I. GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN DIVERSITY A. Diversity and Endemicty B. Patterns in Mammalian Richness 1 – latitude 2 – area 3 – isolation 4 – elevation C. Hotspots of Mammalian Biodiversity 1 – relevance 2 – optimal characteristics of hotspots 3 – empirical patterns for mammals
II. CONSERVATION STATUS OF MAMMALS A. Prehistoric Extinctions B. Historic Extinctions 1 – summary (totals) 2 – taxonomic, morphologic bias 3 – Geographic bias
C. Geography of Extinctions 1 – prehistory and human colonization 2 – geographic questions 3 – range collapse in mammals
Hotspots of Mammalian Endemicity
Endemic Mammals
Species Richness (fig. 1) Schipper et al 2009 – Science 322:226. (color pdf distributed to lab sections)
Fig. 2. Global patterns of threat, for land (brown) and marine (blue) mammals. (A) Number of globally threatened species (Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Fig. 4. Global patterns of knowledge, for land Endangered). Number of species affected by: (B) habitat loss; (C) harvesting; (D) (terrestrial and freshwater, brown) and marine (blue) accidental mortality; and (E) pollution. Same color scale employed in (B), (C), (D) species. (A) Number of species newly described since and (E) (hence, directly comparable). 1992. (B) Data-Deficient species.
Mammal Extinctions 1500 to 2000 (151 species or subspecies; ~ 83 species) COMMON NAME LATIN NAME DATE RANGE PRIMARY CAUSE Lesser Hispanolan Ground Sloth Acratocnus comes 1550 Hispanola introduction of rats and pigs Greater Puerto Rican Ground Sloth Acratocnus major 1500 Puerto Rico introduction of rats and pigs Lesser Puerto Rican Ground Sloth Acratocnus odontrigonus 1500 Puerto Rico introduction of rats and pigs Bubal Hartebeast Alcephalus bucephalus buceph 1925 Morocco to Arabia hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Cape Red Hartebeast Alcephalus caama caama 1932 Natal, South Africa hunting as livestock competitor, and kill Freckled Marsupial Mouse Antechinus apicalis 1910 southwestern Australia deforestation Narrow-toothed Hutia Aphactreus montanus 1500 northwestern Hispanola deforestation Algerian Wild Ass Asinus atlanticus 300 Atlas Mountains hunting for sport Syrian Wild Ass Asinus hemionus hemionus 1927 Syria to Iraq hunting for sport St. Frances Ratkangaroo [Bettong] Bettong [Potorous, Tungoos] s 1889 St. Frances Island, South Australia introduction of cat Gould's Ratkangaroo Bettong penicillata gouldii 1920 South Australia devegetation Brush-tailed Ratkangaroo Bettong penicillata penicillata 1935 Queensland to Victoria introduction of fox Giamard's Ratkangaroo [Bettong] Bettonga gaimardi 1920 southeastern Australia introduction of foxes Caucasus Bison Bison bonasus caucasicus 1925 France to Siberia hunting for food, sport, and as a range c Oregon Bison Bos bison oregonus 1840 Oregon to Idaho hunting for hides Eastern Woodland Bison Bos bison pennsylvanicus 1825 Cape Cod to Kentucky hunting for hides and meat Aurochs Bos primogenius 1627 France to Siberia hunting for sport and food Cuban Spiney Rats Brotomys affella, torei 1600 Cuba introduction of rats Hispanolan Spiney Rat Brotomys voratus, contractus 1500 northern Hispanola introduction of rats Bornean Buffalo Bubalus bubalis hosei 1920 Miri and Baram River valleys, Borneo devegetation; hybridization Long-horned Indian Buffalo Bubalus macrocerus 1850 Assam and Bihar, India devegetation; hybridization Japanese Wolf Canis hodophilax 1905 Honshu, Japan hunting for predator control and museum Kenai Peninsula Wolf Canis lupus alces 1910 Alaska Newfoundland Wolf Canis lupus beothucus 1911 Newfoundland, Canada hunting for predator control Banks Island Wolf Canis lupus bernardi 1920 Banks and Victoria Islands, Canada hunted for fur Cascades Mountains Wolf Canis lupus fuscus 1940 British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon Northern Rockies Wolf Canis lupus irremotus 1940 Alberta to Wyoming Mongollon Wolf Canis lupus mogollonensis 1942 Arizona and New Mexico Texas Grey Wolf Canis lupus monstrabilis 1942 New Mexico and Texas Great Plains Wolf Canis lupus nubilus 1926 North American Great Plains Southern Rockies Wolf Canis lupus youngi 1935 west-central USA Florida Red Wolf Canis rufus floridanus 1925 southeastern USA Texas Red Wolf Canus rufus rufus 1970 Oklahoma and Texas Chialtan Markhor Capra falconeri chialtanensis 1900 Chialtan, Takatu, and Zarghan Ranges, Afghanistan hunting for food, sport, and livestock co Suleman Markhor Capra falconeri jerdoni 1940 Suleman Range and Punjab frontier, Afghanistan hunting for food, sport Portuguese Ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica 1892 Portugal to Galicia hunting for food, sport, and livestock co Pyrenean Ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica 1907 Portugal to Pyrenees Mountains hunting for food, sport, and livestock co White-maned Serow Capricornis sumatraensis argy 1940 Chekiang Province, China hunting for medicine Jentink's [Black-headed] Duiker Cephalophus jentinki 1890 Liberia and Sierra Leone, West Africa hunting for collections Brooke's Duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi brookei 1915 Liberia to Cameroons, West Africa hunting for collections Eastern Elk [Wapiti] Cervus canadiensis canadiensi 1880 east-central North America Arizona Wapiti Cervus canadiensis merriami 1907 Witchita Mountains (OK) to Sierra Madre (Sonora, Mhunting for sport and food Shanxi Sika Cervus nippon grassianus 1920 Shanxi and Chihli, China deforestation S th Chi [K h' ] Sik C i k hi 1920 l Y t Bi hti f dii
pp g , South China [Kopsch's] Sika Cervus nippon kopschi 1920 lower Yangtze Basin hunting for medicine Yarkand Stag Cervus yarkandensis 1930 Dzungaria and Tarim Basin, China hunting for medicine Eastern Pig-footed Bandicoot [Wilalya] Chaeropus ecaudatus ecaudatu 1927 southeast Australia devegetation; also introduction of fox Western Pig-footed Bandicoot Chaeropus ecaudatus occiden 1900 Swan River valley, Western Australia devegetation Crossley's Mouse Lemur Cheirogaleus major crossleyi 1900 northeastern Madagascar devegetation Hairy-eared Mouse Lemur Cheirogaleus trichotis 1875 Madagascar natural Christmas Island Shrew Crocidura fulginosa trichura 1897 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean introduction of rats and disease Geoffroy's Native Cat Dasyurus geoffroi geoffroi 1906 northeastern Australia introduction of cats, and possible zooep Giant Aye Aye Daubentonia robusta 1930 Madagascar hunting for fur and superstition Antarctic Fox Dusicyon australis 1876 Falkland Islands hunting for fur and predator control European Wild Horse [Tarpan] Equus caballus, gmelini 1918 eastern Europe and Russia hunting as food and range competitor, a Lamut Wild Horse Equus ssp. 1905 northeastern Siberia hybridization with domestic horses Atlantic Grey Whale Eschrichtius gibbosus gibbosu 1750 Atlantic Ocean hunting for food Penasco Chipmonk Eutamias minimus astristriatus 1980 New Mexico Wisconsin Cougar Felis concolor schorgeri 1925 north-central USA Cretan Wildcat Felis ocreata agris 1920 Crete hybridization with domestic cats Rufous Gazelle Gazelle rufina 1894 Morocco to Algeria hunting for pelts Cuban Short-tailed Hutia Geocapromys columbianus 1500 Cuba and Isla de Pinos deforestation Bahaman Hutia Geocapromys ingrahami irrect 1760 southern Bahamas deforestation Sherman's Pocket Gopher Geomys fontanelus 1950 Georgia (USA) Goff's Pocket Gopher Geomys pinetis goffi 1955 Florida Gray Lemur Hapalemur griseus griseus 1930 western Madagascar devegetation? Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Hapalemur simus 1920 eastern Madagascar deforestation? Puerto Rican Agouti Heteropsmys insulans, antillen 1550 Puerto Rico deforestation Hispanolan Hexolobodon Hexolobodon phenax 1500 northwest Hispanola deforestation Puerto Rican Caviomorph Hextaxodon bidens 1600 Puerto Rico Quagga Hippatigris quagga 1865 Namibia to Nata hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Blaaubok Hippotragus leucophaeus 1800 Swellingdam District, South Africa hunting for pelts and museum specimen Steller's Sea Cow Hydrodamalis gigas 1768 Commander Islands, Russia hunting for food Burchell's Zebra Hyppotigris burchelli burchelli 1909 Namibia to Orange Free State hunting for livestock competitor, sport, a Haitian Isolobodon Isolobodon levir 1500 northwest Hispanola hunting and domestication for food Puerto Rican Isolobodon [Hutia] Isolobodon portoricensis 1550 Puerto Rico, eastern Hispanola, and Virgin Islands hunting and domestication for food Brown Hare-wallaby Langorchestes leporides 1888 southeastern Australia devegetation European Lion Leo leo europaea 100 France(?) to Balkans hunting for sport and predator control Barbary Lion Leo leo leo 1922 Morocco to Tunesia hunting for livestock predator, sport, and Cape Lion Leo leo melanochaitus 1865 Namibia to Natal hunting for sport and predator control Nalpa Bilby Macrotis lagotis grandis 1900 southeast Australia introduction of rabbit and fox Lesser [Rabbit-bandicoot, Urpila] Bilby Macrotis leucura minor 1900 central Australia introduction of rabbit and fox Barbuda Musk Rat Magalomys audreyae 1500 Barbuda, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestation Cuban Ground Sloth Megalocnus rodens 1550 Cuba Martinique Musk Rat Megalomys desmarestii 1885 Martinique, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestation St. Lucia Musk Rat Megalomys luciae 1881 St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles Islands deforestation Louisiana Vole Microtus ochrogaster ludovicia 1905 Louisiana and Texas Gull Island Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus nesop 1897 Gull Island, New York devegetation Caribbean Monk Seal Monachus tropicalis 1936 Bahamas to Central America hunting for fur and as fishing pest Puerto Rican Long-nosed Bat Monophyllus [plethodon] frate 1500 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands natural Hairy fronted Muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons 1940 Chekiang Province China devegetation?
p g g p Puerto Rican Long-nosed Bat Monophyllus [plethodon] frate 1500 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands natural Hairy-fronted Muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons 1940 Chekiang Province, China devegetation? Sea Mink Mustela macrodon 1894 Maine to Nova Scotia hunting for pelts Banded West Australia Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus fasciatu 1945 western Australia devegetation; also hunted for fur and kill Rusty South Australia Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus rufus 1935 central and southern Australia devegetation; also hunted for fur and kill New Zealand Short-tailed Bat Mystacina [Vespertilio] tubercu 1860 New Zealand devegetation; perhaps also killed by epiz Cuban Yellow Bat Natalus primus 1550 Cuba natural Puerto Rican Nesophont [Shrew] Nesophontes edithae 1500 western Puerto Rico introduction of rats Cuban Nesophonts [Shrews] Nesophontes longirostris, micr 1550 eastern Cuba (longirostris) and western Cuba (micr introduction of rats Hispanolan Nesophonts [Shrews] Nesophontes paramicrus, hypo1550 Hispanola introduction of rats James Rice Rat Nesoryzomys swarthi 1906 James, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goats Jamaican Rice Rat Oryzomys antillarum 1877 Jamaica introduction of mongoose Darwin's Rice Rat Oryzomys darwini 1945 Albermarle, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goats Martinique Rice Rat Oryzomys desmaresti 1902 Martinique, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of rats Chatham Rice Rat Oryzomys galapagoensis 1835 Chatham, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goats Indafatigable Rice Rat Oryzomys indefessus 1945 Indefatigable, Galapagos Islands introduction of cats, rats, pigs, and goats St. Lucia Rice Rat Oryzomys luciae 1881 St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of rats and mongoose St. Vincent Rice Rat Oryzomys victus 1897 St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles Islands introduction of mongoose Alaska Muskox Ovibos moschatus 1865 North Slope (AK) to Yukon and Mackenzie Districts, hunting for food Badlands Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadiensis audubonis 1905 Saskatchewan to Nebraska hunting for hides and meat Cyprian [Red] Mouflon Ovis ophion ophion 1950 Troodos Mountains, Cyprus hunting for food and sport Bali Tiger Panthera tigrus balica 1980 Bali, Indonesia hunted and poisoned for superstition Java Tiger Panthera tigrus sondaica 1970 Java hunting for predator control Caspian Tiger Panthera tigrus virgata 1950 Iran to Crimea, Russia hunted and poisoned for trophies and pe Eastern Barred Bandicoot Parameles fasciata 1860 southeast Australia devegetation Western Barred Bandicoot Parameles myosura myosura 1900 southwest Australia deforestation Greater Hispanolan Ground Sloth Parocnus serus 1500 Hispanola introduction of rats and pigs Tarim Tiger Pathera tigrus lecoqi 1950 Dzungaria, Tian Shan, and Tarim Basin hunting for predator control Chadwick Beach Cottonmouth Mouse Peromyscus gossinypinus rest 1950 Florida Giant Deer Mouse Peromyscus nesodytes 1870 Channel Islands, California Pallid Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus decolo 1946 Florida Red-tailed Marsupial Mouse Phascogale calura 1930 southern Australia introduction of cat Puerto Rican Long-tongued Bat Phyllonycteris major 1850 Puerto Rico Haitian Long-tongued Bat Phyllonycteris obtusa 1900 Hispanola Hispanolean Fig Bat Phyllops haitiensis 1917 Hispanola deforestation Lesser Falcate-winged Bat Phyllops vetus 1550 eastern Cuba natural Hispanolan Hutia Plagiodontia spelaeum 1750 Hispanola Gilbert's Ratkangaroo [Wurrark] Potorus gilberti 1840 southwestern Australia introduction of cat Broadfaced Ratkangaroo Potorus platyops 1908 southwestern Australia introduction of cat Sardinian Pika Prolagus sardus 1774 Sardinia devegetation Major's Sifaka Propithecus verreauxi majori 1890 southwestern Madagascar devegetation? Western Ringtail [Oppossum] Pseudocheirus occidentalis 1940 southwestern Australia natural Haitian Giant Rat [Quemis, Paca] Quemisia gravis 1550 Greater Antilles Islands deforestation Dawson Caribou Rangifer dawsoni 1908 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada hunting for sport and food South Australian Spiney-haired Rat Rattus culmorum austrinus 1850 South Australia devegetation? MaClear's Rat Rattus macleari 1897 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean introduction of rats and disease