Energy Security of APEC Economies and Changing Downstream Oil Environment APEC Energy Working Group August 2018 APEC Project: EWG 05 2016S Produced by Dr Ken Koyama, Mr. Ichiro Kutani, Mr Takashi Matsumoto and Mr Tadashi Yoshida Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Inui Building, Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan Tel: (813) 5144-8551 Fax: (813) 5144-8555 Email:
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[email protected] Website: www.apec.org ©2018 APEC Secretariat APEC#218-RE-01.10 ISBN: 978-981-11-8392-8 ii Foreword Energy security is the talk of the town whenever petroleum prices increase or decrease rapidly. In recent years, the increase in non-OPEC crude oil production by key players such as Russia and the United States has triggered a decline in crude oil prices. In response, OPEC attempted to encourage cooperation from non-OPEC economies to stabilize the oil prices. In addition, OPEC is shifting from selling crude oil to producing value-added products, as well as participating in refinery construction projects in consuming economies in order to secure a stable crude oil market. In contrast, on the demand side, the construction of refineries is falling short of the growth in oil demand while petroleum product trading is expanding globally, particularly in developing Asia. This research is jointly conducted by Strategy Research Unit of IEEJ and Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) to identify new policy actions and concepts of oil security that can lead to the improvement of oil security in APEC economies.