DOCSLIB.ORG

Tesis Doctoral 2016 Managing Migrations in Europe's Southern Border. the Cases of Spain, Italy and Portugal Doctorado En Segu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tesis Doctoral 2016 Managing Migrations in Europe's Southern Border. the Cases of Spain, Italy and Portugal Doctorado En Segu TESIS DOCTORAL 2016 MANAGING MIGRATIONS IN EUROPE’S SOUTHERN BORDER. THE CASES OF SPAIN, ITALY AND PORTUGAL SUSANA RAQUEL DE SOUSA FERREIRA MÁSTER EN CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES DOCTORADO EN SEGURIDAD INTERNACIONAL TERESA FERREIRA RODRIGUES RAFAEL GARCÍA PÉREZ Aos meus pais AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de dedicar este espaço àqueles que de alguma forma contribuiram para a realização desta tese e que me acompanharam ao longo destes cinco anos. À orientadora e grande amiga Professora Teresa Ferreira Rodrigues, por sempre ter acreditado em mim, pela sua palavra amiga e pelo exemplo de dedicação e profissionalismo que são uma inspiração para mim. A confiança que depositou em mim contribuiu para que este trabalho chegasse a bom porto. Ao meu co-orientador Professor Rafael García Perez, pelo seu apoio e por ter contribuído para o meu crescimento profissional e pessoal. Ao director do IUGM, Professor Miguel Requena, pelo acolhimento recebido e por toda a confiança e apoio e pelos seus conselhos que foram fundamentais para a realização deste trabalho. Ao meu grande amigo Fran, pela preciosa ajuda nas revisões desta tese, mas acima de tudo pela sua amizade e pelos risos (e lágrimas) partilhados. À família IUGM, aos de agora e aos que já não estão, por me terem acolhido de braços abertos. De modo especial aos meus colegas e amigos do Becariato que me acompanharam nesta aventura. À minha família e amigos, que são a minha família do coração, cujo carinho e amizade foram tão importantes ao longo desta viagem. Em particular a: Josélia, Rita, Mónica, Elena e Matteo, Silvia, Tiny e Chico, Ticha e Bitó, Lena, Cátia, Borja, Tia Celeste e Tia Emília e aos meus afilhados lindos, Daniel, Sara, Tiago e Martinho. Ao meu sobrinho que me deixa sempre com um sorriso estampado no rosto quando as saudades mais apertam. Ao meu irmão, e à minha cunhada Ana, pelo seu carinho e amizade que sempre me dão forças. Aos meus pais, que sempre me apoiaram e acreditaram em mim e por me incentivarem sempre a fazer mais e melhor. A todos, obrigada por tudo! A GESTÃO DAS MIGRAÇÕES NA FRONTEIRA SUL DA EUROPA. OS CASOS DE ESPANHA, ITÁLIA E PORTUGAL SUSANA RAQUEL DE SOUSA FERREIRA PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Migrações, segurança, gestão de fronteiras, Mediterrâneo, União Europeia No atual sistema internacional, as migrações internacionais têm que ser reguladas e geridas pelos Estados, de modo a garantir o impacto positivo destes nos países de acolhimento e a sua integração, bem como assegurar que os migrantes que entram sejam tratados com dignidade e vejam reconhecidos os seus direitos. No entanto, a experiência indica que este ideal nem sempre se produz e os Estados podem ver os fluxos migratórios, principalmente os irregulares, como uma ameaça. É neste sentido que focamos o nosso estudo na gestão dos fluxos migratórios no Mediterrâneo, na perspetiva da segurança internacional. A gestão das migrações no Mediterrâneo é um dos principais desafios que a União Europeia (UE) enfrenta na atualidade. Os intensos fluxos migratórios que se registaram durante o ano de 2015 e as tragédias no mar Mediterrâneo puseram à prova os mecanismos das políticas de imigração e asilo da União e a sua capacidade de responder a crises humanitárias. Para além disso, estes fluxos de intensidades e geografias variadas representam uma ameaça para a segurança interna da União Europeia e dos seus Estados Membros. Ora, com o objetivo de garantir a segurança das suas fronteiras externas, a abordagem da UE centra-se na dimensão da segurança na definição de estratégias de gestão das migrações irregulares. Assim, no âmbito da gestão das migrações no Mediterrâneo tomamos como estudo de caso três países: Espanha, Itália e Portugal, que nos oferecem um estudo comparativo entre a gestão das rotas da África ocidental e do Mediterrâneo ocidental e central. O caso português, de modo particular, permite a análise de uma realidade distinta no âmbito europeu, bem como a realização de um trabalho sobre a gestão de fronteiras em Portugal, tema muito pouco trabalhado a nível académico. Constatamos que o sucesso do modelo de governança das migrações no Mediterrâneo resulta da interdependência entre diferentes níveis de ação (bilateral, multilateral e regional) e atores e que, na atualidade, prevalece a dimensão de deterrence (dissuasão), através da gestão das fronteiras externas e cooperação com países terceiros, incluindo a externalização da fronteira. Assim, partimos da hipótese de que a UE, dada a sua incapacidade para adotar e implementar uma política comum capaz de gerir com eficácia os fluxos migratórios na sua fronteira sul recorre a uma estratégia dissuasória, baseada em denominadores mínimos comuns. MANAGING MIGRATIONS IN EUROPE’S SOUTHERN BORDER. THE CASES OF SPAIN, ITALY AND PORTUGAL SUSANA RAQUEL DE SOUSA FERREIRA KEYWORDS: Migrations, security, border management, Mediterranean, European Union In today’s international system, international migrations should be regulated and managed by States, in order to ensure their positive impact in host countries and migrants’ integration. Furthermore, they should also guarantee a fair treatment of migrants and the recognition of their rights. However, experience has showed that this ideal does not always become a reality and States may conceive migratory flows, particularly irregular ones, as a threat. With this in mind, we have focused our study in the management of migratory flows in the Mediterranean, within an international security perspective. The management of migrations in the Mediterranean is one of the greatest challenges that the EU (European Union) currently faces. The intense migratory flows registered during the year 2015 and the tragedies in the Mediterranean Sea have tested the mechanisms of the Union’s immigration and asylum policies and its ability to respond to humanitarian crises. Moreover, these flows of varying intensities and geographies represent a threat to the internal security of the EU and its Member States. Therefore, in order to guarantee the safety of the external borders, the EU’s approach focuses on the security dimension in the definition of strategies to manage irregular migrations. In the context of the management of migrations in the Mediterranean we have taken the study of three Southern European countries: Spain, Italy and Portugal, given that those countries offer us a comparative study of the management of the Western Africa and Western and Central Mediterranean routes. Furthermore, the Portuguese case allows for the analysis of a different reality at the European level, as well as a thorough research on border management in Portugal, an understudied topic within the academia. We found that the success of a model of migrations’ governance of in the Mediterranean results from the interdependency of different levels of action (bilateral, multilateral and regional) and actors; and presently the dimension of deterrence through the management of the external borders and cooperation with third countries, including the externalisation of the border, prevails. Therefore, we assume that the EU, given its inability to adopt and implement a common policy to effectively manage migratory flows on its Southern border uses a deterrence strategy based on minimum common denominators. LA GESTIÓN DE LAS MIGRACIONES EN LA FRONTERA SUR DE EUROPA. LOS CASOS DE ESPAÑA, ITALIA Y PORTUGAL SUSANA RAQUEL DE SOUSA FERREIRA PALABRAS-CLAVE: Migraciones, seguridad, gestión de fronteras, Mediterráneo, Unión Europea En el sistema internacional, las migraciones internacionales tienen que ser reguladas y gestionadas por los Estados, con el fin de garantizar el impacto positivo de los migrantes en los países de acogida y su integración, así como asegurar que los migrantes que entran sean tratados con dignidad y vean reconocidos sus derechos. Sin embargo, la experiencia indica que este ideal no siempre se produce y los Estados pueden ver como una amenaza los flujos migratorios, en particular los irregulares. Es en este sentido en el que enfocamos nuestro estudio sobre la gestión de los flujos migratorios en el Mediterráneo, desde la perspectiva de la seguridad internacional. La gestión de las migraciones en el Mediterráneo es uno de los principales retos que la Unión Europea (UE) enfrenta en la actualidad. Los intensos flujos migratorios que se han registrado durante el año 2015 y las tragedias en el mar Mediterráneo han puesto a prueba los mecanismos de las políticas de inmigración y asilo de la Unión y su capacidad de responder a las crisis humanitarias. Además, estos flujos de intensidades y geografías variadas pueden representar una amenaza para la seguridad interna de la Unión Europea y de sus Estados miembros. Asimismo, con el objetivo de garantizar la seguridad de sus fronteras externas, el enfoque de la UE se ha centrado en la dimensión de la seguridad con un énfasis en la definición de estrategias de gestión de las migraciones irregulares. En el contexto de la gestión de las migraciones en el Mediterráneo hemos elegido como estudio de caso tres países: España, Italia y Portugal, que nos permiten realizar un análisis comparativo entre la gestión de las rutas del África occidental y del Mediterráneo occidental y central. En particular, el caso portugués permite la observación de una realidad distinta en el ámbito europeo, por lo que resulta muy pertinente la realización de un trabajo sobre la gestión de fronteras en Portugal, tema muy poco trabajado a nivel académico. Constatamos que el éxito del modelo de gobernanza de las migraciones en el Mediterráneo resulta de la interdependencia entre los diferentes niveles de acción (bilateral, multilateral y regional) y los distintos actores y que, en la actualidad, prevalece la dimensión de deterrence (disuasión), a través de la gestión de las fronteras externas y la cooperación con países terceros, incluyendo la externalización de la frontera. Asimismo, partimos de la hipótesis de que la UE, por su incapacidad para adoptar e implementar una política común capaz de gestionar con eficacia los flujos migratorios en su frontera sur utiliza una estrategia disuasoria, basada en mínimos comunes denominadores.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Lost Cranes of the Island of Lampedusa (Italy) Marco Masseti
    Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia - Research in Ornithology, 86 (1): 49-54, 2016 DOI: 10.4081/rio.2016.305 The lost cranes of the island of Lampedusa (Italy) Marco Masseti Riassunto - Le gru dell’Isola di Lampedusa (Italia). INTRODUCTION La ricchezza dell’avifauna migratoria di Lampedusa (Canale di The island of Lampedusa (35°30’N - 12°31’E) lies in Sicilia, Italia) è nota a partire dal XV secolo, ma è soprattutto nel corso dell’Ottocento che sulla piccola isola è stata documentata la pre- Italy, in the Sicilian Channel only some 113 km off the senza regolare di gru. I resoconti ufficiali riferiscono della diffusione North-African coast, and about 205 km from Sicily (Fig. di questi uccelli per lo meno a partire dal secolo XVIII, indicandone 1). It is the main island of the Pelagian archipelago, which il periodo di sosta su Lampedusa (ogni anni fra maggio ed agosto), la also includes the isles of Linosa and Lampione. The surface loro regolare nidificazione, e perfino il tipo di vegetazione di cui si of Lampedusa covers about 20 km2 and reaches its highest nutrivano finendo spesso per arrecare notevoli danni alla povera agri- altitude at 133 m above sea level. Lampedusa has little coltura locale. Ciò nonostante, la letteratura scientifica non è riuscita a diagnosticare l’identità tassonomica di questi uccelli; alcuni autori water, and during the summer has to be supplied by tank- li hanno, infatti, descritti come Gru cenerine, Grus grus, mentre per ers. Its vegetation is today poor and scantly represented altri si sarebbe trattato di Damigelle di Numidia, Anthropoides virgo, by a low, thorny Mediterranean garigue.
    [Show full text]
  • STATUS of RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN AMATEUR STATIONS of DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (In Accordance with Optional Provision No
    Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 1154 – 15.VIII.2018 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION BR RADIOCOMMUNICATION BUREAU OF ITU STATUS OF RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN AMATEUR STATIONS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (In accordance with optional provision No. 25.1 of the Radio Regulations) AND FORM OF CALL SIGNS ASSIGNED BY EACH ADMINISTRATION TO ITS AMATEUR AND EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS (POSITION ON 15 AUGUST 2018) Geneva, 2018 Note from the BR In the Circular Letter CR/430 of 14 May 2018, the Radiocommunication Bureau requested administrations to advise the Union on their current position with respect to provision No. 25.1 of the Radio Regulations, concerning radiocommunications between stations of their Amateur Service and Amateur-Satellite Service and those of different countries. The Circular Letter also stated that in cases where no information was received from an administration, it shall be assumed that the concerned administration has no objection to such radiocommunications. In the same Circular Letter, administrations were requested further to advise the Bureau of the form of call signs they assigned their amateur and experimental stations. This Annex to the Operational Bulletin No. 1154 dated 15 August 2018 cancels and supersedes the previous Annex to the Operational Bulletin No. 1055 dated 1 July 2014. The Annex takes into account information received from administrations with respect to provision No. 25.1 of the Radio Regulations. As it concerns the form of call signs assigned to amateur and experimental stations, where no new information has been received from an administration, information currently held in the relevant registries of the Bureau is reproduced. This Annex will be updated by numbered series of amendments published in the ITU Operational Bulletin.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Boundaries Delimitation, Management and Dispute Resolution
    MARITIME BOUNDARIES DELIMITATION, MANAGEMENT AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION DELIMITATION OF THE MOZAMBIQUE MARITIME BOUNDARIES WITH NEIGHBOURING STATES (INCLUDING THE EXTENDED CONTINENTAL SHELF) AND THE MANAGEMENT OF OCEAN ISSUES ELÍSIO BENEDITO JAMINE The United Nations and Nippon Fellowship Programme 2006-2007 Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations, NY, USA ABSTRACT The Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) establishes the jurisdictional regimes under which a coastal State can claim, manage, and utilize its ocean resources. With an increasing recognition of the need to administer competing resource use interests in the ocean and seabed, and the requirement to ensure sustainable exploitation of these resources, Mozambique has an ambitious program for the establishment of its maritime boundaries, including the outer limits of its extended Continental Shelf (CS). Mozambique faces the problem of lack of delimitation and negotiation of the maritime boundaries, connected to the lack of a comprehensive framework for management of maritime issues, lack of appropriate technology to quantify, qualify, and exploit the resources that lie in the sea, and lack of means by which to exercise and guarantee its sovereign rights. These problems obstruct the Mozambican State, as a sovereign subject of international law of the sea (LOS), from being able to take independent initiatives in pursuit of her internal and external policy objectives. The lack of delimitation of the maritime boundaries appears as a constraint for the State. Mozambique is not in a position to exercising all her rights and duties in accordance with LOSC with respect to jurisdiction and the exercise of sovereignty in these spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Pantel Yello Rdy 4 Py
    Airpower won its first victory over a land force. The Tuskegee Airmen saw their first combat. Not bad for one battle. Pantelleria, 1943 Pantelleria Tunisia Linosa Malta Lampioneo Lampedusa Pantelleria was a stepping stone to the Italian mainland. N 1943, the World War II Allies Mediterranean Sea. Some 53 miles By Herman S. Wolk launched Corkscrew, a military to the west was Tunisia. To the north- operation whose aim was to east, 63 miles away, was Sicily. Thus, seize the Mediterranean island Pantelleria lay astride the route from of Pantelleria. It was an armed North Africa, where the Allies ear- Iaction meant to pave the way for an lier in 1943 had routed Axis forces, Allied invasion of Sicily and then and Italy, the next target for inva- the Italian mainland, but it turned sion. out to be far more than that. By the Between May 8 and June 11 in time Corkscrew was finished, it had 1943, Allied aircraft flew 5,285 become a case study in the devastat- bombing sorties against targets on ing uses of airpower and a major Pantelleria and dropped 6,313 tons milestone in the exploits of the famed of bombs on Italian and German Tuskegee Airmen. forces ensconced there. The opera- The importance of Pantelleria Is- tion called for using sustained aerial land itself stemmed from its loca- bombardment to crush enemy power tion—smack in the middle of the on the island and therefore reduce 64 AIR FORCE Magazine / June 2002 the number of Allied ground forces needed to capture and hold it.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Monk Seal News II
    Vol. 7 (2): November 2004 Download this page Greece / Italy / Madeira / Mauritania & Western Sahara / Morocco / Turkey Italy A brief survey of Linosa island More than 160 km south of Sicily, just in the middle of the Mediterranean sea, the island of Linosa forms, together with Lampedusa and the rock of Lampione, the Pelagian archipelago. A wonderful island of ancient volcanic origin, called Aethusa by the ancient Greeks and Algusa by the Romans, with a great variety of colours: from the black of its rocks and little shores to the green of the Mediterranean bushes, from the deep blue of the sea to the heavenly clean sky. Linosa is quite a small island, round shaped, with a surface of 5.4 sq km. The Caretta caretta sea turtles still lay their eggs on its beaches. Until the end of the 1950s, it also hosted, along with Lampedusa, “shrinking” colonies of monk seals, sadly all exterminated in the end, by the fishermen. Today, the sea fauna of Linosa is still quite rich, with a great deal of Mediterranean fish and more and more subtropical fish: it would surely permit a vital monk seal population, as would the bigger and calcareous island of Lampedusa, if some recolonisation would take place. Sporadic sightings at the two islands are reported by some locals, but it is difficult to verify their truthfulness. The attitudes of the fishermen, now reduced in number, should also be evaluated. At the end of June, two members of the “Gruppo Foca Monaca” went to Linosa for a short holiday. Visiting from the sea the so called “scogli dei bovi marini” (marine cows rocks), once inhabited by the seals, it was noted that some caves still seemed suitable for resting and reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Rights at Europe's Southern Sea Borders
    doi:10.2811/26971 TK-31-12-373-EN-C EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DIGNITY FRA HELPING TO MAKE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS A REALITY FOR EVERYONE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Fundamental rights at Europe’s southern sea borders southern sea Europe’s at rights Fundamental Each year, hundreds of men, women and children board overcrowded and ill-equipped boats in an attempt to reach Europe, a phenomenon that started in the late 1980s after European countries tightened immigration policies and made it more difficult to enter such countries in a regular way. They may be fleeing violence and persecution or seeking improved opportunities for themselves and their families. Many do not survive the trip, never reaching their destination, as documented by media headlines and substantiated by several reports. Others are intercepted and turned back. Those who do make it may be detained until their legal status is clarified. This FRA report examines the conditions at Europe’s southern sea borders with respect to the most fundamental rights of a person, the right to life and the right not to be sent back to torture, persecution or inhuman treatment. It looks at sea border surveillance and disembarkation procedures, as well as general issues such as European Union (EU) policy, training and Frontex-coordinated operations, and examines practices across the EU Member States researched – Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain. By mapping the fundamental rights challenges at Europe’s southern sea borders and by identifying promising practices, this report is intended to offer advice to EU policy makers as well as practitioners at both the EU and Member State level.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF (Volume 2)
    Durham E-Theses Towards the conceptualisation of maritime delimitation: legal and technical aspects of a political process Antunes, Nuno Sergio Marques How to cite: Antunes, Nuno Sergio Marques (2002) Towards the conceptualisation of maritime delimitation: legal and technical aspects of a political process, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4186/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 TOWARDS THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF MARITIME DELIMITATION Towards the Conceptualisation of Maritime Delimitation: Legal and Technical Aspects of a Political Process 2 VOLUMES - VOLUME II 2 9 JAN 2003 Nuno Sergio Marques Antunes Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Law and Department of Geography University of Durham 2002 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded on 572 01 August 2011
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/208348; this version posted October 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 The radiation of alopiine clausiliids in the Sicilian Channel (Central 2 Mediterranean): phylogeny, patterns of morphological diversification and 3 implications for taxonomy and conservation of Muticaria and Lampedusa. 4 5 V. Fiorentino*1, N. Salomone2, P. J. Schembri3, G. Manganelli4, F. Giusti4 6 1 University of Potsdam, Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology Institute of Biochemistry 7 and Biology Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, Germany 8 2 University of Siena, Department of Evolutive Biology, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy 9 3 University of Malta, Department of Biology, Msida MSD2080,Malta 10 4 University of Siena, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, 11 Italy 12 13 14 Running title 15 Phylogeny and morphological diversification of alopiine clausiliids 16 17 18 Key words 19 Land snails, clausiliids, island radiation, phylogeny, morphology 20 23/10/2017 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/208348; this version posted October 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 21 Abstract 22 The phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomy of the alopiine clausiliids of the Sicilian 23 Channel, belonging to the genera Lampedusa and Muticaria, were investigated using morphological 24 (shell characters and anatomy of the reproductive system) and genetic (sequencing of a fragment of 25 the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit 16S rRNA, and the nuclear internal transcriber spacer 1, 26 ITS-1 rRNA) data.
    [Show full text]
  • Lampione, a Paradigmatic Case of Mediterranean Island Bio - Diversity
    Biodiversity Journal , 2012, 3 (4): 311-330 Lampione, a paradigmatic case of Mediterranean island bio - diversity Pietro Lo Cascio 1 & Salvatore Pasta 2 1Associazione Nesos, via Vittorio Emanuele 24, 98055 Lipari, Messina, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] 2CNR - Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, UOS Palermo, Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The papers aims at underlining the “unespected” value of Lampione’s biological heritage, as well as the fragility of its ecosystem. Despite its very little size, this islet harbours a very rich pool of plant and animal species of high biological and/or conservation interest. Special at - tention is paid to the biogeographic meaning of local endemics, on local extinction and tur - nover processes, on some ecological or biological patterns which contribute to the distinctiveness of local biota. However, further investigations are needed in order to complete the list of animals and to monitor the demographic trends of all species. In particular, it is ne - cessary to assess if local seagull colony may represent a major threat for local diversity. KEY WORDS island biogeography; conservation biology; rate of endemism; extinction; micro-insularity. Received 12.05.2012; accepted 23.09.2012; printed 30.12.2012 Proceedings of the 1 st International Congress “Insularity and Biodiversity”, May 11 th -13 th , 2012 - Palermo (Italy) INTRODUCTION Despite this apparent integrity, however, the maintenance of its biodiversity and the risk of a fast In 1960, the German botanist J. Kohlmeyer has environmental degradation seem to be regulated by entitled a short note “Lampione, an unspoilt island fragile equilibriums: in fact, a remarkable biologi - of the Mediterranean” (Kohlmeyer, 1960a).
    [Show full text]
  • March 22, 1977 12-77
    ~ D + + + + + + + + + + + + 1"" + + + + + + March 22, 1977 12-77 1'<1A.1PELO The results on the Malpelo~:f!K¢'1'U operation werEl varied and it does ---appear from reports th$:t even the m;iddle states and the . east coast were not u_YJ..iversally succes·sful w:i th this one. The Western Rea.che:s and out in the Jlacific found tb.e ·copogra.phy the usual barrier and many who needed Malpelo a.s the week-end started, were still needing it when the operation was sec~ed. Some got through, a. lot did not and will be wa.i ting for the next outing. The Liga Colombia.na de Radioaficiona.dos performed en schedule ~~d though there may have been some gear pr6blems, these did not seem to be major ones. DXpeditions at the bottom of the cycle probably will always be cha.ncey oper­ ations. HICfdTU ran on its schedule, they showed when they said they would and operated until they sa.id they would secure. The operation probably did run up a good total o£ QSOs in spite of the prob­ lems some had in hea.riBg the station. It will be interesting to get the statistics on the operation. Malpelo efforts ax~ always major logistic efforts &"ld it takes a. good deal of support to get this one on the a.;ir, in t his case it appears that the Colombian Navy is a key factor in bringing the operation into being. F6BBJ The FH,¢BKZ was heard for a few days and then \Y'as a.bsent.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Territories/Big Borders: Gibraltar, Lampedusa, and Melilla
    canessa 6 13/07/2018 15:33 Page 22 Chapter One Small Territories/Big Borders: Gibraltar, Lampedusa, and Melilla Giacomo Orsini, Andrew Canessa and Luís Martínez ‘We are not worried by ‘them’. They are not even ‘them’: they are some of us . People here know Tunisians better than Italians. We are all the same people!’1 International borders today are often perceived as a natural and universal constituent of the global social, political and cultural spaces we inhabit. As such, borders are frequently imagined as fixed, with pre-existing lines marking the separation of nation-states’ territories. Nevertheless, inter- national borders established over previously unseparated territories have a history – sometimes a very recent history; despite their relatively fixed spatiality, the working of borders has transformed dramatically through time (Mezzadra & Neilson, 2013). Given this ambivalent nature – fixed and yet constantly changing – borders generate ‘otherness’ by demarcating ‘the parameters within which identities are conceived, perceived, perpetuated and reshaped’ (Newman, 2003: 15). Ethnic and sociocultural boundaries are thus closely related to the functioning of international borders. Created to organize the geographical and political space inhabited by people, inter- national borders have ended up shaping our perceptions of the sociocultural space we inhabit. Consequently, the constant evolution of the functioning of border controls and checks directly transforms social life and does so even more profoundly in local cross-border communities. To explore the geograph- ical fixity of borders together with their management, which we suggest generates social differentiation, this article concentrates on three signif- icant and contested Mediterranean borderlands. They are all small canessa 6 13/07/2018 15:33 Page 23 Small Territories/Big Borders 23 communities living some distance away from their corresponding ‘motherlands’.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy ART CITIES WEEKEND TOUR SEA -SNOW HOLIDAY
    TOUR WEEKEND ART CITIES SEA - SNOW HOLIDAY SPORT Italy HOLIDAY 2014 Our Company manages, as Tour Operator, Incoming To get Buyers’ interest, Todra TO agrees with the hotels and and Outgoing requests with an experience of over 12 service companies: years and with a qualifi ed staff . • Individual prices • Special rates for weekends Incoming • Special conditions for private groups and companies Todra Tour Operator by Avantage SRL, is a tourism associa- • Last minute prices tion. It was born in 1997 with the purpose to organize tours • The prices for meetings and details of the services in Italy and outside Italy. off ered for the conferences All our staff has a large experience in tourism and has • Special packages for the mountain an excellent knowledge of its area and of needs of its • Special packages for the seaside customers, who come from European and World. • Special packages for Sport travels • Special Packages for Local Diving Outgoing • Special Packages for Tour Diving Our products: Morocco - Tunis - Tanzania - Uganda - • Special packages for “Wine and food” travels Madagascar - Senegal - Gambia - Turkey - Uzbekistan • Special packages for archaeological travels - Jordan - Brazil - Chile - Perù Todra Tour Operator can off er the following services in col- All above places us at an ideal level to create and pro- laboration with specialized companies which are patented mote new contacts between the Italian tourist facilities and with a proven seriousness for: and ancillary services, to off er to the new customers • Transfer to and from airports, railway stations, ports, the best product, tailor made, and to meet the needs of terminal each operator.
    [Show full text]