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Az 27708/03-23 Biologische Abwasserreinigung In Abschlussbericht HOCHSCHULE FÜR TECHNIK UND WIRTSCHAFT DES SAARLANDES (HTW) AZ 27708/03-23 BIOLOGISCHE ABWASSERREINIGUNG IN LANDBASIERTEN MARINEN KREISLAUFANLAGEN DURCH DIE INTEGRIERTE KULTUR VON HALOPHYTEN Anneliese Ernst, Elena Mettler, Uwe Waller Koordinator Projektausführende Wissenschaftler Dr. Bert Wecker HTW Saarbrücken Telefon: +49 5173971-125 Verena Hanke, Elena Mettler Telefax: +49 5173971-197 Telefon: +49 6898-4480791 Mail: [email protected] 10/01 Projektkennblatt der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt AZ 27708/03 Referat 23 Fördersumme 312.123 € Antragstitel Förderinitiative Nachhaltige Aquakultur: Biologische Abwasserreinigung in landbasierten marinen Kreislaufanlagen durch die integrierte Kultur von Halophyten (Folgeantrag) Stichworte Aquakultur, Abwasser, Kreislauf Laufzeit Projektbeginn Projektende Projektphase(n) 24 Monate 23.01.2012 22.01.2014 1 Zwischenberichte Bewilligungsempfänger Erwin Sander Elektroapparatebau GmbH Tel +49 5173 971 125 Am Osterberg 22 Fax +49 5173 971 197 31311 Uetze Projektleitung Dr. Bert Wecker Bearbeiter Kooperationspartner Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft des Saarlandes (HTW) Gottfried-Leibniz-Universität Hannover (LUH), Institut für Botanik Institut für marine Ressourcen (imare) Zielsetzung und Anlass des Vorhabens Gegenstand des Vorhabens ist die biologische Abwasserreinigung in marinen Kreislaufanlagen durch die integrierte Kultur von salztoleranten Pflanzen (Halophyten). Obwohl die Wasserneuerungsraten mo- derner Kreislaufanlagen unter 1% des Systemvolumens pro Tag betragen, besteht ein ökologisches als auch ökonomisches Interesse, das vorwiegend bei der Feststoffseparation anfallende Abwasser bzw. di- rekt die im Prozesswasser vorhandenen gelösten Nährstoffe wiederzuverwerten. Dieser Recyclingvor- gang wurde durch die an die Anlage angeschlossene Feuchtgebiete (Sandbetten) bzw. aquaponische Systeme mittels Halophyten verwirklicht. In Sandbetten geschieht die Wasseraufbereitung im Wesentli- chen durch ein Zusammenwirken von Filtermaterial (mechanische Reinigung), durch das Aufnehmen, Umwandeln oder Abbauen der Wasserinhaltsstoffe durch Bakterien sowie die Nährstoffaufnahme im Rahmen des Pflanzenwuchses (biologische Reinigung), der Adsorption an Bodenteilchen (physikalische Reinigung) sowie durch Fällungsreaktionen zwischen den Wurzeln (chemische Reinigung). In aquaponi- schen Systemen geschieht die Wasseraufbereitung fast alleinig durch die Nährstoffaufnahme im Rah- men des Pflanzenwuchses. Darstellung der Arbeitsschritte und der angewandten Methoden Das durchgeführte Projekt hat über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren, die in der ersten Projektphase ge- schaffenen Grundlagen vertieft, die Produktion von Halophyten in künstlichen Feuchtgebieten mit der landbasierten Produktion von Meeresfischen zu kombinieren. Die folgen Arbeitspakete waren Bestand- teil dieses Projektes: Experimenteller Betrieb eines um einen Pflanzenbioreaktor erweiterten Fluid- Kreislaufs mit Wolfsbarschen, Dicentrarchus labrax; Bestimmung der Stoffströme im Prozesswasser; Optimierung des Pflanzenreaktors (Lysimeter) und der Nutzpflanzenproduktion; Erweiterung des Pflan- zenspektrums, Optimierung der aquaponischen Kultur; Planung, Konstruktion und Aufbau eines Pilotre- aktors für die Prozesswasseraufbereitung in einem Fluid-Kreislauf mit einer kommerziellen Fischart; Be- stimmung der Stoffströme im Prozesswasser des primären Fluid-Kreislaufs und sekundären Nutzpflan- zen-Pilotreaktors mit einer kommerziellen Fischart. Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt An der Bornau 2 49090 Osnabrück Tel 0541/9633-0 Fax 0541/9633-190 http://www.dbu.de Ergebnisse und Diskussion Das Wachstum von drei annuellen Halophyten, Strandaster (Tripolium pannonicum), Krähenfuß-Wegerich (Plantago coronopus) und Queller (Salicornia dolichostachya), integriert in eine landbasierte marine Fisch- produktion von Europäischen Wolfsbarsch (Dicentrarchus labrax) und Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) wurde zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten untersucht. Die Konzentrationen der Nährstoffe im Prozesswasser des primären Wasserkreislaufes, sowie dessen Temperatur, Salzgehalt und pH-Wert wurden protokolliert. Das Wachstum der Pflanzen wurde als Gewichtszunahme (Frischmasse) des Blatt- und Sprossmaterials (oberirdische Pflanzenteile) bestimmt. Die Verwertung von Stickstoff und Phosphor aus dem Prozesswas- ser wurde durch eine Elementanalyse der getrockneten Pflanzenteile bestimmt. Anhand der mit dem Fut- ter täglich eingebrachten Stickstoffmenge und der über den Biomassezuwachs aufgenommenen Menge wurde die Leistungsfähigkeit von Sandbettfilter und aquaponischen Systemen untersucht. Die 3 untersuchten Arten reagierten sehr unterschiedlich auf die angebotenen Wachstumsbedingungen. T. pannonicum erreichte die höchste Wachstumsrate im Sandfilter. Unter aquaponischen Bedingungen wa- ren die Wachstumsraten in allen Jahreszeiten kleiner. Die Blätter entwickelten Chlorosen, die auf einen Mangel an Spurenelementen zurückgeführt wurde. Jedoch selbst eine regelmäßige Zugabe von Spuren- elementen konnte das Mangelsymptom nicht vollständig beheben. Im Gegensatz dazu wuchs P. coro- nopus bei jedem direkten Vergleich in der Aquaponik besser als im Sandbett. Besonders auffällig war das gute Wachstum unter winterlichen Bedingungen. Mit moderater zusätzlicher künstlicher Belichtung wuchs diese Pflanze im Winter genauso schnell wie im Spätsommer/Herbst. Unter hochsommerlichen Bedingun- gen kam es dagegen im aquaponischen System zu mehr als 80% Ausfällen bei den Pflanzen. Im Gegen- satz dazu favorisiert S. dolichostachya die hochsommerlichen Bedingungen. Jedoch ist eine konsequente Unterdrückung der Blühinduktion erforderlich, um gute Wachstumsraten zu erzielen. Diese Pflanzen zeig- ten zudem eine außerordentliche Resistenz gegen Schädlinge. Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Präsentation Anne Buhmann, Jutta Papenbrock, 2013. Biofiltering of aquaculture effluents by halophytic plants: Basic principles, current uses and future perspectives. Environmental and Experimental Botany 92 (2013): 122– 133 Anne Buhmann, Jutta Papenbrock, 2013. An economic point of view of secondary compounds in halo- phytes. Functional Plant Biology 40 (2013): 952–967 Buhmann, A., Waller, U., Wecker, B., Papenbrock, J., Optimization of culturing conditions and selection of species for the use of halophytes as biofilter for nutrient-rich saline waters. (submitted to “Agricultural Water Management” in January 2014) Uwe Waller, Anne Buhmann, Verena Hanke, Andreas Kulakowski, Bert Wecker, Jutta Papenbrock, Inte- grated multi-trophic aquaculture in a zero-exchange recirculation system for marine fish combined with hydroponic halophyte production. Phd thesis Anne Buhmann “Biological purification of nutrient-rich saline water by halophytes and their potential as valuable co-product” Chapter 5 Fazit Das Projekt zeigte, dass die hohe Wasserqualität moderner Fluidkreisläufe ideale Ausgangsbedingungen für die Integration einer sekundären Pflanzenproduktion durch Halophyten schafft. Für das Pflanzen- wachstum stellt die substratgebundene mikrobielle Aktivität bei der Kultivierung in Sandbetten jedoch eine messbare Konkurrenz dar, die zu einer geringeren Biomassezunahme als in den aquaponischen Syste- men führt. Auch aufgrund der arbeitstechnischen Erleichterungen bei der Handhabung bieten aquaponi- sche Systeme deutliche Vorteile. Diese müssen jedoch regelmäßig mit Spurenelemente versorgt werden, um den Pflanzen individuell angepasste optimale Wachstumsbedingungen zu ermöglichen. Das Projekt hat gezeigt, dass durch die Nachbildung eines Ökosystems die Prozesswasserströme landba- sierter Fischfarmen wiederverwertet und gleichzeitig zusätzliche vermarktungsfähige, qualitativ hochwerti- ge Lebensmittel produziert werden können. Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt An der Bornau 2 49090 Osnabrück Tel 0541/9633-0 Fax 0541/9633-190 http://www.dbu.de AZ 27708 Landbasierte marine Kreislaufanlagen Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Verzeichnis von Abbildungen .......................................................................................................... 5 2. Verzeichnis von Begriffen und Definitionen .................................................................................... 8 3. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................... 9 4. Einleitung ....................................................................................................................................... 10 5. Aufgabenstellungen ...................................................................................................................... 12 6. Durchgeführte Arbeiten ................................................................................................................ 12 6.1 Projektphase I ........................................................................................................................ 12 6.2 Projektphase II ....................................................................................................................... 13 7. Ergebnisse ..................................................................................................................................... 15 7.1 Sandbett (Sommer 2012) ...................................................................................................... 15 7.2 Sandbett und Aquaponik (Winter 2012/2013) ..................................................................... 17 7.2.1 Physikalisch-chemische Parameter ..............................................................................
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