DOCSLIB.ORG

DE-EXTINCTION? Must Be Provided with More Closely Resemble a Habitat That Suits the Extinct Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DE-EXTINCTION? Must Be Provided with More Closely Resemble a Habitat That Suits the Extinct Species TIN TIN DE-EX CTION DE-EX CTION method one method three Reverse Engineering Cloning Extract DNA from the Extract living cells remains of an extinct from an endangered species and sequence species OR use stored its genome. frozen cells from a species that has recently gone extinct. Supplement any missing genetic Replace the nucleus information with that EXTINCTI in the egg of a close of the closest living DE- ON relative with the relative. Add genes to method two nucleus from the chromosomes which extinct animal. will carry genetic Back Breeding material in the germ cell nucleus. Adjust DNA from the adult cell to be used in an embryo cell, Inject the nucleus into Gather genetic material using chemicals the early embryos of from preserved bone and/or electricity to the closest relative to and tooth samples to reconfigure the DNA. the extinct species. re-create DNA. Let fertilized egg Compare re-created The generation that grow and place in DNA to that of modern hatches from these a surrogate mother. close relatives to deter- embryos will carry the mine which breeds still genes from the extinct carry the species' genetic Place de-extinct animal. a b c characteristics and species in a suitable make up. habitat. The next generation produced by these Reverse the evolutionary carriers will have the process by selectively genes and traits of the a c breeding specific close now de-extinct species. relatives. The de-extinct species Each generation will WHAT IS DE-EXTINCTION? must be provided with more closely resemble a habitat that suits the extinct species. its needs. Creating an organism which is a member of, or resembles, an extinct species. The the center for genomic fat from EXTINCTION REWILDING gastronomy Passenger Pigeons The moment of extinction The re-introduction of a was used as butter. is the death of the last species into the regions individual of a species. where it became extinct. Flocks of up to 100,000 habitat & food passenger pigeons could habitat & food blacken the sky in an instant. YESTERDAY’SMEATTOMORROW cm 75 nuts herbs lichen grubs berries grasses PASSENGER PIGEON AUROCHS PYRENEAN IBEX When - Ectopistes migratorius - - Bos primigenius - - Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica - Europeans arrived in North America the population of passenger pigeons IN 2009, was more than all A DE-EXTINCT of the humans PYRENEAN IBEX there were on earth. 155 cm 75 cm LIVED FOR 7 Using frozen DNA from a once living 3 TO 5 MINUTES Pyrenean Ibex, scien- BILLION 40 cm tists cloned the animal, Passenger Pigeons marking the only success- in the United States North America Europe, Asia, North Africa France, Portugal, Spain, Andorra ful de-extinction attempt before they recorded. were hunted to extinct 1914 extinct 1627 extinct 2000 extinction Caused by habitat destruction, Caused by over hunting, habitat destruction Likely caused by competition with domestic deforestation, and hunted as cheap food. from farming, and the spread of disease animals for food, hunting, and disease THEIRISHELK carried by domestic cattle. spread by the introduction of WASONEOF Plants dependent non-native species. THE RGEST on megafauna for DEEREVERTO dispersal are vuln- erable to range LIVE. reduction or even extinction when their partners habitat & food in evolution and ecology vanish. grasses twigs Its extinction In north-eastern the woolly THEDOWNFROM might have been osage orange An “ecological Siberia, enthusiasts want mammoth THENOWEXTINCT caused by a lack of anachronism that It is hypothesized GREATAUKWASA minerals to has been stunningly to restore the “mammoth that osage orange HIGHLYDESIRABLE support the growth successful in attract- nuts Only about 50% steppe” to a grassland of its antlers which anachronistic seeds were originally ing a replacement of the mammoth genome PILLOWFILLER. habitat that could support spanned up to plants spread by Pleistocene dispersal agent: us.”* has been assembled, so it megafauna that are de-extinct woolly mammoth. won’t be de-extinct any the great auk 3.5 meters. now extinct. avocado time soon. pleistocene park www.genomicgastronomy.com irish elk.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wednesday-3Rd-February-2021(PDF)
    Wednesday 3rd February 2021 Year 3! Good Morning Year 3 Thanks for all of the awesome work you sent in this week so far! We are all so impressed! It’s Joe Wicks time again - Have a go if you feel like it! The option is there! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAxW1XT0iEJo0TYlRfn6rYQ Morning challenge SPaG Guess the word with the -tion ending Invention ANSWERS Pollution Potion Station Imagination Remember to practice your spellings each day Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 action action pollution fiction fiction invention option option injection station pollution hesitation lotion invention education potion injection imagination Literacy Thank you for all of the beautifully, descriptive storm writing that you sent in yesterday. We really enjoyed reading them! LO: I can plan a story Today we are going to finish the story... The storm passed and the animals knew that the terrible waves had carried them far, far away. They thought of their homes and how much they missed them. As they sailed on they all felt very lost on the big blue sea. A Dodo watched from his Island as the boat and its animals came into view. ‘Hello there!’ He called to them as they sailed closer. ‘We’re lost!’ shouted the Polar Bear to the Dodo. ‘We’ve sailed too far and now we want to go home.’ ‘Well of course you can go home,’ said the Dodo ‘Really?’ said the animals together. ‘When?’ ‘You can go home when the trees grow back and when the ice returns and when the cities stop getting bigger and when the hunting stops.’ ‘Oh’ said the Orangutan thoughtfully.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species
    Linfield University DigitalCommons@Linfield Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works 2017 The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species Helena Siipi University of Turku Leonard Finkelman Linfield College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/philfac_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, and the Philosophy of Science Commons DigitalCommons@Linfield Citation Siipi, Helena and Finkelman, Leonard, "The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species" (2017). Faculty Publications. Accepted Version. Submission 3. https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/philfac_pubs/3 This Accepted Version is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It is brought to you for free via open access, courtesy of DigitalCommons@Linfield, with permission from the rights-holder(s). Your use of this Accepted Version must comply with the Terms of Use for material posted in DigitalCommons@Linfield, or with other stated terms (such as a Creative Commons license) indicated in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, or if you have questions about permitted uses, please contact [email protected]. The extinction and de-extinction of species I. Introduction WhendeathcameforCelia,ittooktheformoftree.Heedlessofthedangerposed bybranchesoverladenwithsnow,CeliawanderedthroughthelandscapeofSpain’s OrdesanationalparkinJanuary2000.branchfellonherskullandcrushedit.So deathcameandtookher,leavingbodytobefoundbyparkrangersandlegacyto bemournedbyconservationistsaroundtheworld. Theconservationistsmournednotonlythedeathoftheorganism,butalsoan
    [Show full text]
  • Frankenstein's Mammoth: Anticipating the Global Legal Framework for De
    Frankenstein’s Mammoth: Anticipating the Global Legal Framework For De-Extinction Erin Okuno* Scientists around the world are actively working toward de-extinction, the concept of bringing extinct species back to life. Before herds of woolly mammoths roam and flocks of passenger pigeons soar once again, the international community needs to consider what should be done about de- extinct species from a legal and policy perspective. In the context of international environmental law, the precautionary principle counsels that the absence of scientific certainty should not be used as an excuse for failing to prevent environmental harm. No global legal framework exists to protect and regulate de-extinct species, and this Article seeks to fill that gap by anticipating how the global legal framework for de-extinction could be structured. The Article recommends that the notions underlying the precautionary principle should be applied to de-extinction and that the role of international treaties and other international agreements should be considered to determine how they will or should apply to de-extinct species. The Article explains the concepts of extinction and de-extinction, reviews relevant international treaties and agreements, and analyzes how those treaties and agreements might affect de-extinct species as objects of trade, as migratory species, as biodiversity, as genetically modified organisms, and as intellectual property. The Article provides suggestions about how the treaties and the international legal framework could be modified to address de-extinct species more directly. Regardless of ongoing moral and ethical debates about de-extinction, the Article concludes that the international community must begin to contemplate DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15779/Z38N85P Copyright © 2016 Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • I. G E O G RAP H IC PA T T E RNS in DIV E RS IT Y a . D Iversity And
    I. GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN DIVERSITY A. Diversity and Endemicty B. Patterns in Mammalian Richness 1 – latitude 2 – area 3 – isolation 4 – elevation C. Hotspots of Mammalian Biodiversity 1 – relevance 2 – optimal characteristics of hotspots 3 – empirical patterns for mammals II. CONSERVATION STATUS OF MAMMALS A. Prehistoric Extinctions B. Historic Extinctions 1 – summary (totals) 2 – taxonomic, morphologic bias 3 – Geographic bias C. Geography of Extinctions 1 – prehistory and human colonization 2 – geographic questions 3 – range collapse in mammals Hotspots of Mammalian Endemicity Endemic Mammals Species Richness (fig. 1) Schipper et al 2009 – Science 322:226. (color pdf distributed to lab sections) Fig. 2. Global patterns of threat, for land (brown) and marine (blue) mammals. (A) Number of globally threatened species (Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Fig. 4. Global patterns of knowledge, for land Endangered). Number of species affected by: (B) habitat loss; (C) harvesting; (D) (terrestrial and freshwater, brown) and marine (blue) accidental mortality; and (E) pollution. Same color scale employed in (B), (C), (D) species. (A) Number of species newly described since and (E) (hence, directly comparable). 1992. (B) Data-Deficient species. Mammal Extinctions 1500 to 2000 (151 species or subspecies; ~ 83 species) COMMON NAME LATIN NAME DATE RANGE PRIMARY CAUSE Lesser Hispanolan Ground Sloth Acratocnus comes 1550 Hispanola introduction of rats and pigs Greater Puerto Rican Ground Sloth Acratocnus major 1500 Puerto Rico introduction of rats
    [Show full text]
  • Ibex Images from the Magdalenian Culture
    Ibex Images from the Magdalenian Culture ANDREA CASTELLI University of Perugia (Italy) graduate in Natural Sciences; based in Rome, ITALY; [email protected] ABSTRACT This work deals with a set of images created during the Magdalenian period of Western Europe, part of what is known as Upper Paleolithic or prehistoric “art.” The set includes 95 images depicting four species: chamois, Py- renean ibex, Alpine ibex, and saiga antelope. A selection of previously published image descriptions are collected here, and revised and extended with reference to current naturalistic knowledge. In 48 of the images studied, the image-makers selectively depicted seasonal characters and behaviors, as first remarked by Alexander Marshack for images of all subjects, but 41 ibex and saiga antelope images reveal a focus on selected horn features—winter rings and growth rings—which are unique to these two subjects and first remarked here. These are not seasonal characters but are still closely related to the passage of time and may have been used as a visual device to keep track of solar years, elapsed or to come. Revealing similar concerns by the image-makers, and the same creative way of using images from the natural world surrounding them, this new theory can be seen as complementary to the seasonal meaning theory, of which a brief historical account is included here. The careful study of selected images and image associations also led to the finding, in line with recent paleobiogeographical data, that the Py- renean ibex was the most frequently—if not the only—ibex species depicted by the image-makers, as a rule in its winter coat.
    [Show full text]
  • Hooke-Issue48.Pdf
    Hooke 2017 Editors’ Note Science is inexorably marching forward. The past year has seen us dig ever-deeper into natural phenomena, almost as far as we have pushed the boundaries in manipulating them. Groundbreaking new immunological cancer treatments have been discovered, the quantum Internet of the future seems to be a real possibility, and fossils are rapidly being unearthed that overhaul what we thought we knew about who we are and where we came from. It appears that there’s no shortage of discovery nowadays to excite and humble us. Yet the uncertainty of post-truth politics hangs over science. Donald Trump’s recently published R&D priorities co-opt scientific research into an insular, retrospective vision to “make America great again”, describing it as playing a key role in the development of American military superiority, security, prosperity, energy dominance, and health. The environment, of course, is not mentioned. Trump thus sets a dangerous precedent for other countries by lauding “beautiful, clean coal” instead – sidestepping questions about the link between climate change and the devastating Hurricanes Irma and Harvey, from which around 200 people are thought to have been killed. So, as global warming paces onwards, the possibility of not exceeding the 1.5°C increase limit set in the Paris Agreement seems to wane. UK science is similarly under threat from Brexit. While it would seem fortunate for both sides to maintain a positive working relationship, leaving the EU will inevitably mean that the UK will have to sacrifice some of its power in important EU projects such as Horizon 2020, the European Defence Research Programme, and nuclear R&D.
    [Show full text]
  • First Birth of an Animal from an Extinct Subspecies (Capra Pyrenaica Pyrenaica) by Cloning J
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 71 (2009) 1026–1034 www.theriojournal.com First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning J. Folch a,1,*, M.J. Cocero b,1, P. Chesne´ c, J.L. Alabart a,1, V. Domı´nguez b, Y. Cognie´ d, A. Roche a, A. Ferna´ndez-A´ rias a, J.I. Martı´ a,P.Sa´nchez a, E. Echegoyen a, J.F. Beckers e,A.Sa´nchez Bonastre f, X. Vignon c a Centro de Investigacio´n y Tecnologı´a Agroalimentaria de Arago´n, Av. Montan˜ana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain b Instituto Nacional de Investigacio´n y Tecnologı´a Agraria y Alimentaria, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain c INRA, Biologie du De´veloppement et Reproduction, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France d INRA, Physiologie de la Reproduction, 37380 Nouzilly, France e Physiology of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lie`ge, Belgium f Departament de Patologia i Produccio´ Animals, Facultat de Veterina`ria, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain Received 8 September 2008; received in revised form 14 November 2008; accepted 19 November 2008 Abstract Two experiments have been performed to clone the bucardo, an extinct wild goat. The karyoplasts were thawed fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies, obtained and cryopreserved in 1999 from the last living specimen, a female, which died in 2000. Cytoplasts were mature oocytes collected from the oviducts of superovulated domestic goats. Oocytes were enucleated and coupled to bucardo’s fibroblasts by electrofusion. Reconstructed embryos were cultured for 36 h or 7 d and transferred to either Spanish ibex or hybrid (Spanish ibex male  domestic goat) synchronized recipients.
    [Show full text]
  • B6 CLONING Practice Questions Class: ______Date: ______
    Name: ________________________ B6 CLONING Practice questions Class: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Time: 108 minutes Marks: 108 marks Comments: Biology Only Page 1 of 35 The photograph shows a zorse. 1 By Kumana @ Wild Equines [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons A zorse is a cross between a male zebra and a female horse. The zorse has characteristics of both parents. (a) The zorse was produced by sexual reproduction. (i) What is sexual reproduction? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (1) (ii) The zorse has characteristics of a zebra and a horse. Why? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (2) Page 2 of 35 (b) Zorses are not able to breed. Scientists could produce more zorses from this zorse by adult cell cloning. The diagram shows how the scientists might clone a zorse. Page 3 of 35 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Use information from the diagram and your own knowledge to describe how adult cell cloning could be used to clone a zorse. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology Animal Reading
    Ecosystem Unit: Created by Rachael Coleman 2017 Ecology Animal Reading Pyrenean Ibex Behavior and physical characteristics The Pyrenean ibex had short hair which varied according to seasons. During the summer, its hair was short, and in winter, the hair grew longer and thicker. The hair on the ibex's neck remained long through all seasons. Male and female ibex could be distinguished due to color, fur, and horn differences. The male was a faded grayish brown during the summer, and they were decorated with black in several places on the body such as the mane, forelegs, and forehead. In the winter, the ibex was less colorful. The male transformed from a greyish brown to a dull grey and where the spots were once black, it became dull and faded. The female ibex, though, could be mistaken for a deer since its coat was brown throughout the summer. Unlike the male ibex, a female lacked black coloring. Young ibex were colored like the female for the first year of life. The male had large, thick horns, curving outwards and backwards, then outwards and downwards, then inwards and upwards. The surface of the horn was ridged, and the ridges developing progressively with age. The ridges were said to each represent a year, so the total would correspond to the ibex's age. The female had short, cylindrical horns. Ibex fed on vegetation such as grasses and herbs. Pyrenean ibex migrated according to seasons. In spring, the ibex would migrate to more elevated parts of mountains where females and males would mate. In spring, females would normally separate from the males, so they could give birth in more isolated areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Extinct Animals
    ourc Res e fo HOLY FAITH tal r i HOLY FAITH Te ig a D c h e e e MBD MBD r r MBD s MBD MBD F MBD MBD MBD MBD MBD MBD MBD MBD MB 18 MBD MBD MBD MBD MBD MB The HF ABSOLUTE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE series aims to make students intelligent about information. Knowledge is the acceptance of facts. Intelligence is implementation of those facts wisely. The HF ABSOLUTE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE series—a set of 8 books—is a carefully graded series for Grades 1 to 8. Forced or rote learning does not sustain students' interest. With HF ABSOLUTE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE series, setting up an informative learning environment is easy. ABSOLUTE series has comprehensive e-contents with adequate information about the topic catering to curiosity. 8 So, when students learn that the 'Great Wall of China' is the longest wall in the world from the Book, they also learn—from comprehensive e-contents—that it was constructed to protect the first reserved. dynasty of Imperial China (Qin dynasty) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia. Features of the Series ● Attention-grabbing subject matter ● Additional information to make learning fun ● Helps students make a psychological investment in learning ● Promotes higher-level thinking for enduring understanding rights ● Adequate information about each topic ● Topicscovered in a thorough mode ● presentation of facts and latest information with o Clear writing style All o Radical contents o Interesting pedagogy ISBN 9789353483241 HFI. © 1908H0326A5465 An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company 9 789353 483241 Price : 125.00 reserved. rights All HFI. © HOLY FAITH General Knowledge 8 Dhrumin Pandya Acknowledgement: Harsha Dugar reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Permit Your Mammoth: Some Legal Implications of “De-Extinction”
    How to Permit Your Mammoth: Some Legal Implications of “De-Extinction” By Norman F. Carlin,* Ilan Wurman,** & Tamara Zakim***† I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 4 II. THE SCIENCE AND METHODS OF DE-EXTINCTION ......................... 7 A. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer............................................ 8 B. Genetic Engineering ......................................................... 11 C. Artificial Selection and “Back-Breeding”......................... 13 D. Implications of De-Extinction Methodologies ................. 15 III. THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT ................................................... 17 A. Applicability of the ESA .................................................... 21 B. Eligibility for ESA Listing .................................................. 24 C. Eligibility for Listing as a Distinct Population Segment .. 28 IV. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT .................................... 31 A. NEPA Review of Endangered Species Reintroductions .. 34 B. NEPA Review of GMO Introductions ............................... 38 C. NEPA Review of De-Extinction Projects ........................... 40 V. GMO REGULATION ...................................................................... 44 * Partner, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, San Francisco, CA. Ph.D., Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 1986. J.D., Harvard Law School, 1994. ** Law Clerk to the Honorable Jerry E. Smith, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. J.D.,
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Status and Conservation Problems of the Spanish Ibex, Capra Pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)†
    Mammal Rev. 2002, Volume 32, No. 1, 26–39. Printed in Great Britain. Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)† JESÚS M. PÉREZ*, JOSÉ E. GRANADOS‡, RAMÓN C. SORIGUER§, PAULINO FANDOS¶, FRANCISCO J. MÁRQUEZ* and JEAN P. CRAMPE** *Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, Jaén University, Paraje Las Lagunillas, s.n. E-23071 Jaén, Spain, ‡Parque Nacional de Sierra Nevada, Carretera de Pinos Genil, Km. 7. E-18071 Granada, Spain, §Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Av. María Luisa, s.n. E-41013 Sevilla, Spain, ¶Adecuación Ambiental, Almadén 15, 3ª Pta. 4, E-28014 Madrid, Spain, **Parc National des Pyrénées, 59, Route de Pau, F-65000 Tarbes, France ABSTRACT In this paper, the distribution and status of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), are revised. The whole Iberian population numbers nearly 50 000, distributed in more than 50 nuclei, and has generally increased during the last decades. Nevertheless, within this wider context, different conditions apply to different populations, including recent extinction (the Pyrenean population), recovery from recent severe epizooty of sarcoptic mange (e.g. the Sierras de Cazorla and Segura y Las Villas range population) and popula- tions at high densities (e.g. Gredos mountain range and Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park, among others). The main factors affecting the conservation of this species are also reported and discussed. On the basis of current information we propose the status of ‘vulnerable’ for the Spanish Ibex. Keywords: Capra pyrenaica, Ibex, population, Spain INTRODUCTION The genus Capra is naturally distributed throughout the Palaearctic and north-eastern Africa, the Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica Schinz 1838) being one of the six wild species included in this genus (Corbet, 1978; Fandos & Medem, 1994).
    [Show full text]