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DuBois and Anna Julia Cooper by Nneka Dennie Neil Roberts, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Africana Studies WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massacl1usetts May 9, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................... 2 Introduction Theorizing Black Progress .................................................................. 3 The Evolution of Race and Racism .............................................. 5 Temporality, Afro-modernity, and Racial Progress ............................ 7 Conceptualizing Intersectionality ............................................... 11 Du Bois, Cooper, and Intersectionality ................................ 13 DuBois's Gender Progressivism ................................................. 17 Criticizing Du Boisian Pro-Feminism .......................................... 22 Prospectus .......................................................................... 2 7 Chapter One DuBois's Unreconciled Strivings ....................................................... 30 Du Bois Through Time ........................................................... 35 Identifying the "Negro Problem" ..................................................... 39 The Meaning of Racial Progress ................................................ .42 Education ........................................................................... 44 Self-Consciousness .............................................................. .49 Race Leadership ................................................................... 52 Questioning DuBois's Feminism ............................................... 56 Chapter Two A Feminist Response to the Negro Question ........................................... 63 On Regeneration: The Importance of Black Women ........................ 64 The Negro Problem Revisited ................................................... 72 Political Faith and Racial Progress ............................................. 79 Responsibility and Racial Regeneration ....................................... 82 Black Behavior. ......................................................................... 85 White Behavior. ................................................................... 89 Enlightened and Repressed Intersectionality .................................. 91 Chapter Three Revisiting Enlightened and Repressed lntersectionality .............................. 93 Anna Julia Cooper and Enlightened Intersectionality ........................ 97 Black Women and Racial Progress ................................... 101 W. E. B. Du Bois Between Repression and Enlightenment ................ 105 Black Patriarchy and Racial Progress ................................ 11 0 Enlightened Intersectionality and Racial Progress ........................... 117 Conclusion A Wo1nan's Worth ........................................................................ 120 Bibliography .............................................................................. 127 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This year-long endeavor began in the Spring of 2012 and has continued with the help of several individuals. I am incredibly thankful to many people who helped me to transform an amorphous idea about Black women's intellectual exclusion into a focused senior thesis. I extend the sincerest thanks possible to Neil Roberts, who has served as my faculty advisor and unofficial life coach since I entered Williams in the Fall of 2009. This thesis would not have been possible without his guidance, sense of humor, patience with several missed deadlines, and unrelenting willingness to intellectually push me to my wit's end. I could continue to describe how my thesis-writing process has been enjoyable in part due to Professor Roberts's positivity, good taste in music, and endless wisdom. Instead, I will simply say that it has been a pleasure and an honor to work with Professor Roberts. I cannot thank him enough. My thesis was also made possible with the help of dedicated faculty members. For their mentorship throughout my college career and for welcoming my unexpected visits to their offices, I thank James Manigault-Bryant and Devyn Spence Benson. I will always be grateful to Professor Benson, in addition to Rashida Braggs, for introducing me to an author who I examine in my thesis. I would like to thank Leslie
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