. I thought that at lead to a breach of the peace. bringing about a decision by which Brit­ that time, under those circumstances, I have before me the Charter of the ish and French troops did leave Syria and there was nothing else to do. But, Mr. United Nations organization. I merely Lebanon. President, to those who too rashly con­ want to read article 1 of that Charter: But I am saying that this bill proposes demn some of us who were so hardy in The purposes of the United Nations are: a new principle; namely, to allow mili­ our support of lend-lease and are so 1. To maintain international peace and tary missions to be sent outside the West­ reluctant in any support of this meas­ security, and to that end to take effective ern Hemisphere. Where will that course collective measures for the prevention anNorway, likewise Holland, or settlement of international disputes I cannot make it too clear, Mr. Presi­ likewise Belgium, likewise all eastern or situations which might lead to a dent, that the Security Council can make France, and it was inevitable that the breach of the peace" by acting unilater­ recommendations for peaceful settle­ German Army should sweep over prob­ ally and then telling the UN we will stop ment respecting any matter, and a party ably all of France. It was thought by if a majority of the UN ask us to dis­ to the dispute cannot vote upon the a great many at that time that it was continue what we are doing. action of the Security Council. So that, only a question of time until ·Britain We solemnly agreed to article 24 of as was brought out in the Committee herself would fall. the UN Charter, subparagraph 1 of which on Foreign Relations, if Russia is I will say, therefore, that, whenever provides "in order to insure prompt and charged by Greece or Turkey, or by any Russia undertakes, even in a small way, effective action"-mind you "prompt and ·other nation, with being a party to this to do the same thing, I shall try to be as effective action"...... ;"by the United Na­ dispute, she cannot vote in regard to the diligent in rejection of such action on tions, its members confer on the Security action -of the Security Council in an . her ·part as I was at that time in re­ Council primary responsibility for the effort to find a peaceful adjustment of sisting the actual military aggression of maintenance of international peace and the dispute or the situation which is Hitler's hordes upon the people of west­ security, and agree that in carrying out likely to engender the dispute. ern Europe. its duties under this responsibility the What is the occasion of our alarm re­ Let me remind the Senate that there Security Council acts -on their behalf." specting the security of Greece? It is was no United Nations in 1940. Today Mr. President, that is what we agreed that Albania and Yugoslavia and Bul­ no military assault has been hurled, to. I wish to read that again. Para­ garia are alleged to have given training, and to my knowledge, no ultimatum graph 1 of article 24 of the UN Charter encouragement, and some equipment to prophesies such an assault in the im­ reads: certain Greeks alleged to be led by Com­ mediate future. Today we have taken a 1. In order to insure prompt and effective munists in_the northern part of Greece, solemn covenant that we will collectively action by the United Nations, its members said to number 13,000. So far as I am keep the peace of the world through the confer on the Security Council primary re­ aware, nobody has charged that these sponsibility for the maintenance of inter­ United Nations organization. na:t;ional peace and security, and agree that "armed bands," so-called, consist of any­ I say, Mr. President, against a policy in carrying out its duties under this respon­ thing but Greeks in Greece. But Greece such as that now proposed, small wonder sib111ty the Security Council acts on their appealed to the United Nations against that the protests of the groups who be­ behalf. this aggression. The United Nations took lieve in peace and in the United Na­ jurisdiction, quite properly, a:nd appoint­ tions, those who want America to hold We solemnly agreed to article 25 of ed a Commission of Inquiry. The Com­ firm to its old democratic tradition, are the Charter, which provides "the mem­ mission has been on the spot, made its rising to a higher and higher pitch. bers of the United Nations agree to findings, and is now preparing to report. Surely the Senate will not adopt in haste accept and carry out the decisions of Can. anyone with justice say that the this policy, the end of which no Senator the Security Council in accordance with United Nations has failed in this matter? can foresee. the present Charter." Shall we, before the report of the Com­ Let Senators who give their unreserved We solemnly agreed to article 39 of mission has been filed, before the United approval to the pending measure be pre­ the United Nations Charter providing Nations has had a chance officially to pared for the full implications of it, as that "the Security Council shall deter­ know the facts and to take any action, tllose of us who supported lend-lease mine the existence of any threat to the presume that it will not act at all? Can were · prepared to accept the utmost peace, breach of the peace, or act of anyone justify the United States in uni­ implications of that measure. aggression and shall make recommenda-· laterally sending a military mission to The American people believe in the tions and decide what measures shall Greece, equipping and training a Greek United Nations for they know it is the be taken in accordance with articles 41 army of 125,000 as an answer to an al­ only rock upon which they can base their and 42, to maintain and restore inter­ leged intervention now being investi­ hopes of any peace. A majority of the national peace and security." gated by the United Nations? On the . people have recently attested their griev­ We agreed to article 33 of the United allegation of small-scale intervention in ous disappointment that the United Na­ Nations Charter,.which reads as follows: Greece, I am afraid, Mr. President, we in tions was bypassed, and their over­ 1. The parties to any dispute, the contin­ Congress are being asked to authorize uance of which is · likely to endanger the whelming opposition to our sending mili­ maintenance of · international peace and the unprecedentedly large-scale inter­ tary missions, without precedent, to security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by vention by the United States. Turkey and Greece. Now the Foreign negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, And what is the aggression, or what Relations Committee, in an attempt to · arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to is the situation threatening the inde­ assuage the grief and to satisfy the pro­ regional agencies or arrangements, or other pendence and the security of Trukey? test of the American people, ingenuously, peaceful means of their own choice. There have been no excursions into and with the best motives-and un­ 2. The Security Council shall, when it Turkish territory by the forces of Russia doubtedly the committee wishes the deems necessary, call upon the parties to or any other nation. There is no Com­ matter had been handled differently settle their dispute by such means. munist threat in Turkey. The totali­ from the beginning-proposes that the Mr. President, have we exhausted tarian government there has seen to that. United States go ahead sending military every effort in a peaceful way to settle The assumed threat in Turkey is that missions to Turkey and· Greece, support­ this dispute as between those who are certain requests have been made by the ing Turkish and Greek armies, and for parties to it, or, if we do not regard our- Soviet Union to Turkey that the four • 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3283 Black Sea -powers-Turkey, the Soviet interests, that is not a strange doctrine the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico was Union, Rumania, and Bulgaria-without to them. If they finance a foreign army controlled by Mexico, except insofar· as the western: powers having anything to to serve their ends, their people and ap­ it was reg·ulated by a convention which do_ with it, shall determine the control parently their parliaments do not object was entered into, we will say, in the old of the Dardanelles. For over 200 years to that. If they even influence inter­ days when the great European powers Russia, feeling that the Dardanelles is nal affairs of other peoples, they have were the mighty forces of the earth. essential to its security as well as to its precedents, .Mr. President,-for such pol­ Then suppose that, looking backward welfare in affording access to the Medi­ icy, which America, thank God, does not historically, we saw a great giant-the terranean, has either been trying to ac­ have. And it is a peculiar thing that United States-arising upon this conti­ quire or to obtain a dominating influence Britain, which has been in Greece for nent, growing stronger and stronger, and in the control of the Dardanelles. That years, has been there, I dare say, more suppose, becoming more and more sensi­ may be bad policy, but it is not Com­ to serve British policies than to save tive to our own security, we had said to munist policy-it has been Russian .Pol­ Greece; and if Britain has been in Tur­ Mexlco, "The mighty Mississippi opens icy for over two centuries. It will be re- · key helping to support the Turkish Army its arteries to the heart of Amer­ called that Russia won the Dardanelles as well as backing up the Turkish posi­ ica. We demand, Montreux Convention in 1854 in a war with Turkey, and the tion with the British Fleet and with or no Montreux Convention, Congress of British and the French then sent their British bases in the eastern Mediter­ Vienna or no Congress of Vienna, com­ fleets into the Black Sea, sank the Rus­ ranean, I presume, Mr. President, that pact of the nations of Europe or no sian Fleet, and forced the Russians to Britain has been doing it to serve Brit­ compact of the nations of Europe-we agree to a new treaty taking away from ain's national interest. Call it "impe­ demand that America, as the mightiest them the Dardanelles, which they had rial,'' they have not objected to that. Nation on this waterway, the niouth of secured by their victory over Turkey and Tpe strange thing is that, though we which is in your control, shall share it through their treaty of peace with may be activated bY different motives­ with you, if not dominate it with you, to Turkey. and I know we are-when we do ·sub­ the exciusion of all the powers of the In World War I the Allies solemnly stantially the same thing, yet is the:r;e not Old World altogether." Would men who agreed to give Russia the Dardanell~s in some justification for suspicion being at­ proposed that in the American Congress, compensation for Russia entering the tached to our own motives of serving would those of our military and naval war on the Allied side against Germany, similar purposes on the part of the staffs who advocated it, would those of while Turkey fought. with Germany. United States? our State Department who urged it, be And I need not add that Turkey did not I say, Mr. President, let the British do called warmongers, subject to denuncia­ fight with us in this war at all, so far as what they choose to do; that is their tion around the world as aggressors I know, ·although she did declare war business. But I have the greatest re­ against Mexico? I can hear Senators technically toward the end of the con­ luctance to have the charge made against making these steel rafters ring with the flict. Russia got out of World War I be­ my country that; to a phenomenal defense of American policy calculated to fore it was over through her revolution, degree, we are stepping into empty Brit­ secure t4e heartland and the homeland although, said Sir Bernard Pares, the ish footptints in the imperial quicksands of America. brilliant British historian, she g_ave two of the world. Mr. President, I am not. saying that in and one-half million killed and two and Mr. President, before I get away from any -case the Soviet Union is justified in one--half million wounded to the Allied the Dardanelles, though I do not have coming down and attacking the Darda­ victory before she got out, and the Brit­ the clipping before me, let me say that nelles. I think if she were to do so it ish historian Pares says she saved Paris I . remember reading last year, about would raise the supreme test of what the twice by what she did in World War I. September or late August, in the Rich­ United Nations would do. For my part But Russia did not get t.b.e· D~rdanelles, mond Times"-Dispatch, the integrity of I YTould vote to furnish America's share and it is my information that the revolu­ which no Senator would question, an of the forces necessary to resist that tionary government did not ask for it. editorial which said that Americans in kind of an aggression. But so far it is Since World War I, the Dardanelles considering the Dardanelles' problem still in the stage of negotiation. It is have not been controlled exclusively by might well think of it as if a foreign a request-call it a demand, if you like­ Turkey; they have been controlled by a power possesed the mouth of the Chesa­ made by Russia upon Turkey. We our­ convention of powers called the Mon­ selves admitted that the Montreux Con­ peake Bay. How would we feel about vention should be changed. The Rus­ treux Convention, and the dominating that? And how would we feel if we powers in that convention have been asserted the right of this government sians truly feel-and there is much Britain and France. In short, western and that government to determine the ground for such feeling-that the Turks, European powers have used Turkey as defense and the control of the mouth who in tpe last war gave raw materials a bastion against Russia. The United of the Chesapeake Bay, and Britain, to the Germans and aided them, per­ States was not a party to the Montreux mitted German ships to slip through this France, or Russia said, "No, you are not waterway which they presume to protect. Convention, but it was ,agreed at Pots­ going to arrive at that settlement unless dam that Great Britain and the United Stop to think about Russia's situation. we have a voice in it.'' Take a.map and study it. It will be seen States support liberalization of the Mon­ Mr. President, I live down in that treux Convention and that concessions that a merchant ship today cannot leave golden part of this country, that blessed any Russian port and go across any sea be made to Russia. This is one of the part of this earth called Florida. In­ pending issues yet unsettled among the of this earth without the permission of big powers. But there has never been stead of thinking about the mouth of the the British or the American or the Brit­ any ultimatum. There has been no new Chesapeake Bay, as does the Richmond ish and the American Fleets. demand to my knowledge. What pre­ Times-Dispatch, I think of the Gulf of If I may quote it without impropriety, cipitated the present proposal was not a Mexico. I look at it on the map. I see I will say that I was rather amused at a new threat by Russia, but notice to Tur­ that Mexico and the United States of point of view expressed to me by a lady key by Great Britain that she was no America are the powers which border on in Great Britain one evening in 1945 at longer able or willing to pay the major that great body of water. I see the a dinner. She had heard I had been to part of the expense of maintaining the mighty Mississippi, which opens up the Russia as well as to some other countries. Turkish Army. That expense we now heart of America, emptying its colossal She said, "Senator, what do you think of propose to assume. waters into that great gulf. I see, Mr. these Russians wanting a navy and Mr. President, I do not presume to President, the Straits of Yucatan and the everything?" That lady was honestly pass judgment on what Great Britain Straits of Florida, which form the mouth shocked at the suggestion that Russia does, but I think the British imperial of the Gulf of Mexico. Suppose-God should even have a navy. record discloses to fair critics of history forbid-that in an earlier day we had The other day our own Secretary of that the British have played the game not wisely acquired Florida and made it the Navy was testifying before the For­ of power politics, having been in power a part of the United States of America, eign Relations Committee. I was by the for centuries. In international affairs but having been Spanish in its early set­ great kindness of that committee per­ they do not have the same tradition we tlement it had remained Spanish in asso­ mitted to ask a few questions. I said, have. If they support a revolution to ciation and come to· belong to the Re­ "Mr. Secretary, I have read in the papers aid British prestige or further British public of Mexico. Suppose, therefore, from time to time about American naval 3284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 craft going into the eastern Mediter­ British approval, get through Gibraltar, American point of view.· I do not see ranean. Have we a squadron or task which, so far as I can read the map, is how we can always say logically, and force of any sort in the Mediterranean? a part of the Spanish mainland, but has with force, that no one can venture to I was just wondering if we are correctly been a British bastion for centuries? If question our completE. supremacy over informed by the press from time to time, they got into the Atlantic Ocean, how the Panama Canal; no one can dare to which tells us about certain demonstra­ far could they go without the approval challenge the absolute sovereignty of tions made by American naval forces." of the British or the American Navy? Britain over Gibraltar or Suez, or other The Secretary, with the ability which If they started from the other side, at important and strategic areas of the is characteristic of him immediately re­ Vladivostok, and came across the Pa­ world proximate to their homeland and plied by making a very patriotic state­ cific, we know, of course, that it is our their interests, and then say to the Rus­ ment: "I said last autumn that it was country which dominates that ocean. sians, "No; you may have dreamed for my feeling that we should accustom our­ If the Russians do what Hitler did, I two centuries ,of this control. For two selves and the world to the sight of the shall try to do against them what I tried centuries you may have fought for it in American flag anywhere in the world to do against Hitler. The Sudetenland war ane negotiated for it in peace be­ that it would not be conspicuous where had never been a part of Germany in cause you consider it essential to your it went-wherever there is a sea." · history. Neither had Denmark. Neither welfare and security. Despite these I said, "So you deem that that is th~ had Norway. Neither had Holland. facts, we are going to line up behind the role of this country to have the naval Neither had Belgium. Neither had east­ old western European powers which have craft wherever there is· a sea?" ern France, which Hitler had overrun always made it their principal policy to He answered, "I think so: yes, sir." with force of arms and with Nazi bar­ keep you out of the Dardanelles, out of I said, "Do you deny to otlrer powers barity, when I introduced the genesis of the eastern Mediterranean, out of the oil the same right?" 1end-lease and later fought for the bill fields, and ou~ of the trade of the Middle He indicated that the seas were free which was introduced by someone in a East." · and accessible to all nations. position of leadership. However, while That is where America stands. Today I wondered what those naval forces I will oppose the exertion of Russian we are not only implementin~ that policy would do if th3 Russians decided to put a armed force in the acquisition of the by sending warships and carriers to the navy in every ocean and sea of the Dardanelles, what r think my country Mediterranean to make demonstrations, world-! wondered if that would be con­ should do toward recognizing some ele­ but we propose to go a step further. We sidered an act of aggression on their mental justice in her claim is another propose to send a military mission in part. Suppose a Russian ship wanted to proposition. ~ American uniforms, a little farther to the leave Murmansk, which is icebound for l a~ not unaware of all the epithets east than we ever did before; and we many months of the year, to go through I have had to bear, all the contumely propose to put up the money to equip and the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, either I have had to bear, all the bitter denun­ pay a large part of the expense of main­ through the English Channel or to th.e ciations that I have had to experience taining the Ttlrkish Army in Turkey. north of Britain. Does anyone think it from certain somces. to the delight of Mr. President, if I am oversensitive. in could do so without the approval of the some publications which call themselves feeling concern over a proposal so mo- British Navy? fair, but wish to apply one appellation . mentous, I am sorry. But the American _ Suppose a Russian ship desired to or another. people want peace. They want to do leave a Balkan port, for which Peter All I have ever said is what 1 think is what is right. They do not want Amer­ fought a war, to go out through the Bal­ good policy for the United states of ica to become another great imperial tic, through the Kattegat and the Skag­ America. As a citizen and as a United power. They do not care to see the im­ errak, the entrance to the North Sea States Senator I have the right. if not perial eagles of America floating over from the Ba.ltic, does anyone think it the duty. to express my opinion. I am far-flung possessions all over the world. would be able to do so without the per­ saying that it is an ·act of fairness and They would rather save one ignorant mission of other powers? justice for the United States of America, country boy than to have the whole world Suppose a Russian ship started from in determining what a sound policy shall as an empire. They know that world the Black Sea, whicl! laves Russia's be, to take into consideration the aspira­ empire is fool's gold. They know that it homeland, to go into the Mediterranean, tions. aims. and situations of other peo­ leads to desolation and eventual death could it get through the Dardanelles ples of the world, their background, their for every nation that has ever followed without Turkey's permission? history, their peculiarities. and their that path. If a Russian vessel got through the interests and fears. Those who sit in high places in other -Dardanelles, could it pass the eastern I ·have been troubled by the fact that lands like to play this game as one· would Mediterranean without the permission of America did not always take an inde­ play chess. They move a piece here, the British Fleet established at Cyprus pendent position in these issues. Ameri­ and push a pawn there. They put a and with access to Greek b.ases? ca did not say to Britain, "We think Rus­ knight in a certain position, and a bishop I think if Senators will look at a map sia is entitled to a large part of what she in another. They seem to enjoy the they will not have serious cause to won­ asks in connection with the Dardanelles, magnificent game of prestige and power. der why it is that the British have and we are going to support her in an in­ After executing a beautiful military always been so interested in Greece. ternational council in the United Na­ maneuver, Robert E. Lee. looking upon For, if they will examine closely, they tions." That is where the question ought the battlefield, felt his exultation at his will see that it is not so much the ad­ to be settled. Then we should turn to brilliant success subdued by the carnage jacent shores but the Greek islands in Russia and say, "You have no right to he beheld. He said, "It is good that war the eastern Mediterranean that really take the Suez or attempt to take it, or to is so terrible. Otherwise we should like dominate the Dardanelles and keep ships attempt to take the Middle East. The it too much." from coming through from the other British have ce1·tain interests there side. Suppose, Mr. President, Russian w?1ich are legitimate. The native peo­ I hope those in high places will realize ships came out of the Black Sea and got ples have certain interests which are en­ that they are not dealing with pawns, through the. Dardanelles; suppose they titled to protection. If you assault them, knights. bishops, castles, queens, and got past Cyprus and it was intended that we are your enemy. We will throw the kings-although a king is involved in this they should go to the Indian Ocean; American Fleet, the American Air. Force, situation. ·I hope they will realize that coUld they get through the Suez Canal the atomic bomb, and A'merican men be­ the things they are moving are human without British permission? tween you and them; and, God giving us beings, the men and women, the boys and If the ships got through the Suez Ca­ the strength, we will stop you to the best girls of the United states of America, nal and down into the Red Sea, could of our ability." and that what they are toying with is a they negotiate the Indian Ocean with­ It seems to me that our fundamental fuze that may set off an explosion which out British permission? error has been that we have taken up will engulf mankind in the utmost· of Suppose the ships decided· to go where Britain, France, and other Euro­ destruction. straight west in the Mediterranean, pean powers have been going for cen­ Mr. HAWKES. Mr. President, will the could they get by the British Navy based turies, and have identified ourselves with Senator yield? at Alexandria? Gould they pass Malta, them, rath-::r than looking at these age­ Mr. PEPPER . . Will the Senator alJow a British base? Could they, without old conflicts and issues from a detached me to. finish? 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SE.NATE 3285 It is. true that a· civil war in Greece, money. But, Mr. President, so far as I or what our Secretary of War called if only a domestic controversy, is outside know, we have never taken over the job armed bands or bandits-or whatever we the scope of the United Nations. It is of equipping, financing, and attaching a want to call them? I shrank a little certainly outside the interest of the military mission to the British Army. when he used the word "bandits." I United States, which is solemnly com­ We have never done that with respect believe an honest appraisal will reveal mitted to a doctrine of nonintervention to the French Army. What would our that many of the so-called bandits bared in the internal affairs of' other peoples. people back home have said to us if it their breasts to the Germans and fought I remind my colleagues that a few years had been believed that-we were support­ for Greece against Germany in the early ago it was common practice for our Gov­ ing the French Army that was in Indo­ stages of World War II and were parti­ ernment to interfere in the affairs of our nesia, shooting,down with modern weap­ sans against them during the German sister nations. We did not feel too sen­ ons of war the natives: who were seeking occupation. I feel that it is fair to say sitive about it. Sometimes we encour­ to =ift ·themselves out of their slavery that most of those people are patriotic. aged a revolution if we thought we would to emancipation as a · new people? and that; while there m2,y be, ·and no get a strategic gain from it, such ·as the I am not aware, Mr. President, that we doubt are, some Communists leading Panama Canal. If we did not like one have done anything through UNRRA or them, some communistic influences en­ regime, but liked another, we would sup­ in these other instances except honestly couraging them and directing them, port the one we liked with money, and to lend or give money. If the able chair­ many of those men are quite as honest­ sometimes with the marines. What did man of the Committee on Foreign Rela­ ! have l)e_en told some things about it do for us? I thin!{, by and large, we · tions will say now that everything will be them-as the ragged army that fol­ tried to follow as honest a judgment as stricken from the bill except the provi­ lowed George Washington for the free­ we could when we did that sort.of thing. sion for the money that we propose to dom and independence of the Thirteen For a long time we really thought when give Oreece for relief and the money that Colonies so long ago. we did it that we were carrying out our we propose to give or loan for rehabilita­ It troubles me sometimes to wonder obligations under the Monroe Doctrine. tion, I shall sit down and join him in whether we have forgotten that at one We actually helped collect debts with moving the unanimous ·passage of this time we were not free, but were gov-­ the marines, always fearful' that, if we measure. No, Mr. President, we do not erned by a king, and that there were did not ourselves do it, foreign nations object to giving relief to Greece. We do Americans who would rather die than might come in. At one time we neatly not object to lending money to Greece to have to live that way. There may be had trouble with Great Britain, which rehabilitate her war-torn economy. Greeks who feel the same·way. insisted upon the protection of her rights To be perfectly candid, it has been very · Mr .. President, this is no new experi­ of a commercial character in Venezuela. embarrassing to me to appear in opposi­ ence for the Greeks. But, Mr. President, time passed. We tion to this proposal which has been so Let me quote from the annual message saw we had won the hatred and the fear forthrightly, so sincerely, and so patri­ to Congress of President James Monroe, of nearly all the countries .of Central and otically presented to the Congress by our in which he expounded the Monroe South America. Then what did we do? great President. But what we object to Doctrine: We changed our policy. At the Monte­ is the principle; and what I am afraid of A strong hope has long been entertained, video conference we announced a solemn is that, if we start sending military· mis­ founded on the heroic struggle of the Greeks, agreement with all the nations of the sio-ns to European countries, if we start that they would succeed in their contest, and Western Hemisphere that there would be equipping, training, and maintaining resume their equal station among the n·ations no more American intervention. That foreign armies, we shall have taken a step of the earth. • • • there is good cause was the policy of the good neighbor. that will hurl us over a precipice and we to believe • • • that Greece will becc;me We agreed not to use the power of rec­ again an independent nation. That she may shall never, in' my humble opinion, be obtain that rank is the object of our most ognition as a means of interfering in the able to recover. ~ ardent wishes. politics internal of these countries. That Take Greece, for example. The money policy won the Latin-American Repub­ is to be used to establish an army of 125,- In that document we agreed not to lics to our side during World War II. 000 in Greece. interfere in the internal affairs of any Many times, I am sure, we may have had How many guerrillas are there in European power. a certain regret for that policy. We saw Greece? It has· been said that there are Sometimes, perhaps, we are not realis~ Peron c<'me into power· in Argentina­ 13,000 Greek guerrillas. They may have tic. After all, the little tea tax which a man, in my opinion, if I must speak had a few arms; they m,ay have had some George III imposed on the Colonies was my sentiments, of fascistic tendency, as­ training; they may have had some other a mere bagatelle. The little stamp tax sociation, and purpose. Yet. we have not aid or assistance from Albania or Yugo­ that the Parliament imposed on the sent an army or a navy down there', much slavia or Bulgaria, either singly or alto­ American Colonies-"taxation without as in our naturally impulsive way w_e , gether. But I think that by and large representation''-did not amount to a might like to do it. If we take on Tu~·key everyone admits that the Greeks are pittance. It was not the amount of the as a partner, how will we explain our flghting amongst themselves. There are tax that was of importance; it was the Argentine policy in Argentina, which also approximately 7,000,000 people in Greece, principle for which Patrick Henry remained neutral and played wit_h the and there are 13 ,000 guerrillas, all of sounded the tocsin of American senti­ Nazis? - them Greeks. There is a United Na­ ment, when he said, "Give me liberty We have not thrown Franco out of ti-ons Commission there now preparing its ·or give me death!" I do not care what Sp2.in, although documents in our pos­ reports based on what it found when it anyone says in commentary upon the session have convicted him of collabo­ went there for the United Nations. Al­ statement, but I believe that today in ration-not merely acquiescence, but di­ though the United Nations has not yet the mountains of Greece, awaiting the rect collaboration with the Axis in a mili­ received that report, yet suddenly the first shot of the American Army-not in tary way. He refueled and supplied Ger­ United States resolves to send a military the uniform of America, but facing man submarines. Our own State De­ mission to Greece and to give the Greeks American equipment, for which America partment has told us that, and I read it money, arms, and training in order to is morally responsible-awaiting the first on the Senate floor. Yet we have not have an army of 125,000. shot of the first American gun that will thrown him out. We did not want to Mr. President, the Senate does not throw its shells among them-are those intervene. We felt that in the long run need to take my word for it. Read the who also waited, one day, for the Ger­ it was better, as Shakespeare says, to dispatches which have come from Greece. man shells to explode. They waited the "bear those ills we have than fly to others There have been excesses on both sides. Germans out; and I predict that time that we !{now not of." I think that is the truth of the matter. will show that they will wait the others In this case, are we intervening in As General Marshall found in China, the out, for there will come a time when the Greece? Are we intervening in Turkey? extremists on both sides take positions Americans, too, will leave. I do not I realize what my able and distinguished which are contrary to our ideas of what know how long they will stay. friend, for whom I have both great ad­ should be done or what people should If I am not mistaken, we are headed miration and affection, has said: That stand for. toward that course. There is nothing there is no precedent in this respect, be­ So we are establishing a Greek army I can do, and, so far as I know, there is cause we have been letting Britain have of 125,000. For what? To restore order nothing that anyone who is raising his money; we have been letting France have in Greece? To eliminate the guerrillas-- voice today, or is troubled in his heart. 3286 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 can do. In the sheer momentum of our second place, they must deserve it. We Mr. President, what is the obligation power, we are bound to a destiny that cannot give anyone democracy unless he that is assumed? I am reading now will mean, first, empire, and then, the wants it. People do not deserve it un­ from article 1 : same disillusionment that has been less they are prepared to fight for it. The purposes of the United Nations are- wrought in the full tide of time upon If Russia, with her great might, were everyone who has pursued that illusive on the threshold of that heroic little Surely every Member subscribes to the and delusive snare. country, threatening her independence purposes of the Organization. I read So, Mr. President, all that I am saying with her might and power, then I would them: is simply for the record, I suppose. I say 'God speed our weapons to arrest 1. To maintain international peace and think I would feel better, perhaps, some­ their progress and to preserve that little s~curity- time, to be able to say that I was against country. But 6,987,000 Greeks, in my Mr. President, would not interna­ it, and that I said so and that I said I opinion, with all ·the economic aid we tional peace and security include peace did not think it was a good policy-not can give and with the United Nations and security in Turkey and Greece? that I have any aspiration of stopping it behind them,· are not r.eady to succumb I read further- or very perceptibly slowing it down. The to 13,000 who are alleged to be led by and to that end: to take effective- die is cast, Mr. President; we are off. Communists .in the mountains of Greece. So, Mr. President, I venture" to say Mr. President, I wish to call partic­ We shall not see -the end, unless some ular attention to the next word, for it great conflagration consumes us all. that we are doing this more to protect the strategic, and economic interest of is the key to this question. The Char­ But I see mankind locked in a power ter does not say there "effective meas­ struggle against which, and beside which, the United States of America than we are to protect the Government and the .ures,'' but it says "effective collective the Pelononnesian Wars and the other measures." T~at is what it says- struggles of antiquity shall be but the people of Greece. We are trying to play of children's soldiers. There has maintain a power position in the Middle _ to take effective collective measures for the East, vis-a-vis Russia. That is what it prevention and removal of threats to . the never been anything like this before­ peace and for the suppression, of acts of when, standing on one hemisphere, one is about, really. aggression or other breaches of the peace- giant of the earth extends its sword in Mr. President; if that .. ever becomes mortal combat with another giant of the. necessary, we shall have to face it. But Are not these alleged to be just exactly earth, the master of three continents, let us not put it upon the pretense that that-threats to the peace? Are not to be a battle to the death.. The world it is charity that we are extending or these alleged to be acts of aggression that we are trying to save Greece. Let or other branches of the peace? has never seen that before. I ·read further- Mr. President, a civil war in Greece, us say nakedly that it is a power strug­ gle with Russia and that we are deter­ and to bring about by peaceful means, and if on:ly a domestic controversy, of course, mined· to fight it out wherever the issue in conformity with the piinciples of justice ts outside ~ the scope of American inter­ is joined. and international law·, adjustment or set­ vention, if ~e do not qepart from our Mr. President, I wish to state my idea tlement of international disputes- noninterventionist policy of the past. of the best way to handle that matter if I started to say that the, army in Is not this an international dispute? we are to come to such an issue. I -do not If it is not, I read further~ Greece, which we are to finance, will be. exclude it; it may be necessary. I think supposed to get rid of the Greek guer­ or situations which might lead to a breach it can be a\~oided, and I pray that it can. of'the peace. rillas. That will mean shooting them ·if 'I am not very far away from the position they do not surrender.. Are w.e going to of the able Senator from Virginia in say­ Can anyone deny that this thing in be there to tell them which ones to·shoot? ing that this · matter should be put Greece is a situation,: that this case of Are we going to distinguish between the squarely in the hands of the United Na­ Turk.ey is a situation, at least, which Communist and the Republicans? Or tions organization and should be settled might lead to a breach of the peace? We are we just going to let those fascistic­ there, for better or for worse. But, as I have the words of the President that that minded Royalists take our guns, that we have said, if 7,000,000 Greek people have is the sigruficance of both of them-ag­ put in their hands, and our ammunition so much as lost their classic love for de­ gression against the northern bou:cdary that we put in their guns, and with mocracy and their ancient hate of of Greece, the ·possibility that if Turkey skill and training acquired from us, di­ tyranny that they are powerless before should fall. it would produce disorder in rected by our military mission, shoot these 13,000 in the mountains, and if the the whole Middle East. Is not that a down anyone they want to shoot down? matter is such as to threaten the peace, situation which threatens or is likely to Is not America going to ·revolt at that? the first and square duty to meet that endanger the 'peace of the world? If it Unless we are going to deny the freedom threat is upon the United Nations, and is, have we not· solemnly obligated our­ of the press and the radio, which I am the first obligation of every member state selves to act collectively, through the sure we are not, there will be a picture, is to act through the United Nations in United Nations, in time to solve it, and some day. of those who were lined up its solution. That we have failed to do. can we say we have discharged our obli­ against the wall; and reports will come No amount of backing-up, no amount of gation when we have never even asked trickling through that the Royalists are collateral jurisdiction that we volun­ the United Na~ions to take it up, and to doing with skilled fanaticism what they tarily extend, no amount of good will work with us in its solution, except in re­ have been doing ever since they got which the Foreign Relations Committee spect to the border commission in Greece notice that probably- we were going to has earnestly and ably intended to ex­ which was the result of a request by the give them this support-getting rid of hibit, can conceal the fact that we did Greek government tc. the United Nations. their enemies, killing them with our not go through the United Nations, and We were a party to that, that objective is weapons. we have not yet gone through the United being carried out, but the commission has Mr. President, does not it seem rea­ Nations, and we do not propose to go not had a chance to report. The United sonable that if we give Greece all the through the United Nations. Nations' has not failed to act, it has not economic aid she needs and if we feed Let me run the risk of being tedious failed. We have not pleaded and then them and clothe them and shelter them by reading again from chapter I, article 2, had our pleas scorned. We have not and help repair their railroads and give of the Charter of the United Nations: petitioned the United Nations and had them ships and rebuild their docks and The Organization and its members, in pur­ our petition denied, as Patrick Henry wharves, they could at least, if they suit of the purposes stated in article 1, shall said the colonists had done before they needed to) take sticks and staves, and act in accordance with the following prin­ were forced to act as revolutionaries. thus, 6,987,000 of them could survive and ciples. As I said a while ago, Mr. President­ protect themselves in the enjoyment of It goes on to say that- and 1 say it again, with all respect and the kind . of government they want, 2. All members, in order to insure to all of deference to the Committee on Foreign against 13,000, without having ·our Army them the rights and benefits resulting from Relations, every member of which I over there? Mr. President, people who membership, shall fulfill in good faith the honor-this attempt on the part of the really want democracy must be ready to obligations assumed by them in accordance committee, however honorable and laud­ fight for it, in the :first place; and in the with the prese~t charter. able it is, does not cure our conduct. It 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3287 may soothe our consciences, it may ex­ Nor, Mr. President, has one the right the Security Council in the discharge emplify the good will the committee has to assume that there would be a veto of its obligation to preserve the peace. toward the United Nations-and it has by any member in any aspect of the I shaH deal later with what we should unquestioned good will-but it does not situation before the Security Council. do in case they do that. change the fact, I have the testimony of There might be, but I say we have no Mr. President, we all know that the the able chairman of the Committee on right officially to act upon the premise situation with respect to oil in the Middle Foreign Relations that the President pro­ that there would be. The United Na­ East is substantially this: Probably the posed this message to Congress, and for tions got Russian troops out of Iran with­ greatest undeveloped oil preserve in the 16 days the United Nations was not even out a veto. The moral opinion of the world is in Saudi Arabia. Two Ameri­ notified, let alone consulted, or made the world was mightier than an army;; and, can companies, the Texas Co. and the instrument of collective action, in an let me say, we did not sehd American Standard of California, have total con­ effort to solve this threat to the peace of troops to Iran, nor did we finance the cessions in that field. There are two the world. Iranian army to build it up to throw the other oil companies, the Standard of So, Mr. President, as I said, I honor Russians out. We turned the scrutiny New Jersey and the Socony-Vacuum of the committee. It has done the best it of moral condemnation upon their viola­ New York, which have attempt~d to buy could, unless it had gone a little further tion of their treaty, and tbey got troops into this concession. and just flatly provided that this matter out of little Iran without a veto and with­ In southern Iran is one of the great oil will have to go through the United Na­ out the use of force·. preserves of the world, one of the great tions, and shall not take effect -unless The UN got British troops out of Syria oil-producing fields of the world, and the United Nations, after a fair petition and Lebanon without a veto, and with­ there the British Government owns on the part of the United States, has re­ out our giving any money to either one nearly 55 percent and thus has control. fused to act collectively in the matter. of them to build up a bigger army, nor In Iran, another one of the great oil The situation would be different if they did we send a military mission to either areas of the world, four principal coun­ were to ask us to act, if there had been one. · tries are represented in equal shares­ first a failure on the part of the UN in Mr. President, Senators will remember the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, these cases, and the President came to us the old debate we used to have over the and the United States-and an individ­ and said, "What else can I do? I put it proposition that the pen is mightier than ual, who I think got the original conces­ up to the United Nations. Our repre- the sword. There is nothing on earth as sion, has a small percentage of owner­ . sentatives sought their assistance. We · powerful as the moral judgment of man­ ship. In other areas in that region, Mr. tried to discharge our obligation, to take kind. A little while ago it looked as if President, the ownership is similar. effective collective measures to save no force under Heaven could stop the Now of all that vast area, although Rus­ Greece and to save Turkey. Day in and Nazis. ·In terms of troops and weapons sia occupies the same relation to Iran as day out, week in and week out, we and the materiels of war we were doomed. we do to Mexico-it is proximate; it bor­ pleaded in the Security Council and in Everything except the heart . and the ders it-the only concessions the Rus­ the Assembly for the other nations to spirit, the will for freedom, of the people sians have is in the northern part of Iran, stand with us to save the situatiOI1, and of the world, seemed to collapse before which finally grew out of the dispute the they failed. They have spurned our them. But resurgent democracies even­ Russians were ha.-.ing with the Iranian plea. They have refused. What else tually vanquished them. I cite merely Government a little while ago. can I do but ask you to join me in the for the record that the UN, without more Not only that, Mr. President, but Rus­ solemn responsibility I take when we go troops than they have now, without more sia once had that concession, and Lenin it alone in this treacherous field?" authority than they now possess, got and his revolutionary government gave The President has not done that, and Russian troops out of Iran, and British it up. At the same time the Russians we know he· has not done it. I do not say and French troops out of Lebanon and got their northern concession, the that critically. I know the President's Syria. British got a southern concession. motives could not be higher, his patriot­ Let us first get all the foreign troops They developed theirs; the Russians gave ism could not possibly be more pure, his out of Greece. Let me say again that theirs up, but later on undertook to de­ intentions . could not be more laudable. when I have tried here to be condemna­ mand it again, I believe, partially at He is honest and sincere. But this is tory of one country as against another, least because of the terrific loss or im­ not the first time that. Senators on this I said, as Senators will see if they look pairment of their oil production which :floor have had conscientious disagree­ up the words I used, we should have the they sustained by the destruction of the ment, in the matter of policy, with the · United States lay down a single stand­ Germans during the war. I have read in Chief Executive, and I am not the only ard of international morality. Let us Washington newspapers statements is­ one ever to have been in that position in get foreign troops out of every nation. sued by American oil authorities, that the Senate; and Senators who have We cannot leave British or other foreign the Russians were suffering a shortage of taken that position are no less Ameri­ troops in some other people's country, oil; that the production cost of oil in their cans for having an honest difference of and have some of our own there, and country was high; and that they were then expe.ct to carry conviction in our seeking outside territory or areas in opinion. which they might replenish their own The Congress is the one which has to condemnation of the Russians for doing resources. take the responsibility. We are now in some of the same things. I repeat, let Mr. President, I merely say that in the an embarrassing situation, we are told; us get all foreign troops out of every Atlantic Charter we spoke about equality but embarrassment is no excuse for fail­ nation, and I will pledge, Mr. President, of access to the "have-not" nations. I ure to discharge a duty. The President, any possible contribution I can make, am not saying that we should turn over too, has expressed his fidelity to the UN. in support of that kind of a policy. So to the Russians any of our concessions, Perhaps he was pressed by counselors I say, before we start to settle the situ­ but I do think that the oil of the world who might have erred. ation in Greece, let us get foreign troops should not be monopolized by any na­ out of Greece, any country's troops out, Mr. President, at least all of us gain by tion or group of nations. It tend~ to en­ reftection, we gain by counsel and de­ including our own, anq keep them out. courage conftict in an effort to obtain bate, and especially we gain when we let Let us keep out of Greece and out of what it should be possible to get by the wise heads and the strong hearts of Turkey, all foreign money to maintain working out a sensible arrangement, the the American people be heard. Thejr armed forces. Let us honestly, and ac­ way we do in our commercial transac­ judgments are fundamentally right, and, cording to the rules of justice and fair­ tions. Yet today there are people who as Lincoln said, while not always the ness, seek to settle the issues involved charge that what in part is really behind wisest, they are in the long run the safest in the present dispute, including the this policy and other acts similar to it in depository of power. The American peo­ Dardanelles, and in accordance with the the Middle East is the fact that today we ple have not been so troubled by any­ Atlantic Charter, and equalize access to are a middle eastern power, due to the thing since the end of the war as they the oil resources of the Middle East. concessions that American oil companies are by the bypassing of the United Let us then see whether any of the per­ have in Saudi Arabia and the interests Nations in the making of this decision by manent members of the United Nations they ha.ve in other areas in the Middle the Government of the United States. organization prevent effective action by East, rich with oil reserves. 3288 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 Mr. President, is not that'the old way in the project that will accomplish that, same world. There is no other world rather than the new way? Is not that e,s well. to which to go-and in which to live at the pre-Atlantic Charter way, rather But shall we be so presumptuous as to all in the human sense. than the post-Atlantic Charter way of believe that we are the only member of We not only should but must together working out these things? the United Nations which either ·believes work toward the world's peace, secUrity, Again I ask, are we following in the in peace, or is prepared to resist aggres­ and prosperity. But each of us has vital footsteps 'Of imperial Britain? She em­ sion, or loves democracy, or wants peace? interests which the other must -recog-­ barked upon her imperialistic program in Do we have such a monopoly of virtue nize. Each has fears which the other order to protect her lifelines, then justi­ in all that vast organization that not one must respect. Each has concerns which fied everything she did on the· grounds nation among its members could be the other must neither deny nor dis­ of necessity. Are we justifying what we found to remain true to its solemn vows parage. Each, in judging the other, are doing upon the grounds of necessity, to the United Nations? must first look at that nation's past, its American pecuniary interest, due to the We know otherwise. history, its peculiarities and, above all, necessity of our maintaining the oil Indeed; as President Truman address­ what it has suffered and by w.hat dangers. fields and concessions we have In the Ing ·the ftnal plenary session of the UN It believes itself to be beset. · Middle East? Conference in-San Francisco said: It cannot better our relations with Mr. Presiden.,, is there not some way. You have created a great instrument for Russia for· the United States in the besides conflict, by which a question or peace and security and human progress .tn Dardanelles to take over the role of the dispute of that character can be settled the world. old western European powers who made honorably to all? The world must now use it. it the cardinal principle of their policy I was saying, Mr. President, the UN, If we fajl to use it, we shall betray all those to keep ·Russia shut up in the Black Sea, died by chapter 7 of its Charter, has ~uthority who have in order that we might me..et out of the Mediterranean and the Middle here 1n freedom and safety to .create 1~: by the vote of the five permanent mem­ East-without an ice-fre.e port. If we If we seel~ to use it seltlshly-for the ad­ bers and two others to use economic vantage of any _one nation or any small group take over the role of the British, which sanctions or necessary force to maintain of nations-we shall be equally gu»ty of that was admittedly in furtherance of their or restore international peace and secu­ betrayal. ' imperial interests, how can we escape at rity. If Russia or any other permanent 'l'he successful use of thts instrument will least the charge of ourselves following member should prevent the Security require the united will and tlrm determina­ an imperial policy? tion of the free peoples who have created it. Council from determining "the existence The job will tax the moral strength and fiber Is all of the fault on Russia's side that of any threat to the peace, breach of the o-" us all. Soviet-American relations today are so peace, or act of aggression" and from bad? Is Russia totally to blame for the making recommendations or deciding How prophetic are those words. wasting of the legacy of good will and "what measures shall be taken in accord­ We all have to recognize-no matter how confidence ·which President Roosevelt ance with articles 41 and 42 to maintain great our strength-that we must deny our­ transmitted as his immeasurable inheri­ or r-estore international peace and secu­ selves the license to do always as we please. tance to his fellow countrymen and to rity" under article 39 of the Charter. l\o one nation, no regional group, can or the world? Have-those in the world, in­ then, under the interpretation of the should expect, any special privilege which deed in America, who hate Russia, who harms any other nation. If any nation wQuld Charter recently announced by Senator keep security for itself, 'it must be ready and magnify our differences with Russia, who Austin, our representative in the UN, the willing to share security with all. That is the would like to destroy Russia, or those other member nations are still obligated price which each nation wm have to pay for who do not understan.:l Russia, made no under article 1 of the Charter ''to take wo:o:-Jd peace. contribution to the present enniity and effective collective measures for the pre­ strife which provokes this dangerous Mind you, ~r .. President, the President vention and removal of threats to the said that each nation will have to share doctrine? peace and for the suppression of acts of Russia is constantly denounced as aggression"; nor does such a veto relieve security with all. He continued: having been engaged in a protracted That 1s the price which each· nation will all members of the UN of their duty have to pay fot: world peace. Unless we are course of conquest since the end of the under article 2 of the Charter to "settle willing to pay that price, no organization for war. Yet, she has today less territory their international disputes by peaceful world peace can accomplish its purpose. than she had at the beginning of World means in such manner that international And what a reasonable price that is. War I. Mark those words, Mr. Presi­ peace and security and justice are not dent. The Soviet Union today has less endangered." Field Marshal Smuts, the grand old territory than she had at the beginning Nor does such a veto under article 2 man of collaboration in the world for of World War I. Does that look like a relieve all members of their duty to the past decades, in addressing the final protracted course of aggression? And it "refrain in their international relations plenary session at San Francisco, speak­ must be admitted that in reaching out from the threat or use of force against ing of the Charter, said: for security, the United States, since the the territorial integrity of any state or It provides for a peace with teeth; for a war. has reached thousands of miles in any other manner inconsistent with unified front of peace-loving peoples against farther from its homeland than has the the purpose of the United Nations." future aggressors. • • • Soviet Union. It is for our peace-loving people to see that In other words, instead of our Govern­ this peace plan is backed with all their Mr. President, I am not saying we ment tening the world that the United energy, all their heart and soul. should not have had the Marianas and Nations cannot function, onr solemn the Carolines, which we insist upon as duty is to make it act effectively. It is That is what General Smuts said; that being placed in our exclusive control. tim·e for the United States to take the is what he said was the obligation of us I know the blood those islands cost us. lead in saving the United Nations. Lin­ all. Have we discharged that obliga­ But when we reached for them we did c-oln assumed that his first task was to tion? not call ourselves aggressors. We save the Union. Before Congress had If now, instead of acting through the thought we were doing something es­ conferred upon him any authority to United Nations, we repudiate it, then we sential to our own security. It may be raise an army, he, as Chief Executive, are destroying 'it t~e same way that the that Russia has something of the same railed for volunteers to save the Union. League of Nations was destroyed. Mr. feeling, rightly or wrongly, about what This is the supreme challenge to the President, it was the decision of the big she does. United States. We must not finish the nations to act unilaterally outside the Those who know the measure of rending of the United Nations by this League instead of making the League act Russian su1!ering-that Russia bore the blow. We must not lead those who collectively; for example, against Japan brunt of the war in numbers killed and would destroy the United Nations by when it invaded Manchuria, and Italy forces engaged, must know that no na­ unilateral action. As the strongest when it invaded Ethiopia. and Germany tion in the world· needs peace as does member of the United Nations, we must and Italy when they invaded Spain, Russia; that none has more to gain from take the lead in making the United Na­ which sounded the death of the League peace than she. tions functio:l as it was intended to of Nations and made World War II Any man who loves peace must ap­ function. If, Mr. President, the Charter merely a matter of what year. preciate the vital necessity of the United needs revision or modification, it is The United States and the SoViet States and Russia coming to a success­ equally our solemn duty to take the lead Union not only can but must live in the ful common recognition of each other's 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3289 place and function in the world. I am the word of Mr. Walter Lippmann, a com­ there anything about any empire of the no less exacting in my demand that they petent observer. I continue: past that America desires to emulate? recognize our place and our interest than But the deficits of this Government, which Could anybody seriously suggest that we I am that we recognize theirs. If we protects the profiteers and is trying to crush should follow that fool's gold or that work together, we can give mankind the the Republicans as well as the Communists, our quest would end differently from longest peace and the highest level of life will continue as long as the Government, as that of all others who have pursued it? it has ever known. But if we, by the now constituted and conducted, exists. Yet this proposal so hastily urged upon enactment of this proposal immeasurably Yet Greece is only a pinpoint in the Tru­ us would clearly set us on the path of man global policy. There can be no end to set up and intensify the undeclared war the financial costs of that policy because empire. which is going on between the United adequate precautions have not been t aken Can the world's greatest empire, now States and the Soviet Union today, the to see to it that the money will accomplish our contemporary, teach us nothing? area of conflict will broaden and broaden the purposes for which it is given. Unless Have we not the good sense and the good and broaden until it shall soon stretch the Greek Government is reformed, Greece spirit to curb our own power and to around the world, and ali. mankind will will not be stabilized· by our meeting the make it humble, to make America come be forced to take one side or the other deficits of that government. as humbly to world leadership, in the in an approaching war, which the Sen­ The case of Greece illustrates concretely Council of Nations, as Thomas Jefferson the basic fallacy of the Truman doctrine in came riding on his horse to his inaugural? ator from Michigan, himself, has said, its present u..11corrected, u nqualified and un­ "Civilization cannot survive." balanced form. It is that th e expansion' of The implications of this measure reach Mr.. President, let us make this clear. the Soviet Union and the spread of com­ beyond the prediction of any man. Sen­ We will not allow Russia directly or in­ munism can be che:::ked by subsidizing all ators declaring their support of it with directly to dominate the world, but if she the governments, parties, factions, wflich are honest candor have said it might mean threatens aggression, the instrument most undeniably anti-Communist. A policy war. Is this issue one upon which we now to check and to hold her or any other of this kind is bound to fail because it com-. can hazard that event? mits us to an alliance with the most reac­ Does the pending issue in the Darda­ aggressor is the United Nations or at tionary forces in the world and alienates the least those who shall rally to the stand­ moderate and democratic forces. nelles demand that we challenge in ards, like Lincoln's volunteers, of the It assumes that mankind is divided into mortal combat a nation occupying one­ United Nations. totalitarian Communists and Jeffersonian sixth of the earth and containing one­ We are not going to see the world Democrats. It is not. There are also Nazis, tenth of the world's people? Is Russian overrun by communism. But the spread Fascists, feudal lords, war lords. There are access to the eastern Mediterranean such of ideas cannot be stopped with guns cr also Republicans, enlightened conservatives, a violent invasion of out rights and in­ bayonets or even atom bombs. Even all liberals, progressives, social Democrats, So­ terest that it demands we risk war? Are cialists, Christian Democrats, cooperators, the wealth of America is not enough labor parties, democratic planners, and what­ we prepared to thicken the sands of the alone to hold off the surging forces of not. · Middle East with American blood as the the people, only a small part of whom are If we conduct the Truman policy on the price of our exclusive enjoyment of the Communists, who are reaching out, some principle that who{;lver is most vehemently oil resources of that area? of them blindly, some frantically, some in against the Soviets is our friend and ally­ America's role is to lead the world to desperation, many misguided, for the and in his heart a Jeffersonian Democrat-we peace, not war; to help mankirrd up, not rungs of hope upon which to pull them­ shall separate ourselves from the masses of to push it down; to build, and not to selves from their misery. Orily through the people almost everywhere. We shall have destroy. If there be those who will not embraced the extremists of the right as the United Nations, through the Social against the extremities of the left, when it hearken to the appeal of right or respect and Economic Council and through all is our interest and our duty to aline our­ the sentiments of justice, if there be the other agencies of the United Nations, selves with the middle and t.he moderate those who would trample upon their through wise leadership and planning parties. fellow men as aggressors, we shall not be and intelligent and sincere cooperation , slow to defend the cause of the oppressed. with all of us doing our utmost, can we I interpolate that that is what Gen­ But we have not been singled out alone really establish in the world conditions eral Marshall recommended for us in to stand in the Thermopylae of right under which democracy can hope to live. China. That is what we are not doing against the invading hosts of wrong. We I cannot half so well state the basic in Greece or Turkey. have solezp.nly pledged that we will fallacy of this proposal as a battle for I continue to read from the editorial: work-and, if needs be, fight-with the democracy, as it was stated in the Wash­ They are our real friends in the struggle other members of the United Nations ington Post of April 8 by Mr. Walter - for freedom, and they will decide the issue. against war makers if all possible meth­ Rich as we are, and powerful as we are ods of peaceful adjustment have failed. Lippmann when he said, "What bill?" capable of being, we are not rich enough to referring to the request of the Senator subsidize reaction all over the world or That is the kind of team ball to which from Virginia [Mr. BYRD] to know what strong enough to maintain it in power. The we have already committed ourselves. we were going to do, and an inquiry to American people and the Truman adminis­ That is truly befitting the American determine whether we had the resources tration do not want to do that, of course, character. That is in the American tra­ to accomplish it: nor do they think they are doing it. But dition. There, in the United Nations, is What bill? The immediate bill for Greece that is what we shall be doing, nevertheless, America's rendezvous with destiny. alone 1s nearly $300,000,000. But under the if we ent rust the formulation and execution It has been said that our refusal to . administration policy this can be only the of the new policy to men whose zeal has gotten the better of their judgment. adopt this measure would repudiate our first installment. The money 1s to be used President. The world knows that we do to balance the Greek budget this year on Let America remember, as we make not differ here in this debate about ob­ behalf of a government which collected al­ this solemn decision, that we cannot, most no taxes and is, with our approval, con­ jectives; it is essentially about methods ducting a civil war. Conceivably this in­ with arms, cram democracy down peo­ that we argue. We have in the Congress stallment would pay the Greek bill if there ple's throats. They must want it and be the sacred duty to determine the best were set up promptly in Athens a govern­ willing to fight for it, either to be able way to preserve the Nation's peace and ment which can collect taxes and can unite to gain it or to deserve it. security, the peace and security of all the bulk of the Greek people. But the Today our great country stands at the peoples. We do not have the· fearful deficits of this government, which protects Rubicon. Flushed with our victories alternative of rejecting the President or the profiteers and is trying to crush the Re­ with our loyal legions clamoring to fol­ repudiating the United Nations, for the pubiicans- low us, we can, like Caesar, not only take President, too, is wedded to the United Again I hope that will not be taken too Rome, but pegin what some historians Nations. Congress has the power-yes, literally in this country. I suspect that have called, the glorious journey down the challenging opportunity-to make there are many Senators on both sides of the glamorous path of empire. No na­ the United Nations able to function as it . the aisle who would be shot with some tion started out to be a great empire, was intended to function. We can give of the shells we propose to send over but those who came to the purple and it the strength it is alleged to lack. We there, because they 'were Democrats or the ermine took decision after decision, can supply the very force which it is Republicans whom the royalist, fascist­ never going at once the whole way, un­ alleged not to have. With the unstinted minded government in some respects, did til eventually there was no turning back, support of this Congress, the United not like. This is not my word. This is short of their tragic dissolution. Is Nations can realize its full vigor and xcm--2os 3290 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 promise. It can become, as it was in­ The message also announced that the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I know tended to be, the last best hope of peace House had disagreed to the amendment that Senators have a great deal to do. on earth. The question is, Shall Con­ of the Senate to the bill Aegean Sea, had helped to First World War; and today the condi­ On June 18 in 1941, the Turkish Gov­ increase German naval strength in the tions in which the Greek people find ernment signed·a 10-year friendship act Aegean Sea. themselves-the poverty, the suffering, with the Nazi government. On October the wreckage which was left behind by 9 of 1941, the Turkish Government That is the way they used the Darda­ the Germans as they retreated-all ap­ signed a commercial agreement with the nelles. The Dardanelles is an important peal strongly to our hearts. Nazi government providing for an ex­ point in the whole controversy, the So we wish to help Greece and help re­ change of goods valued at 100,000,000 whole issue. We must bear in mind what store Greece and put her back on her Turkish lira. Germany was to provide happened according to Foreign Minister feet. But in my opinior!, provision for steel and war materials in exchange for Eden. He told what use they had made aid for Greece is included in the pending Turkish raw materials, including 90,000 of the Dardanelles. Finally on August bill simply to appeal to our sympathies, tons of chrome in each of the years 1943 2, 1944, when it was apparent to every­ and to line us up for the more important ·and 1944. Turkey entered into a lend­ one Germany had lost the war, the Turk­ purpose; namely, a military alliance with lease or a lease-lend agreement with ish Government severed economic and Turkey. I know of a great many reasons Germany in those days, for an exchange diplomatic relations with Germany. She why there should not be a military alli­ of war goods with the Nazis. On June 2, of course continued those relationships ance between the United States and Tur­ 1942, a new commercial agreement be­ with Japan. The German spy system key, and I desire to touch upon some of tween Germany and Turkey was arrived in Turkey was simply transferred to the them t_his afternoon. . at. On September 29, 1942, it was an- Japanese, and it was not until February 3292 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 23, 1945, that Turkey decl.ared war hind exclusive Turkish domination and them to have a navy. And yet we fought against Germany and Japan. armed control of the Dardanelles. World War I for freedom of the seas. Mr. President, is there anybody in the We agreed to review the question. We have slipped a long way since Wilson Senate of the United States who is will­ Now,- in effect, we refuse to review it. made his pronouncement and laid down ing to stand up and justify on any basis We voted to bring before the United Na­ his ultimatum based on the freedom of the course of action pursued by Turkey tions any situation endangering the the seas. during the past war? I ask the ques­ peace. Now we refuse to do so. If the After the Potsdam Conference on Oc­ tion, Is there anything in the record of Dardanelles is a possible cause of war, tober 2, 1945, Turkey asked the United the present Turkish Government which, why does not the administration bring States for a ·$500,000,000 loan to be leads any Senator to believe that Turkish the question before the United Nations? granted for 30 years. Again, on Febru­ Government is reliable? Why does our State Department, in its ary 6, 1946, Turkey submitted a detailed Mr. President, it is one of those small unlimited arrogance, assume on behalf list indicating capital goods that she ironies of history that the German mili­ of the world to make a unilateral deci­ wished to obtain. Since over a year ago, tary equipment which the Turkish Gov­ sion to maintain Turkish sovereignty Turkey, so far as I know, has made no ernment obtained during the war cannot and armed control over the Dardanelles? request whatsoever for a loan, for a mili­ now be supplied and serviced by the arms In effect, Mr. President, this is the de­ tary mission, or for any other assistance manufacturers of Germany. It is ironic cision which the Senate is being asked from the United States. that the Senate is now asked to supple­ to make in voting to arm the Turkish Mr. President, in substance we have ment with American equipment the Nazi Government. bluntly told the United Nations: we have military equipment obtained at the ex­ And who, Mr. President, asked us to do decided that the Dardanelles shall re­ pense of double-crossing her allies, of this? Has the Turkish Government in main in Turkish hands. Our State De­ bleeding the American taxpayer, of send­ the past 6 months appealed to us for partment has decided to take over the ing to their death additional American aid? It is my distinct impression that armed forces of the Turkish Govern­ boys. But that is the proposal before us. we have received no request whatsoever ment, to arm, advise, guide and direct Apparently Turkey believed that the from the Turkish Government, except a the military preparedness of Turkey. Nazis were going to win the war, because request to our Export-Import Bank for a Mr. President, who asked us to do that? they ·geared their military equipment to loan. The Britisp did not ask us to lend The Turks? The British? The British, Nazi production. Turkey in reality was money or to send a military mission to Mr. President, already have a military accepting lend-lease from Germany. Of Turkey. They did not ask us to arm the mission in Turkey. The British have al­ course, some Senator may suggest that Turks, so far as the record is concerned. ready extended a dozen separate loans to we were unable to supply the Turks with I think that statement stands up. the Turkish Government, in practically arms during the war. Is there anybody Something might have been done behind every case for armaments. in the Senate who believes that at a time some kind of curtain other than an iron Mr. President, the Turkish Govern­ when we were distributing lend-lease to curtain, but I have no knowledge of that, ment is a member of the International all parts of the world we would not have and so I am presuming that Britain did World Bank and of the International supplied the Turks with arms if the not ask us to arm the Turks. Monetary Fund. The Turkish Govern­ Turks had been willing to enter the war? After Turkey declared war on Febru­ ment has apparently over $200,000,000 As I see it, Mr. President, there is noth­ ary 23, 1945, the whole question of the of gold reserves. The Turkish Govern­ ing in the history of Turkey in which Dardanelles was discussed at Potsdam, ment is in a good financial position. the American people can place their con­ and President Truman stated his belief Why, Mr. President, does not the Turk­ fidence. A nation that violates its sworn that "one of the persistent causes for ish Government seek a loan from the In­ agreement and supplies essentials to our wars in Europe in the last two centuries ternational Bank? Of course, if it ob­ enemies, a nation that made a choice has been the selfish control of the water­ tains such a loan our Army and Navy of the Nazis against America in the last ways of Europe. We proposed that reg­ could not attach as a condition to it that war, does not deserve selfless considera­ ulations for such navigation be provided an·American military mission should be tion from us now. by international authorities." permitted to run loose in Turkey. There Mr. President, we hear a great deal I recall that we fought World War I is no question, Mr. President, but what, about the fact that the Russian Govern­ for the freedom of the seas. That was with the excellent financial position of ment has demanded a revision of the the real issue. If Germany had not vio­ the Turkish Government, that the In­ Montreux Convention of July 1936, lated the freedom of the seas I sincerely ternational Bank would grant the loan. which returned the Dardanelles to Turk­ doubt that the United States would have Why then, Mr. President, has our Gov­ ish sovereignty. That agreement also gone to war with Germany. Freedom ernment, when it has not been requested permitted Turkey to rearm the Straits. of the seas was the issue that brought Both Britain and Russia protested us into the war, and now we are attempt­ to do so, and when an adequate alterna­ against the manner in which Turkey ing to deny to the great Soviet Union tive exists, why does our Government, in permitted Nazi war vessels to pass freedom of the seas. a passion of fear and hysteria, attempt to through the Straits during the war. I have no particular love for Russia. stampede the Senate of the United States The United States, Russia, and Great They have done many things that I do into a decisiYe and far-reaching change Britain have all three stated over and not like. I often heard my father say, in our national foreign policy? Is there over again that the Montreux Agreement when I was a small boy, that he would somebody in the State or War Depart­ must be rewritten. A number of notes be glad to return to his native land of ment with an inferiority complex, who have passed back and forth between the Sweden to fight the Russians. He had feels that we must wave our massive British, American, Russian, and Turkish an intense hatred of Russia, as most Navy and Army and air power over ev­ Governments, in accordance with the Swedes do-a great fear of them. They ery village and crossroads in the Near agreement of these governments to re­ have had many an unpleasantness, many and Middle East? Has the Hitlerian ego, view the whole question of the status of a war in the past. I was brought up in has the hunger for military glory, has Turkish control of the Straits. that kind of atmosphere and taught at the passion for expansion infected the Mr. President, our State Department my mother's knee not to like the Rus­ souls of our military high command? and our Chief Executive agreed to re­ sians. One does not get away from those What in God's name could cause us to view the question of the Dardanelles at old prejudices very easily. But, as propose such a policy without regard to . Potsdam, and in a series of diplomatic the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER], the history of the Turkish nation, espe­ notes since that conference everybody stated a few moments r-.go in the most cially its actions in the last war; without acknowledges that the manner in which eloquent speech I have heard in this regard· to our commitments to the United the Turkish Government handled the Chamber since I have been a Member, Nations, without regard to our own Straits in the last war was reprehensible. we are attempting to deny Russia the often repeated declarations that the Yet, today the Senator from Michigan freedom of the seas by one subterfuge Dardanelles must be reexamined, with­ [Mr. VANDENBERG] is asking US to arm or another. "Do not let them go out regard to the financial security of the Turkish Government, to assume its through the Dardanelles. Bottle them · the Turkish Government, without wait­ military obligations, and, in effect; to up. Encompass them. Encircle them. ing for any request from the Turkish throw the weight of America solidly he- Keep them out." We do not_even want Government, in what frenzied night- 1947 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3293 mare, in what smo:Ke.,.filled room could 000,000 lira per year, only one-fourth of Interpretative reporting here is hazardous such a policy have been conceived? which is payable in gold or foreign ex­ in view of the Turkish law relating to the I say, Mr. 'President, that the financial dissemination of information. Although change. And, finally, the State Depart­ unofficial censorship of cabled press .messages position of the Turkish Government is ment document states that the Turkish ended last June and no signs of visible, di­ excellent. When we look at the export military e::penses require "foreign ex­ rect censorship exist, correspondents still and import records of Turkey for the past change· exceeding that available from face what is known as the German system: 10 years we find that their ~xpo rts in current income." Censorship at the source, which puts corre­ 1943, 1944, 1945, and· 1946 far outstrip Mr. President, our national· debt is spondents on the carpet for printed cables their imports. Indeed, for those 4 years $260,000,000,000. Our debt is measured in judged by the authorities to be objectionable. their exports were II}.illions of lira above billions of dollars, not millions. One bil­ The Turks, who still are shy of foreigners, their imports, and roughly, 80 percent consider the correspondent as a sort of spy, lion dollars is 1,000 times a million dol­ one to be avoided. No government officer greater tlian were their exports between lars. Turkey's national debt is 268,000,- except the Premier is allowed to make a 1936 and 1941. Their exports have in­ 000 lira: We pay six or seven billion statement to the press without authorization creased 80 percent over what they were dollars a year in interest; they are paying from the top and it took the proposed Amer­ just a few years ago. Where can one find 17,000,000 lira. They have holdings Gf ican loan to induce Premier Receppeker to another ·country in the whole world, out­ over 200,000,000; yet our State Depart­ · grant an interview recently. side the United States, in that favored ment, without any request from the The penal laws that apply to foreign cor­ condition? The exports from the United Turkish Government, asks us to pay for respondents and the local press have con­ States have been due to the amount of the Turkish armaments because the vinced reporters that an assignment in Turkey is no easy job. Article 140 pre­ money loaned to every other country Turkish Government "requires foreign scribes a minimum of 5 years in prison for with which to buy our. exports. We .have exchange exceeding that available from anyone sending abroad unfounded or exag­ not sold very much for cash on the bar­ current income." gerated information on Turkey's internal po­ rel head: All our sales have been insti­ Mr. President, is not that a damnable litical situation that might harm h.er dignity gated, inspired, and stimulated by loans. proposal? The American people, suffer­ in foreign countries. The penalty applies to When we examine the Turkish ex­ ing under heavy taxation, poured out the person giving such informatioi:l and to . penditures for armaments ·we discover their blood and wealth while Turkey the correspondent who sends it . -~ that their expenditures run almost one­ profiteered. The Turkish Government Article 158 prescribes a minimum of 3 half of their total budget. We discover years in prison for anyone insulting the today is in the best financial shape in its Turkish President or writing aggressively also that that budget has substantially history, with . available foreign . ex­ about him. A penalty of 1 to 6 years' im­ increased as the years have gone by. We change-plenty of it-and our State De­ prisonment is _provided in article 159 for any discover that the millions of lira in cir­ partment proposes that we. subsidize person insultmg the moral personality of culation in Turkey have risen from everything the Turks need over and the national assembly, the Turkish Repub­ 194,000,000 in 1938 to 931,000,000 lira in above their foreign exchange "available lic, the government, the armed forces, the · 1946. We discover that the foreign ex­ from current income." The American police, or the judicial system. change holdings of the Central Bank in people are tremendously interested in Article 162 provides that the act of trans­ Turkey are at the all-time high. In 1938, current income. · The American . people . mitting a story or information that the law for example, they held 5,700,000 lira, and . considers criminal is a crime. want to see our budget balanced. As a The government has argued that the laws on December 7, 1946, their holdings in matter of fact, the American people are not invoked. They are enforceable, how­ · foreign exchange were 201,900,000 lira. would like to see our taxes lowered; they ever, and hang over every reporter's head. · They have a positive foreign trade bal­ would like to see our national debt re­ ance with high foreign exchange hold­ tired. As one Congressman said, "We Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. ings. They settled their lend-lease ac­ should be asking for a loan from Turkey." President, this report demonstrates . count in cash, the first nation to do so. · Mr. President, perhaps the American clearly that there is no real freedom of In fact, they paid within 30 days after people would be more sanguine, more the press in Turkey. The Turkish Gov­ the effective date of the agreement. ready to take funds from their current ernment promptly suspended the cor­ Mr. President, from those famous se- income to pay the bills of the Turkish respondent's privileges to file cables be­ . cret documents that the State Depart­ Government if that Government were a cause he wrote the article. This, I be­ lieve, happened on April 3. On April 5 ment gave to the 10 newspapermen I democi'~cy. But when, as is well known, wish to quote a section· on public qebt on these funds from our "current income" his rights were restored pending the ar­ Turkey: are to be expended in behalf of a Govern­ rival of another correspondent from Turkey's foreign debt is approximately ment which has been a dictatorship for Athens. An American correspondent 268,000,000 lira. This will be increased to the 24 years, some doubt arises, even in the was gagged ·because he told the truth to extent that Turkey draws on recent credits. minds of the most fearful of our coun­ the American people. The bull~ of the foreign debt is an obligation Mr. Presidert, the secret documents to Great Britain, and some of it is ·repayable trymen. which our State Department furnished in Turkish lira. The estimated annual bur­ The New York Times of March 29, to 10 newspapermen, in its summary of den of service charges, including retirement 1947, carried a startling story about the of principal, is approximately 17,000,000, lira, the present situation in Turkey, have so-called freedom of the press in Turkey. some other interesting things to say. only about 25 percent of which is said to be I ask that this article be printed at this payable in gold or foreign exchange. Tur­ Permit me to quote: point in the RECORD as a part of my re­ key at present can meet these obligations. While the Turks are almost unanimou·s marks. in supporting the government's foreign Here is an additional paragraph from There being no objection, the article policy, there is considerable difference of the section in this secret document en­ was ordered to be printed in the REc­ opinion among them about the direction titled "Turkey's Economic Position": ORD, as follows: of internal affairs. Less than 2 years ago the Turkish Government took the courageous Turkey's principal difficulty is that of meet­ EASING OF TURKISH PRESS CONTROL IS SOUGHT Ing the economic and financial burden of step of licensing the existence of opposition WITH LOAN PLAN AS LEVER-PROGRESSIVES political parties. maintaining a large standing army. This DECRY "CHINESE WALL" AROUND COUNTRY­ · expense costs the Turkish Government not SEVERE PENALTIES PRESCRIBED FOR REPORTS That is from the Department's report, far from one-half of its annual revenues and DEEMED OBJECTIONABLE requires foreign exchange exceeding that which is doubtless authentic. available from current income. ISTANBUL, TuRKEY, March 28.-In the light I trust that the Senate notes that the of the latest developments in Turkish­ adjective "courageous" comes from our Mr. President, this is one of the most United States relations, progressive indi­ State Department, also, that they see damnable propositions ever presented to viduals anc;i newspapers are renewing their nothing strange in the fact that a license the Senate of the United States. The efforts to ease what is considered to be the difficult position of foreign press correspond- for a political party is necessary. Again: State Department itself, in its own secret ents here. · One major opposition party emerged-the document, demonstrates that the pres­ A ieading opposition paper, Vatan, which democratic party-which was well supported ent foreign exchange holdings of the is campaigning for freedom of the press, edi­ in elections to the National Assembly in the Central Bank are 201,900,000 lira. It torially urged the government today t0 ac­ summer of 1946. Other-political groups, how­ then points out that the annual payment cord more facilities and cheaper cable rates ever, have not won many adherents, while on the foreign Turkish debt. including to foreign correspondents "if we want to pull I>Uch subversive and antigovernment minor­ payment on principal, amounts to 17,- down the Chinese wall surrounding us." ity groups as do exist, are not powerful, and 3294 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 10 are under effective control by the police and · irresponsibility is demonstrated by his­ the undertakings of the recipient govern­ security services. torical fact. He has asked us to support ment; (b) to permit representatives of the press and radio of the United States to ob­ In o_ther words, Mr. President, the a government which is essentially mili­ serve freely and to report fully regarding the police suppress all political parties and tary and dictatorial. He has asked us utilization of such assistance; (c) not to groups that do not agree with the gov­ to give money to a government in excel­ transfer, withqut the consent of the Presi­ ernment. Why does not the State De­ lent financial position; indeed, in better d_ent of tJ::e U17ited States, title to or posses­ partment say so and get it over with? financial position than is the Govern­ SiOn of any art1cle or information transferred Permit me to quote further: ment of the United States. We are pursuant to this act nor to permit, without such consent, the use of any such article or The Democrats insist upon the removal asked to repudiate our commitments to the United Nations an~. in effect, to · the use or disclosure of any such informa­ of certain restrictive laws which they regard tion by or to anyone not an officer, employee, as unconstitutional, such as the press law, guarantee Turkish control of the Darda­ or agent of the recipient government; (d) to by means of which the government exercises nel!es. We are asked, in effect, to as­ make such provisions as may be required by somewhat arbitrary control over the Turkish sume responsibility for the maintenance the President of the United States for the press. They also strongly condemn the Gov­ of Turkish mercenary Janizaries. It is security of any article, service, or information ernment for its inability to take effective my fixed conviction that the American received pursuant to this act; and (e) not steps to improve critical economical co"ndi­ people want no part or parcel of this to u~e any part of the proceeds of any loan, tions and to halt the rising cost of living. proposal. I urge the Senate, in all cred1t, grant, or other form of financial aid It rendered pur~uant to this act for making of is a terrible crime, is it not? Quite good conscience, to adopt the proposed any payment on account of the principal or a few Members of the Senate would run amendment, striking Turkey from the interest on any loan made to such govern­ into difficulty if ours was that kind of a pending measure. ment by any other foreign government. government. I now send to the desk the amend­ From the Newsweek magazine of May ment which I have discussed and ask The amendment was agreed to. 27, 1946, pages 41 and 42, I find this that it lie on the tabie, to be called up The next ame!lrlment was, on. page 7, statement: later. after line 15, to insert the following lan­ guage, as heretofore amended: When the Democrats began to organize, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The however, they ran into trouble. They ac­ amendment will lie on the table. The President is direct ed to withdraw any cused civil authorities of preventing them Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, I know · or all a_id ·authorized herein under any of from setting up headquarters on a nation­ . the following ·circumstances: of no other Senator whn wishes to speak ( 1) If requested by the Government of wide scale. They declared provincial state­ at this time. · governors refused to allow Democratic ral­ Gr~ec~ or Turkey, respectively, representing-a lies, and constantly intercepted mail and · Mr. VANDENBERG~ -- Mr. President maJonty of the people of either such nation; telephone messages. They said policemen will the Senator yield? ' (2) If the Security Council finds (With re­ beat up their followers. Finally, as a pro­ Mr. WHITE. I yield. spect to which finding the United States test, they issued a manifesto declaring the Mr. VANDENBERG. I am still won­ waives. the exercise of any veto)- or the Gen­ Government nondemocratic, · and decided dering-and I should like to have the eral Assembly :finds that action taken or as­ they would boycott both municipal and ~a- · sistance.. furnishe.d by the United Nations attention of the Senator from Colorado makes the. continuance of such assistance tional · elections. President Inonu seized [Mr. JOHNSONl-whether we cannot at upon this action to imply that the Demo­ unnecessary or undesirable.;_an crats were a:ctually Communists who wanted least move forward to the extent of (3) If the President finds that any pur­ to discredit the Turkish Government in the adopting the. committee amenruirents. poses of the act have been substantially ac­ eyes of other states . . He promised Turkey It is my understanding that even those complished by the action of .any other inter­ would fight political parties inspired from who hold the position of the able Sena­ governmental organizations or finds. that the abroad and acting as foreign instruments; . purposes of the act are incapable of satis­ tor from Colorado- are in favor of the factory accomplishment. comm~ttee amendments, and I should That goes to show how governments like to get the bill to the point at least The amendment as amended was nowadays, whenever they encounter any where we can start tomorrow with the agreed to. great difficulty, simply yell "Communism real debate, which ·will be upon just such The next amendment was, on page 8, communism, communism!" ' amendments as the able Senator from after line 11, to insert: Mr. President, these same Democrats Colorado proposes. SEc. 7. The chief of any mission to any whom President Inonu of Turkey called Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. country receiviP,.g assistance under this act Communists, drew up a program in the President, I join the Senator in that de­ shall be appointed by the President, by and elections of 1946 opposed to the present sire._ I shall be glad to have the commit­ -with the advice and consent of the Senate, governmental ownership of mines, public tee amendments adopted. I shall not and shall perform such functions relating to utilities, textiles, and snoe factories. the administration of this act as the Presi­ oppose them. · dent shall prescribe. That is quite a crime, is it not? They Mr. VANDENBERG. I suggest that are opposed to the government opera­ the Senate proceed with the committee Mr. TAFT. Mr. President I should tion of businesses, factories, and indus­ amendments. like to ask the Senator from Michigan a tries, and for that crime they are termed question. This amendment does not "Communists." These free-enterprise Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I pre­ sume that will not foreclose amendments make it perfectly clear whether there advoc~tes must be a queer breed of Com­ must be a chief of mission to a country, munists. A political party ·opposing a to any part of the .bill. Mr. VANDENBERG. That is correct. or exactly what his powers are to be. I government's total ownership of utili­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. . The wonder if the Senator has been informed ti.es, mines, factories, et cetera, is called as to what sort of an organization we are Communist by the ruling political clique. clerk will state the next committee amendment. to have in Greece. That is name-calling with a vengeance. Mr. VANDENBERG. The Committee We do not even go so far over 'llere. The next amendment was, on page 6 line 11, after "government", to strike out on Foreign Relations was advised that By no stretch of the imagination can the form of the administrative organi­ Turkey be said to be on the road to de­ "and" and at the end of line 14, to strike out the period, insert a semicolon and zation will be a chief of mission in mqcracy, even though our State Depart­ Greece and a chief of mission in Turkey. ment gracefully approves the brutal. "and (e,) not to use any part of th~ pro­ ceeds of any loan, credit, grant, or other and that the chief of mission shall or­ harsh, and ruthless dictatorship that ganize his own staff . controls that nation. The Senate ought . form of financial aid rendered pursuant to this act for the making of any pay­ Mr. TAFT. I was interested in the to be more realistic. Military aid and question whether we can avoid what has assistance to this Government is aid and ment on account of the principal or in­ terest on any loan made to such govern­ happened in so many places throughout assistance to a Fascist military dicta- the world, where three or four different torship. . ment by any other foreign government", so as to make the section read : departments of the Government have Mr. President, a heavy and serious representatives, sometimes each of them SEc. 3. As a condition precedent to the responsibility has been thrust upon us handing ou~ money and working at without rhyme or reason. The Senator receipt of any assistance pursuant to this act, the government requesting such assist­ cross-purposes. I wonder if there is any from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG] has ance shall agree (a) to permit free access assurance that in this case that will not asked us to take from the pockets of the of United States Government officials for the occur, and that all Americans will sub­ American taxpayers millions of dollars purpose of observing whether such assistance stantially be under the direction of a to support a government whose political is utilized effectively and in accordance with chief of mission. 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·&ENATE 3295

Mr. VANDENBERG. That is the in­ the House. I therefore ask for immedl~ Coleman, Eddie T ., Jr. O"Meara, Charles K. tention. ate consideration of the bill. *Colenda, Frank Powell, Arthur E. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Condra, Kenneth I. *Quick, Thomas J. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ Cook, Berdel A. Rappuhn, Alfred A., question is on agreeing to the commit­ out objection, the Committee on Inter­ Cramer, Maley 0., Jr. Jr. tee amendment on page 8, after line 11. state and Foreign Commerce is dis­ Cunningham, Riggan, James M.; _Jr. The amendment was agreed to. charged from the further consideration Thomas F. Riordan, Gilbert A. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill of the bill. Curless, James P. RoberU>, William K. is open to further amendment. Is there objection to the present con­ Davis, Leslie D. Rogers, Donald L. Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, sideration of the bill? *D~vis, William J., Ryder, Donald F. I suggest that. the amendment of the There being no objection, the bill was Jr. •sar, Raymond V. Senator from Colorado [Mr. JoHNsoN] *Deibler, William D. Schmucker, Stanley K. considered, ordered to be engrossed for DeWerd, Theodore J. Schniedwind, Robert be made the pending question. a third reading, read the third time and Doling, Lloyd L. F. Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I have passed, as follows: Douglas, Stephen P., Schwartz, Mathew J. sent the amendment to the desk. Be it enacted, etc., That section. 3 of the Jr. · Serrie, John A., Jr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The· act entitled "An act authorizing the Secre­ Drake, John D. K. Sholes, Charles W. amendment o:trered by the Senator from tary of the Treasury to exchange sites at Dwyer, William V. . Simons, 'Joseph T. Colorado will be stated. Miami Beach, Dade County, Fla., fo~ Coast *Egeland, Andrew M. Sisterhenm, William The CHIEF CLERK. On page 1, lines 5 Guard purposes," as amended (Public Law Faulk, Joseph R. H. and 6, it is proposed to strike out "and No. 655, 79th Cong.; 60 Stat. 901), is hereby Fitzwater, Harry E. *Slattery, Francis L. Turkey,"; in line 6, to 'strike out "their amended by striking out "6 months" and Flanigan, Frank, Jr. Smelz. Jervis L. inserting in lieu thereof -"12 months." Freeland, Harold H. Smerdon, John E., Jr. governments" and ins·ert in lieu thereof Friedrichsen, Smith, George E. "its government"; in line 9, to strike out RECESS Leslie P. Smith, James J. "those countries" and insert in lieu Mr. WHITE. I move that the Senate Fuller, Richard, Jr. Smith, James V. thereof "such country''; in line 10, to Gardner, Walter T., Jr. Smith, John E. stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon Gibbs, John D., Jr. Smith, Wendell K : strike out "those countries" and insert tomorrow. in lieu thereof ''such country"; on page Goelz, Herbert E. Spruit, Robert E. The motion was agreed to; and Senate, as provided for in sidered on Monday, I shall later an­ of its greatest citizens, an outstanding the act of August 5, 1939, entitled "An nounce it. I wanted to make this an­ man who devoted his life to the cause _act to provide !or the disP_C?sition Qf ~er~ pounc;:eme._g,t r~l~tive to anticip_a!ed co~ . _Q! -':!!!n.!anity, to l?!e~erving freedom in