Common Structural and Health-Related Pests of Utah Common Structural and Health-Related Pests of Utah Ryan Davis, Utah State University Deborah Young, Colorado State University Kelsie Johnson, Utah State University Roberta Armenta, Colorado State University Genevieve Berry, Colorado State University

ORDERING INFORMATION A PDF version is available online on the USU School Integrated Pest Management website (http://utahpests.usu.edu/ schoolipm/). To order additional bound copies of Common Structural and Health-Related Pests of Utah, contact Utah State University Extension Publications.

Website: extension.cart.usu.edu

Utah State University is committed to providing an environment free from harassment and Cover and inner cover photo credits: other forms of illegal discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40 Flesh fly: Johnny N. Dell, Bugwood.org and older), disability, and veteran’s status. USU’s policy also prohibits discrimination on the Brownbanded cockroach: Kansas Department of Agriculture Archive, Bugwood.org basis of sexual orientation in employment and academic related practices and decisions. Utah Stink bug: David R. Lance, USDA APHIS-PPQ, Bugwood.org State University employees and students cannot, because of race, color, religion, sex, national Bed bug: Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Bugwood.org origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status, refuse to hire; discharge; promote; demote; terminate; Deer mouse: David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org discriminate in compensation; or discriminate regarding terms, privileges, or conditions of Pavement ant: Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org employment, against any person otherwise qualified. Employees and students also cannot German cockroach: Lmbuga, Wikimedia Commons discriminate in the classroom, residence halls, or in on/off campus, USU-sponsored events and activities. This publication is issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May Common Structural and Health-Related Pests of Utah by Utah 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kenneth L. White, State University Extension is licensed under a Creative Commons Vice President for Extension and Agriculture, Utah State University. Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Table of Contents Flies Cockroaches Biting Insects Ants Black Soldier FlyBlack Soldier Oriental Cockroach Cockroach German Brown BandedCockroach. . CockroachAmerican . Bug Bed Argentine Ant Cluster Flies Blow/Bottle Flies. Bird Mites Carpenter Ants Drain (Moth) FlyDrain (Moth) Crane Flies. . HunterMasked Head Lice. Pavement Ant Odorous House Ant. Ants . Harvester Field Ants . Flesh Flies Face Fly. . Mosquitoes. Pyramid Ants Pharaoh Ant . Horse and Deer FliesHorse andDeer Fungus Gnats. . Fruit Flies. . Velvety TreeAnt . TABLE OFCONTENTS ...... 36 34 40 38 44 24 42 46 48 28 14 12 10 26 30 52 32 18 16 50 58 56 60 54 20 22 6 8 Stored Products Pests Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Cigarette Beetle andCowpeaBean Weevils Clover Mite . Carpet Beetles Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Box ElderBug. Booklice/Psocids. Army. . Moth Cutworm/Miller Grain Beetles Drugstore. . Beetle Dark/Yellow Mealworms Crickets Granary WeevilGranary Elm Leaf Beetle Larder Beetle . . Moth Meal Indian False Chinch Bug Bug. Elm Seed Ground Beetles Stable Fly. Phorid (Humpbacked)Flies. . House Fly. Western SubterraneanWestern Termite Western Leaf-footed Bug. . Western Conifer Bug. . Seed . Springtails and Silverfish Firebrats. . WeevilsRoot . FireRed Bug. Millipedes/Centipedes Isopods. . TABLE OFCONTENTS ......

108 112 110 114 116 120 118 122 106 104 102 100

76 72 70 68 74 78 80 84 82 86 66 64 62 98 96 94 90 88 92 Table of Contents of Table Table of Contents Vertebrate Pests Stinging Insects Spiders Bats Baldfaced Hornet Spiders Sac WeavingOrb Spiders. Jumping Spiders. Hobo andGrass Spiders. . WeaverSpiders. . Hacklemesh Ground Spiders . Spider. Recluse Desert Crevice WeavingSpiders Cellar Spiders. Spider. Black Widow WeevilRice Deer Mouse Deer Bumble Bees Woodlouse Spider Wolf Spiders. Warehouse Beetle . . House Mouse House/English Sparrow Ground Squirrels. . European. . Starling Scorpions Sand Wasps. . andCicada Killers Paper Wasps. Potter,Mason, Dauber Mud Wasps . Honey Bee Western Yellowjacket Bees Solitary/Ground . . TABLE OFCONTENTS ...... 144 142 140 138 136 134 132 130 128 170 152 146 124 148 172 150 126 180 178 176 174 162 160 158 156 154 168 166 164 References Rock PigeonRock Pocket. Gophers . Rat Norway Skunks Voles Tree Squirrels. . . TABLE OFCONTENTS . .

194 184 182 186 190 188 192 Table of Contents of Table Foreword 5 FOREWORD IPM RECOMMENDATIONS: IPM SIGNIFICANCE: DIET: NESTING HABITS: NESTING IDENTIFICATION: Brief suggestions on how to handle the pest problem in an handle the pest problem to Brief suggestions on how way. safe and environmentally effective Damage or injury the pest. caused by Preferred food of the pest. food Preferred Common nesting locations, structures and nest components. nesting locations, Common Brief description the pest. of This guide was developed to aid in the identification and the identification aid in to developed was guide This arthropod of common pests found and vertebrate control as urban as well buildings and homes Utah’s in and around It list of all urban concern. pests of health an exhaustive is not verify a pest, identify pests in Utah. to using this guide After contacting the or by identity using online resources the pest’s Lab. Diagnostic Pest Utah Plant the region to pests common Includedhandbook are in this Each in urban areas. problem be a to and those documented includes: spread 4 Ants 6 Linepithema humile Argentine Ant IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • professional to manageArgentine ants. Control isdifficult; apestmanagement considerhiring when populationsspring are smaller. baits,Use winter especiallyduring insecticidal –early all potentialSeal ant entryways. buildings. Trim backshrubsandtrees that come into with contact source to nest, ifpossible). Locate anddestroy allnests(follow ant trails from food may contaminate food too dry invade buildingswhenconditions outside are too wet or colonies form supercolonies whichencompass many individual feed offoods, onawidevariety to sweets butare partial honeydew produced by aphidsandotherinsects not acommon pestinmostofUtah usually nearmoisture (sinks, tubs, leaks, etc.) indoors: inwall voids, andinbasements, undercarpets wood ororganic walls behindbrick matter; exterior landscaping mulch;concrete slabs;crawl spaces; pilesof outdoors: insoil;underrocks andlogs;potted plants; house ant (seearrow intop image) peakdistinguishesitfrom withsharp odoroussections) single node(bumpbetween middleandrear body 12-segmented antennae withoutaclub 1/8 inchlong light to brown dark Antweb.org) ant (April Nobile, ofanArgentine Close-up Argentine LaForest, ant trail (Joseph University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org) Adult Argentine ant (EliSarnat, USDA APHIS,Bugwood.org)

7 Ants Ants 8 Camponotus spp. Ants Carpenter IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use ant baitsto helpeliminate nests that are hard to find. Remove food andwater sources inandaround structures. allpotentialSeal ant entryways. Remove andreplace water-damaged ordecaying wood. andsatelliteDestroy nests. indoorandoutdoor primary nest, ifpossible. Find nesting locations by following workers backto their Have ants identified to determine damagepotential. damage wood, infest food/voids andmay bite tunnels DO NOT eat wood butremove itto create and galleries insects honey andhoneydew excreted by aphidsandother meats,living anddeadinsects, and sweets, suchasjelly, the outdoor nest foragers—they gooutinsearch ofnutrients butreturn to satellite nestsmay occur indoors nestandseparatehave satellite aprimary nests establish nestsinwood (especiallydecaying wood) sawdust (seemiddleimage) outsideofnests/galleries arrow(see left intop image) evenly rounded thorax differentiates themfrom field ants ants ofdifferent sizes blackorwithareddish-browntypically body one node(bumpbetween middleandrear bodysections) Carpenter O’ ant damage (Joseph USDA Brien, Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Carpenter ant damage(Edward H.Holsten, USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Adult carpenter ant; thorax evenly rounded (April Nobile, Antweb.org)

9 Ants Ants 10 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Formica spp. Field Ants • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nearby ornamental plants. Control scale, soft mealybugor aphidpopulations on Locate anddestroy nests inlawns andadjacent areas. regularly. Store containers food anddisposeoftrash inairtight allpotentialSeal ant entryways. areascan create moundsinturf become anuisance swarming flights during can bescavengers orpredators aphids andotherinsects prefer sweet materials suchashoneydew excreted by offoodsvariety do notfrequently come indoors or nestunderrocks, logs, etc. leavesdried andotherplant materials) inexposed areas may produce mounds(sometimesincorporating twigs, nest outdoors in loosesoil ants depression inthorax differentiates themfrom carpenter ants ofdifferent sizes spring) forage indoorsmostcommonly in indoors(observed mistakenforoften carpenter ants, butnotaslikelyto most common ant found inyards andgardens one node(bumpbetween middleandrear bodysections) black orreddish brown andblack Field State ant worker Michigan University, (David Cappaert, Bugwood.org) Field ant mound(Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Adult fieldant; depression inthorax (seearrow) Nobile,(April Antweb.org)

11 Ants Ants 12 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Pogonomyrmex spp. Harvester Ants • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nest opening. Use granular ant baitslabeledfor lawn usearound the areas largestrip areas ofgrass inturf swarm from June–October and playgrounds do notinvade homesbutare occasional pestsoflawns stingers inthewound somespeciesleave painfulstingswhendisturbed; inflict seeds andinsects nests may beseveral feet deep several feet indiameter nests appear as flat, bare circular patches ofsoil averaging spines onbacksometimespresent row oflonghairsontheundersidehead workers of different sizes sections) two nodes(bumpsbetween middleandrear body larger ants; 1/5–1/2inchlong red to brown to black Harvester ant (GracenHarvester Brilmyer, Antweb.org) Harvester ant nest (Whitney Cranshaw, ant nest(Whitney Harvester Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Cranshaw, ant nestentranceHarvester (Whitney Colorado State University,

13 Ants Odorous House Ant Tapinoma sessile

Identification • dark brown to black • 1/8 inch long • workers of one size • one node (bump between middle and rear body sections); node difficult to see • emit an odor similar to coconuts when disturbed or smashed • raise abdomens in air and run around when disturbed Adult odorous house ant; hidden node (Fort Ord UCSC Reserve, Antweb.org) Nesting Habits • outdoors: shallow nests in mulch next to buildings and in soil under protection • indoors: nest in wall voids and under carpet, usually near

water pipes or heaters Ants

Ants Diet • insects and sweets, especially honeydew excreted by aphids and other insects • forage indoors for sweets, cooked vegetables, fruit and pastries

Significance • contaminate foods such as sweets, meats, dairy products Adult odorous house ants (Susan Ellis, Bugwood.org) and vegetables

IPM Recommendations • Locate and destroy all nests to avoid reinfestation. (Follow ants back from their food source.) • Clean ant trails with soap and water. • Trim shrubbery and trees away from buildings. • Store food in airtight containers and dispose of trash regularly. • Seal all potential ant entryways. • Use a bait specific to the odorous house ant.

Adult odorous house ant and larva (Dale Ward, Discoverlife.org) 14 15 Ants 16 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Tetramorium caespitum Pavement Ant • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use insecticidal baits.Use insecticidal all potentialSeal ant entryways. waterRepair leaksandmaintain proper ventilation. Clean spillsand food daily. regularly. Store containers food anddisposeoftrash inairtight source to nest, ifpossible). Locate anddestroy allnests(follow ant trails from food nuisance pestindoorsandoutdoors contaminate food andfood preparation areas sweets food, bread, nutsandinsects prefer greasy andprotein materials suchasmeats, pet rain; after canswarm indoors swarm inspring typically nest inwalls, underfloorsand around sinks enter homesthrough cracks inconcrete foundations cracks, wood, to buildingsandunderbuilding next locatednests often outdoors understones, pavement nests of producecharacteristically smallmoundsat theentry workers of onesize legs andantennae lighter thantherest ofthebody thorax (middlebodysection) light to brown dark withfine grooves liningtheheadand sections) two nodes(bumpsbetween middleandrear body Pavement Burger, ant swarm (Joseph Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Pavement Cranshaw, ant withwings(Whitney Colorado State University, Adult pavement ant; two nodes(seearrows) (April Nobile, Antweb.org)

17 Ants Ants 18 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification pharaonis Monomorium Pharaoh Ant • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ants, making theproblemants, worse. making theycould spread notuse liquidordustinsecticides; Do (months) to eliminate infestation. Use abaitspecific to thepharaoh ant. Baitscantaketime and there may bemultiplenestingsites inonebuilding. Control may behard becausenestscan bedifficult tofind apartments pestofdormitories,serious hospitals, schoolsand contaminate sweets andgreases would notfeed on toothpaste, soapandseveral otherthingsmostinsects syrups, jellies, grease, cake, petfood, deadinsects, sweets, protein, fat/grease can have multiplequeensinonecolony can have large colonies very more likelyto nestindoorsthanotherants can travel alongpipesandwiring furnaces, hotwater pipesandheat ducts) prefer awarm andhumidenvironment (e.g., near countertops, baseboards, wall voids, underfloors ofsecludedplaces incrackswide variety andcrevices: golden yellow down theback to red markings withdarker 12-segmented antennae with3-segmented club workers of onesize sections) two nodes(bumpsbetween middleandrear body 1/16 –1/12inchlong Sarnat, Bugwood.org) ofpharaoh ant (Eli Close-up Adult pharaoh ant dorsal(EliSarnat, Bugwood.org) Adult pharaoh ant (April Nobile, Antweb.org)

19 Ants Ants 20 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification spp.Dorymyrmex Pyramid Ants • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nest withanappropriately labeledinsecticide. thenestcanbelocated,If drench directly theshallow Use sweet ant baits. cracks andcrevicesSeal to exclude foraging worker ants. foundation point. wall to determine theentry ants areIf found indoors, follow thembackto theoutside can have unsightly mounds can bite moisture occasionally invade buildingsinsearch offood or feed offoods, onavariety butprefer sweets honeydew produced by aphidsandotherinsects live anddeadinsects nests are smallandshallow typically nests notlocated indoors a moundofexcavated soil nestentrancedistinctive consists ofahole surrounded by prefer open,dry, sunny areas; soilnesting (see top image) have apyramid-shaped ontop projection ofthethorax color ranging from yellow, brown to black sections) single node(bumpbetween middleandrear body workers of onesize small; 1/8inchlong Pyramid ant mound (John Pearson,Pyramid ant mound(John Bugguide.net) A.Payne,Pyramid ants (Jerry USDA Agricultural Bugwood.org) Research Service, Navajonature.org) University, Harvard Alpert, Pyramid ant; note pyramid-shaped (Gary projection

21 Ants Ants 22 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Liometopum spp. Velvety Tree Ant • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ant baitsmay benecessary. Replace severely damaged wood. waterRepair leaksandmaintain proper ventilation. allpotentialSeal ant entryways. buildings. Trim backshrubsandtrees that come into with contact andwood by tunneling damage insulation, drywall workers/foragers may enter structures intruders whendisturbed aggressive; apainful bite andspray inflict secretions onto to sweets partial honeydew produced by aphidsandotherinsects insects androcksunder loosebark such aswater leaks nest inwall voids/insulation andareas withhighmoisture nestsindoorsfor foragingbuild temporary dead wood intrees, stumpsandlogs appear similarto carpenter ant evenly rounded thorax workers of many sizes sections) single node(bumpbetween middleandrear body abdomen brownish-black head;yellowish-red thorax; velvety black Antweb.org) ant head(April Nobile, ofavelvety tree Close-up Velvety tree ants (David Stephens, Bugwood.org) Velvety tree ant (April Nobile, Antweb.org)

23 Ants Biting Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Cimex lectularius Bed Bug 24 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • professional entomologist onbest control methods. There are many controls available; consult witha Heat-treat individualinfested items. cracks andcrevices.Seal Remove clutter orstore insealablecontainers. andmonitor areas withupholsteredInspect furniture. Consider identification by aprofessional entomologist. negative mediaattention andsocialstigma those whohave beenbitten infestations in cancausesleeplessness andnervousness bites may result inredness, itching andswelling can bedifficultand costly toeliminate lifemust feed stage between every human blood;canfeed day ornight can befound anywhere clothing, wheelchairs, books, personalitems, etc. rest increvices andcracks nearoronfurniture withwings;sixlegs NEVER oval-shaped, flat bodies clear (unfed young) to straw colored to reddish brown Hatched bed bug eggs (Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Harvard Alpert, Hatched Bugwood.org) bed bugeggs(Gary University, Harvard Alpert, Bugwood.org) (Gary bugsinfabric Bed University, Harvard Alpert, Adult Bugwood.org) bedbug(Gary

25 Biting Insects Biting Biting Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet fowlOrnithonyssus mite): sylviarum(northern Dermanyssus gallinae(chickenmite): Nesting Habits Identification Dermanyssus gallinae;Ornithonyssus sylviarum Bird Mites 26 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • such as silica aerogel, ascrack andcrevice treatments. Use appropriately labeled dust-formulated insecticides, pages 170–193). Take measures to control wildbirds (see Vertebrate Pests, onfloors.clothing left infested bedding and In homes, hotwash andhotdry cracks andcrevicesSeal where mites may hideorenter. that cameinto withthenest. contact clean thesurface Remove bird nestsusingtheinverted bagtechnique and upto amonth offahost can survive areas spread by people, equipment andbirds from infested oritchingbite, irritation causingskin outdoors) onto andcrawl structures onto peopleand can migrate houses(in-and from bird nestsorpoultry feed mostlyat night host will feed onhumans inabsence ofprimary sparrows, doves andstarlings blood mealsfrom hosts, includingchickens, pigeons, around thehost all life stagesonhost, butadultsmay befound inareas hide insmall, protected areas whentheyare notfeeding nests ofbirds yellowblack, orwhite; appearbright red feeding after page aboutthesize onatyped ofaperiod tiny; very Northern fowl mite (Wikimedia Commons) fowl mite (Wikimedia Northern Chicken mite feeding after (Furado, Commons)Wikimedia Cranshaw,Bird mite (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

27 Biting Insects Biting Biting Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Pediculus humanuscapitis Head Lice 28 • • • • • • • • • • • Use anitcomb to remove lice andnitsfrom hair. Pesticides are NOT recommended. andfurnitureClean carpets frequently. barrettes, towels andbedding. Encourage children NOT to share brushes, combs, hats, will diewithin2days iftheyare notonahost shoulders bites result insmall, red, itchy bumpsonscalpand feed outblood by withclaws piercing andsucking skin belongings spread by withinfested contact direct personsor hold onto hairwith claw-like legs and size andare attached to hairs eggs (nits)resemble dandruff flakesbothinappearance of asesameseed adults: small, cream aboutthesize to rust-colored insect Commons) Momcuoglu, Wikimedia Head lice nits(Kosta Occi, BugPics,Head lice (Jim Bugwood.org) Adult headlouse(Gilles Martin, San Commons)Wikimedia

29 Biting Insects Biting Biting Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification personatusReduvius Masked Hunter 30 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor light bulbs. Vacuum regularly. asafood that source.Eliminate serve otherinsects garage or storage area. Use doorsweeps onalldoorsleadingoutsideorinto a does NOT transmit Chagasdisease considered insect abeneficialpredatory unprovoked occasionally found indoorsandmay bite, even if other arthropods occasionally enter bedrooms areas closets, boilerroomsgarages, andotherdirty, dusty dirty and debris immatures camouflage by covering themselves indirt slender body browndark to black 9/10 inchlong Masked hunter eggs (Joseph Berger, hunterMasked eggs(Joseph Bugwood.org) Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Camouflaged maskedhunter(Whitney Cranshaw,nymph covered indebris Adult Berger, maskedhunter (Joseph Bugwood.org)

31 Biting Insects Biting Biting Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Culicidae Mosquitoes 32 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • eucalyptus orIR3535. Use repellents suchasDEET, Picaridin, oiloflemon Wear long pants long-sleeved andahat. shirts, and dusk). Avoid whenmosquitoes are (dawn active outsideactivity from entering abuilding. Keep screens ingoodrepair to prevent adultmosquitoes toxicbacteria to canbeused. mosquito larvae, as known a product “mosquito dunks,” containing a areasIn ofstandingwater that cannotbedrained, in trees, etc. boxes,irrigation drained poorly turf, cloggeddrains, holes including cloggedgutters/spouts, play equipment, Locate andremove allsources ofstandingwater, bites cancauseitching some speciescantransmit West Nile Virus inUtah nectar blood (females) that occasionally flood lay eggsinstandingorslow-moving water ormoistareas worms immature stagesare found inwater andresemble small mouthparts long, needle-like delicate biting fly Mosquito larvae (Jim Occi, BugPics, (Jim Bugwood.org)Mosquito larvae Mosquito feeding Farajollahi, onahuman(Ary Bugwood.org) Adult mosquito (SusanEllis, Bugwood.org)

33 Biting Insects Biting Cockroaches IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Periplaneta americana American Cockroach 34 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum (withaHEPA filter) roaches andeggcases. Use roach aciddust. baitsand/orboric where canpotentially cockroaches enter buildings. installweatherCaulk, orreplace stripping doorsweeps arecockroaches attracted to dampenvironments. any because Repair leaksorplumbingmalfunctions Store food inpest-proof containers. Dispose oftrash regularly to remove food/shelter sources. trap monitors. especially kitchens, boilerrooms, closets, etc., usingsticky Continually monitor for roaches inpestvulnerable areas, can beanasthmatrigger cause allergic reactions, similarto asthma,insomepeople may transmit disease pathogens remains andsweetsinsect eat almostanything butmostlydecaying vegetation, sewer drains andinfurnace andboilerrooms found inwarm, moistareas—under sinks, inbathtubs, in move hotweather indoorsduring andflooding usually found inbasements oronthefirstfloor can live outdoors andindoors wings (seemiddleimage) immatures: smallerthan adults;coloration variable; no long largest speciescommonly found upto inUtah; 2inches reddish brown withalighter border around thehead American cockroach egg case (Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Harvard Alpert, Bugwood.org) egg case(Gary cockroach American Bugwood.org) nymphs cockroach American (DanielR.Suiter, University ofGeorgia, Adult (DanielR.Suiter, cockroach American University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org)

35 Cockroaches Cockroaches Supella longipalpa 36 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Brown Banded Cockroach • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use roach aciddust. baitsand/orboric cases. Vacuum (withaHEPA filter) existing roaches andegg location andmovement. Use traps cockroach to determine species, harborage present. stored, oreaten andwhere moisture andheat are andmonitor allareas whereInspect food isprepared, Store food inpest-proof containers. Improve sanitation. asthmaorallergiccan trigger reactions can transmit disease feed within food onandharbor stored indoors chew onnonfood materials suchas fabric dyes presentcertain instamps, olderbooksanddraperies may consume materials likeglueorpaste, starch and furniture, etc. roaches— ceilings, highareas onwalls, frames, picture found inwarmer, areas drier thantheothercommon areas egg casesare fastened to walls, ceilings, andinprotected bell-shaped pattern onthebackofhead about 1/2inchlong;brown withlight bandbehindhead Brown eggs (Pest banded cockroach Library, andDiseases Image Bugwood.org) University, Bugwood.org) Brown Harvard nymphs bandedcockroach andfecal Alpert, matter (Gary Bugwood.org) of AgricultureAdult brown Department Archive, (Kansas banded cockroach

37 Cockroaches Cockroaches 38 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Blattella germanica Cockroach German • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Repair leaksandplumbing malfunctions. Repair notstoreDo items incardboard boxes long-term. sources. Dispose oftrash regularly to remove food andshelter Use roach aciddust. baitsand/orboric cases. Vacuum (withaHEPA filter) existing roaches andegg Store food inpest-proof containers. harborage location, movement andcontrol success. Use traps cockroach to determine infestation level, present. stored, oreaten, andwhere moisture andheat are andmonitor allareas whereInspect food isprepared, Improve sanitation (deepcleaninfested areas). food for orproducts Inspect roaches oreggcases. can causeallergic orasthmasymptoms reactions disease may carry highly varied anddiverse found nearsinks, appliances, furnaces, etc. kitchen-infesting roach inUtah) storage (primary prefer warm, moistareas nearfood preparation and/or small; 1/2–5/8inchlong light brown right behind thehead stripes withtwo dark German cockroach egg case (Gary Alpert, Harvard University, Harvard Alpert, Bugwood.org) egg case(Gary cockroach German Extension) adultsandnymphs cockroach Davis,German (Ryan State Utah University University, Harvard Alpert, Bugwood.org) adult(Gary cockroach German

39 Cockroaches Cockroaches IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Blatta orientalis Oriental Cockroach 40 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum (withaHEPA filter) roaches andeggcases. Use roach aciddust. baitsand/orboric where canpotentially cockroaches enter buildings. Caulk andinstallweather anddoorsweeps stripping leaksorplumbing malfunctions. Repair harborage location, movement andcontrol success. Use traps cockroach to determine infestation level, present orwhere floordrains exist. stored, oreaten, andwhere moisture andheat are andmonitor allareas whereInspect food isprepared, Store food inpest-proof containers. Improve sanitation. Prevent roaches from coming outofdrains. may transmit disease cause allergic reactions, similarto asthma,insomepeople anddecayinggarbage organic material commonly come upandoutoffloordrainsvery infestations common through inspring fall found incool, damp, areas dark also referred to as “water bugs” becausetheycanbe refrigerators andsinks sewers, neardrains, pipesandfaucets andunder leaky foundoften inbasements, cellars, crawl spaces, body orappearabsent browndark to blackwithwingsthat are notaslongthe Oriental cockroach adultsandnymphsOriental cockroach (Acrocynus, Commons)Wikimedia remainsOriental cockroach (Bestiasonica, Commons)Wikimedia Bugwood.org) ofAgriculture Department Archive,Adult (Kansas oriental cockroach

41 Cockroaches Flies 42 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification illucensHermetia Black Soldier Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use flylight traps. fitted screens. Keep doorsandwindows closedoropenwithproperly weatherInstall around stripping alledgesofdoorways. properly fittedInstall screens inallwindows. cracks aroundSeal doors andwindows. areas. andcleandumpsters andsurrounding inspect Regularly adults indoorsindicate breeding areas nearthestructure rarely breed indoors;adultsusuallyfound inlow numbers foundpupae often inlarge numbersaround dumpsters moist, decaying organic material cleaneddumpsterspoorly pupate outside ofthefood source, sometimesaround organic material; compost piles;dumpsters sites andotherdecaying ingarbage egg-laying andlarval brown andpupae:dark andflattened;larvae 1inchlong flattened appearance may have two white patches justbehindwings large; colored dark Soldier fly larvae (Krokofant, flylarvae Soldier Commons) Wikimedia (Vengolis,Black soldierfly Commons) Wikimedia Sallee, Bugwood.org)Black soldierfly(Marilyn

43 Flies Flies 44 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Calliphoridae Blow/Bottle Flies • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use aflyswatter. Place light traps to catch flies that come indoors. sweeps, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage free ofodor. Keep trash cans, dumpsters areas andgarbage cleanand Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. Improve sanitation. Keep screens ingoodrepair. the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall nuisance insidebuildings can spread diseasethrough contact organic material andmanure feed onanimalcarcasses,larvae garbage, decaying in awall void orsomewhere withinthebuilding many fliesindoorsmay indicate that ananimalhasdied receptacles, decaying organic material andmanure eggs may belaidondeadanimals, garbage/dumpster green andbluearemetallic-looking common forms medium sized androbust withametallicappearance Blow fly larvae (Joel Smith, Utah State(Joel Smith, University) Blow fly larvae Green(Julia blow fly Wilkins, Commons) Wikimedia Blue bottlefly Soul,(Obsidian Commons) Wikimedia

45 Flies Flies 46 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Pollenia spp. Cluster Flies • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use aflyswatter. Vacuum flies. Keep screens ingoodrepair. building exterior. openings,Caulk andsealexterior cracks andcrevices on Monitor for cluster fliesinthewinter onwindowsills. buildings onsunny walls. Monitor for cluster fliesinthefall on theoutsideof may ofwinter warm periods become during active and cavities inbuildingslate fall summerandearly adults seeksheltered areas to overwinter suchascrevices adults feed onflower nectar not associated oranimalwastes withgarbage (maggots)develop asparasiteslarvae ofearthworms attics, wall voids, falseceilings) overwinter inupperlevelstypically ofbuildings(e.g., attracted to sunny, warmwalls onbuildingexterior sitesseek overwintering inbuildings as many asfour generations pergrowing season develop infieldsandturf onearthworms adult flieslay eggsinsoilandthemaggotsmove to and slow moving; frequent at indoorwindows inthewinter yellow hairsonthethorax dull grayish brown Extension) Davis, State Utah University Yellow hairsoncluster fly(Ryan (TristramAdult cluster Brelstaff, fly Commons) Wikimedia Extension) Adult cluster flywithcheckerboard Davis, pattern (Ryan Utah State University

47 Flies Flies 48 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Tipulidae Crane Flies • • • • • • • • • • • fitted screens orscreen doors. Keep doorsandwindows closed oropenwithproperly properly fittedInstall screens onallwindows. Control notnecessary. istypically indoorsfor long cannot survive open;frighten people left occasionally enter buildingswhenadoororwindow is feed onroots,larvae grasses andotherorganic matter some breed inturfgrass breed inmoist areas withabundant vegetation do nothave bitingmouthparts thin, elongate bodyand extremely longlegs largeresemble mosquitoes very Crane fly close-up (DaniBarchana, Bugwood.org)Crane flyclose-up Berger,(Joseph Crane fly Bugwood.org) (Jessica CraneLouque Smithers, fly Viscient, Bugwood.org)

49 Flies Flies 50 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Psychoda phalaenoides Drain (Moth) Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • moisture issuecausingtheproblem andseal. fliesareIf coming from voids, crawl spaces orslabs, fixthe organic film. drain cleanserto maintain drainsUse free anenzyme of remove the scumfilmfrom inside drains. habitat byRemove usingahard brushto larval bristle Locate thebreeding site andremove. bodies ofdeadfliesmay disintegrate to allergensform can spread diseasethrough contact decaying organic matter drain scum crawl spaces andenter buildingsthrough floorcracks, etc. can breed around broken pipes/drains beneath slabsorin ineffective with boilingwater, pesticidesorotherchemicals attempted treatments hidebehindscum,making larvae decaying organic material develop inthe scum liningdrains andsewer linesor wings covered infinehairs;moth-like hairy very small; about1/8inchlong Drain fly (Whitney Cranshaw,Drain fly Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Adult drain fly(Sanjay Acharya, Commons) Wikimedia Berger,Adult(Joseph drain fly Bugwood.org)

51 Flies Flies 52 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification autumnalis Musca Face Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • and cracks and crevices where flies overwinter. Use anappropriately dustin voids labeled insecticidal and vacuum them. Search for fliesin overwintering voids andmezzanines Tolerate occasional face flies;useafly swatter; vacuum. where flieshave been problematic inprevious years. building cracks summerinareas during exterior Seal management. Verify identification to determine appropriate unseasonably warm days winter during frequently seeninwindowsills andlight during fixtures winter (similarto cluster flies) large numberswillcongregate withinwall voids during fall summer –early congregate onsouth/southwest-facing walls in late come from farm/ranch areas withfresh cow manure cattle; flower nectar secretions aroundadults: watery eyes, noseandmouthof cow manurelarvae: September sitesseek indooroverwintering inlate August –early lay eggsinfresh, cow undisturbed manure image) at ofbristles thebaseofcalypter (seemiddle tuft four behindhead stripes dark dull gray color identicalnearly inappearance to thehousefly Face flies (Clemson University, USDA, Bugwood.org) CommonsWikimedia ) Face note bristles at thebaseofcalypter(Janet Graham, (seearrow) fly; Face fly (Clemson University, USDA, Bugwood.org)

53 Flies Flies 54 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Sarcophaga spp. Flies Flesh • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use aflyswatter. Place light traps to catch flies that come indoors. sweeps, screens, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage free ofodor. Keep trash cans, dumpsters areas andgarbage cleanand Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. Improve sanitation. Keep screens ingoodrepair. the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall nuisance insidebuildings;infrequent indoorpest can spread diseasethrough contact decaying organic material feed mostlyonanimalcarcasses,larvae garbage, and in awall void orsomewhere withinthebuilding many fliesindoorsmay indicate that ananimalhasdied dumpster receptacles anddecaying organic material lay eggsondeadanimals, inoraround garbage/ three ontop stripes ofthethorax dark (houseflyhas four) large andgray withacheckerboard pattern onabdomen Flesh fly larva (PestFleshImage Library, fly larva andDiseases Bugwood.org) Karim,Adult Mahdi (Muhammad fleshfly Commons) Wikimedia (JohnnyAdult Dell, N. fleshfly Bugwood.org)

55 Flies Flies 56 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Drosophila spp. Fruit Flies • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • catch fliesthat come indoors. Vinegar traps orcommercially produced fruitflytraps can cleanfloor drains.Regularly Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage free ofodor. Keep trash cans, dumpsters areas andgarbage cleanand Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. heads andeven floordrains. material, sodacans(recycle), juice boxes, mop andbroom Improve sanitation, especiallywithfruit andfood Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. Keep screens ingoodrepair. sweeps, screens, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall can spread disease through contact nuisance indoors fruit, vegetables,ripened ordecaying organic material decaying organic material lay oroverripe eggsonripe fruit, vegetables, oron usually have brightred eyes small; 1/8inchlong FruitKarim,Mahdi flyadult(Muhammad Commons) Wikimedia Fruit flies feeding oncake(PestImage Library, andDiseases Bugwood.org) Adult ElDamir, fruitfly(Mohammed Bugwood.org)

57 Flies Flies 58 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification andFungivoridaeSciaridae Fungus Gnats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • affected potted houseplants. (e.g., insecticides Use Gnatrol) nematode-based onsoilof lighting toexterior sodium vapor lighting. fliesareIf coming from outside, consider changing doors. sweeps, screens, etc., especiallyaround windows and viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door automatic doorclosers. doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall outbetweenLet watering. soilinpotted plants dry notoverwaterDo plants. Locate breeding substrate andremove oralter. and stunt growth ofseedlingsandyoung plants when present candamageroots inlarge numbers, larvae flies insideare anuisance feed onfungi insoil,larvae pottingmix,mulch,etc. attracted to light (e.g., windows lighting) andexterior can develop in soil ormulchoutsideofbuilding usually originate from soilinpotted houseplants nestinsoil/moistorganic material eggs andlarvae segmented antennae long slenderlegs light gray to clearwings to mosquitoes smaller, fliessimilarinappearance delicate-looking dark, Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Fungus (Whitney Colorado gnat larvae State University, Fungus Cranshaw, gnat (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Fungus gnat N.Dell, (Johnny Bugwood.org)

59 Flies Flies 60 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits deer flies: horse flies: Identification Tabanidae Horse and DeerFlies • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fitted screens. Keep doorsand windows closedoropenwith properly Fly traps canreduce populations outdoors. light trapsUse to insect catch fliesinside. properly fittedInstall screens inwindows. be located offproperty.) and managepotential breeding sites. (Breeding sites may large numbersofdeerorhorse fliesareIf present, look for can beasevere outdoor problem inareas nearwetlands rarely asignificant problem insidestructures transmission rare ofdiseasepossible, butvery wounds painfulbites that can inflict result invisible, bleeding can travel upto amilefrom breeding sites males: flower nectar females: animalblood lakes andmarshes develop inmoist oraquatic areas likemoistsoil, ponds, biting; sword-like, mouthparts piercing/sucking onwings markings dark yellowish brown to brownish black generally smallerthanhorseflies biting; sword-like, mouthparts piercing/sucking eyes large colorful large; brown orblack Deer fly(SturgisDeer McKeever, Georgia University, Southern Bugwood.org) Horse fly(SturgisMcKeever, Georgia University, Southern Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) horsefly(SturgisAmerican McKeever, Georgia University, Southern

61 Flies Flies 62 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification domestica Musca House Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use aflyswatter. Place light traps to catch flies that come indoors. sweeps, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage free ofodor. Keep trash cans, dumpsters areas andgarbage cleanand Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. Improve sanitation. Keep screens ingoodrepair. the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall nuisance insidebuildings can spread diseasethrough contact human food products adults feed onmanure, decaying organic material and feed onmanurelarvae anddecaying organic material anddumpsters)(especially garbage lay eggsonanimalmanure ordecaying organic matter similar inappearance to theface fly four ontheprothorax blackstripes 1/4 inchlong (top left) (Clemson(top left) University SlideSeries, Bugwood.org) pupae (bottomcycle: left), House flylife eggs(top middle), adults(right), larvae Adult housefly(PestImage Library, andDiseases Bugwood.org)

63 Flies Flies 64 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Phoridae Phorid (Humpbacked) Flies • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • clean. Keep food preparation area floorsandequipment very areas. andcleantrash cans, dumpsters and garbage Inspect Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. sweeps, screens, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall cleanfloordrains.Regularly Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. can spread diseasethrough contact nuisance pestindoors decomposing organic material occasionally found nearbroken pipesunderslabs mopheads andpetcages(onmoistfeces/food) equipment cracks/crevices, soilinpotted plants, dirty trash cans, dumpsters,kitchen moistfood onflooror floor drains are a common breeding ground needmoistorganic material to survive larvae lay eggsondecomposing organic material eyes notred steep arch orhumpedbackbehindhead small;1/64–1/8inchlong very Adult fly phorid (Charles Lewallen, Commons) Wikimedia Phorid flyadult(USDA ARS, Commons) Wikimedia (Whitney Cranshaw,Phorid flyadults Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

65 Flies Flies 66 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Stomoxys calcitrans Stable Fly • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • consider discussingcontrol options withowner. animalsareIf raised onschool-adjacent properties, Use aflyswatter. Place light traps to catch flies that come indoors. sweeps, screens, etc. viacaulking, Excludeweather stripping, flyentry door Close lidsondumpsters cans. andgarbage free ofodor. Keep trash cans, dumpsters areas andgarbage cleanand Locate breeding substrate, ifpossible, andremove. Keep dumpsters at least50feet from thebuilding. Improve sanitation. Keep screens ingoodrepair. the kitchen. an automatic doorcloser, especiallyondoorsleadinginto doorsclosed,Keep exterior installscreen doors, orinstall can spread diseasethrough contact nuisance insidebuildings;enter buildingsfrom outside painfulbites can inflict decaying organic material feed mostlyonanimalcarcasses,larvae garbage, and as hay andgrass clippingsandchickenmanure lay eggsonmoiststraw ordecaying organic matter such are longandstraw-likemouth parts for bloodfeeding four ontop stripes ofthorax, dark similarto housefly 1/4 inchlong;gray Stable fly life cycleStable flylife (University ofNebraska) (PavelAdult stableflymouthparts Krok, Commons) Wikimedia (Whitney Cranshaw,Adult stablefly Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

67 Flies Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 68 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits miller moth(adultstageofthearmy cutworm): army (caterpillar): cutworm Identification Euxoa auxiliaris Moth Cutworm/Miller Army • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Use avacuum to remove mothsindoors andoutdoors. Reduce lighting inandaround buildingsat night. spring). and ventilation systems to prior migration (late period anySeal openings, especiallyaround windows, doors, (2 –3weeks long) moths canbeanuisance migration during inlate spring may damagegarden plants, fieldcrops andhay from floweringmiller moth:nectar plants and broadleaf weeds ofplants,army variety cutworm: includinglawn grasses, homes andbuildings mass migrations ofmothsinlate caninundate spring vegetation shelteredseek dark spaces theday, during suchasdense surrounding wheat or hay fields lay eggsinthickvegetation, andweedy turfgrass areas gray orlight brown wingswithdifferent colored markings larger moths;wingspan11/2–2incheslong grayish blackwithpatterns ofgray andbrown stripes immature stageofthe millermoth Army cutworm larva (FrankArmy larva cutworm Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Army pupa(Whitney cutworm Colorado State University, Berger, moth(Joseph Miller Bugwood.org)

69 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 70 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Psocoptera Booklice/Psocids • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Store food items inpest-proof containers. Remove leaflitter from around ofstructures. the exterior Vacuum. Reduce relative withintrouble humidity areas. indicator ofmoisture issues nuisance pestindoors may feed onfungalspores onstored food products mold spores wood, etc. grass, live outdoorsbarklice on/underbark, leaves, damp be supported in cardboard boxes oranywhere where moldgrowth can sweating pipes, invoids, cracks andcrevices, cupboards, can befound around dampbooks, around leaking/ prefer warm, humidordampplaces outdoor species ofpsocidsare calledbarklice may have wings, ornot hand lensto identify common inpestmonitors; looklikesmallspecks;use very foundbooklice outdoors may belarger, upto 1/4inch minute: indoors 1/25–1/13inchlong Barklice (Wikimedia Commons) (Wikimedia Barklice (David Sheltar,Booklice OhioState University, Bugwood.org) (TonyCommons) Willis,Booklice Wikimedia

71 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 72 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Boisea trivittata Boisea Boxelder Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum andfall. spring during often buildings where boxelder bugslike to congregate. Plant non-mapletrees to eventually shade sidesof Remove boxelder from tree planting lists. Use avacuum cleanerto remove indoorpopulations. buildings. cracks thatSeal may allow boxelder bugsto enter Remove female boxelder trees from thearea ifpossible. not ahealththreat may stainlightly colored materials overwinter incracks andcrevices inbuildings occupants cancome indoorsandannoy andsummer; in spring nuisance: congregate walls ofbuildings onexterior boxelder trees, butmay feed onothermapleseeds prefer boxelder seeds, whichare onlyfound onfemale in sunny areas walls orleaflitter ofexterior overwinter incracks andcrevices ofbuildings, especially prefer female boxelder trees found inandaround andfall buildingsinthespring look similarto red fire bugsandother related groups adults by theirlackofwingsandred abdomens immature forms are smallerbuteasilydistinguishedfrom onbody black bugswithred markings Katovich, USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, International, Bugwood.org); Boxelder Right: bug adultsandnymphs (Steven M. Ciesla, ForestLeft: Boxelder bugeggs (William HealthManagement Bugwood.org) Boxelder buginfestation Baker, (Jim Carolina State North University, Adult boxelder Berger, bug(Joseph Bugwood.org)

73 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 74 Halyomorpha halys Stink Bug Brown Marmorated IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Avoid planting hostplants around buildingsifpossible. Vacuum to remove indoorandoutdoor populations. enter buildings. cracks andcrevicesSeal that may allow stinkbugsto can causedamageto hostplants not ahealththreat emit anunpleasant odorwhensmashed overwinter incracks andcrevices inbuildings building occupants nuisance: congregate indoorsover winter; canannoy ornamentals, weeds andnative species broad hostrange includingfruits, vegetables, fieldcrops, lay eggsonhostplants can overwinter inmassbuildingsandhouses black andwhite alternating pattern surrounding wing smooth shoulders(nospines) alternating white andblackbandsonantennae mottledbrown/grayshield-shaped insect; Stink bugeggs andnymphs (David R.Lance, USDA APHISPPQ, Bugwood.org) USDA Bernon, APHIS,Bugwood.org)Stink bugleafdamage(Gary surrounding wing(David R.Lance, USDA APHISPPQ, Bugwood.org) Adult brown marmorated stinkbug;note bandsonantennae andpattern stink bugs not astinkbug

75 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 76 Dermestidae Beetles Carpet IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Thoroughly cleanfood storage andpreparation areas. Store food inpest-proof containers. Vacuum individualsthat enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks aroundSeal theoutsidefoundation wall. Locating thesource difficult. ofbeetles canbevery items. Locate source ofbeetles(seeabove) andremove infested hairscancausethroat ifconsumed irritation larval can infest anddestroy food items andfurniturecan damagefabrics varies by species (seeabove) etc., are locations alsoprime under unusedorseldommoved furniture orappliances, areas ofminimal usesuchasattics, basements, cubbies, andfood are areasinsects crumbscollect prime of upholstered furniture oranywhere hair, lint, dead carpeting, baseboards, andfurniture, underseat cushions animals invoids, grain-based rodenticides, under stored foods, animalhides/materials/textiles, dead live indoorsand outdoors small, hairy, appearstriped larvae: tanto black; foundoften inwindowsills color highly variable: blackto multicolored beetles 1/16 –1/4inchlong Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org); hairs (Pest Library, Carpet beetlelarval Right: andDiseasesImage Cranshaw, (Whitney ColoradoLeft: Carpet beetlelarvae State University, Berger, (Joseph right: Carpet beetlelarva Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,beetle (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org); Bottom USDA Cooperative SlideSeries, Bugwood.org); Extension Bottom left: Warehouse Top Furniture left: beetle; Top beetle(Clemson right: Blackcarpet University,

77 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 78 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Bryobia praetiosa Bryobia Clover Mite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • parts of the turf to suppress mite migration. ofthe turf parts Use supplemental indrought-stressed irrigation orhot into buildings. Place to building entry. tapeasabarrier tapecanreduce carpet numberscoming Double-sided Vacuum mites indoorsand outdoors. Ensure that sealsaround windows are ingoodrepair. juniper andyew. marigold, salvia,rose, petuniaorshrubssuchasbarberry, clover mites, zinnia, suchas geranium, chrysanthemum, Within boundary, useplants that are unattractive to Within boundary, usepeagravel ormulchto retard mites. 3-5 feet wideminimum. around andweed-free buildings Create boundary aturf- not ahealththreat whensmashed can stainfabric major nuisance mites inthehundreds numbering orthousandscanbea sidesofbuildingsandthroughexterior windows) migrate indoorsinthelate upthe andfall(often spring turfgrass primarily live inturfgrass primarily use ahandlensto identify longfront legsthatvery looklikeantennae legs green sometimeswithred/orange to black, markings/ page aboutthesize onatyped ofaperiod tiny; very Nebraska) University of Kalisch, (J. Clover mite adultand eggs Cranshaw,Clover mites (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) ofAgriculture,Department Bugwood.org) Adult clover mite; note longfront legs(Rayanne Lehman, Pennsylvania

79 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 80 Gryllidae Crickets IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum individuals that enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks aroundSeal theoutsidefoundation wall. secluded areas. ornamental beds, wood piles, rock pilesandmoist, Find andeliminate harborage outdoors suchasweedy aminornuisance pestinoraroundtypically structures can causedamageto fabrics soiled withhumanperspiration fabrics, synthetics orleather andfur, especiallywhen agricultural grain crops andvegetables weeds, stone piles, etc. found inmoistareas suchasmulchbeds, woodpiles, overwinter aseggsinsoil noise make achirping body (females) long “stingerlike” appendagecoming outthe rear oftheir long threadlike antennae that are longerthantheirbody light brown sometimesgreen to black, 1/2 –11/8incheslong Snowy tree cricket (Joseph Berger, treeSnowy (Joseph cricket Bugwood.org) Field Berger, (Joseph cricket Bugwood.org) Female Berger, (Joseph housecricket Bugwood.org)

81 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 82 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits adults: larvae: Identification Xanthogaleruca luteola Beetle Elm Leaf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • larvae and adultbeetles onhosttrees.larvae targetKeep elmtrees pesticide treatments healthy; at screens anddoorsweeps to prevent entry. Find cracks in JuneorJulyandrepair andsealallexterior controlexclusionary measures. otherpests.attract Instead, wait until summerto take unless theywillberemoved.insecticides insects Dead thesebeetles inwall notattempt voidsDo to with kill Use avacuum to remove beetlesindoors. adults chewholesinleaves skeletonize leaveslarvae anddefoliate elmtrees weatheroccasionally to escapehot, dry enter buildingsinlarge numbersto overwinter or elm leaves places carpets, inwall voids, ventilators orotherprotected between books,indoors: garages; under behindcurtains, leaf litter at thebaseof thetree; woodpiles outdoors: live inelmtrees onleaves and andunderbark oval, beetles soft-bodied alongtheedgeofeachwingcoverblack stripe yellow withblackstripes/markings 3/16 –1/4inchlong stages yellowish withtheappearance inlater ofblackstripes Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Elm leafbeetledamage to leaves (Whitney Colorado State University, (Pest Library,Elm leafbeetlelarvae andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org) Berger,Adult elmleafbeetle(Joseph Bugwood.org)

83 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 84 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Arocatus melanocephalus Elm Seed Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Remove volunteer elmswhiletheyare small. Remove elmfrom tree planting lists. Remove elmseedsthat have around collected buildings. Vacuum to remove indoorandoutdoor populations. cracks thatSeal may allow bugsto enter buildings. Remove elmtrees inthearea ifpossible. not ahealththreat unpleasant odorwhensmashed may stainlightly colored materials andemitan overwinter incracks andcrevices inbuildings occupants elm trees andelmseeds;cancome indoorsandannoy nuisance: congregate around buildingsthat have nearby elm seeds elm trees accumulated into fall, especiallyoutdoors where elmseedshave found inandaround buildingsthroughout summer red abdomenon underside alternating blackandred pattern outsideofwings ofthewings portion isblackandsurroundedtriangle by red onthetop ofthewings segmenttriangular between thetop part black andred bugabout 1/3inchlong Elm seedbug feces Davis, (Ryan State Utah University Extension) (bottom right) (Ryan Davis,(bottom right) (Ryan State Utah University Extension) Elm seedbugadults(top), late instarnymph andyoung (bottom nymph left)

85 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 86 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification raphanusNysius False Chinch Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • due to chemicalresistance. Chemical control ismarginal againstfalsechinchbugs Control isnotneededfor smallnumbers. Vacuum. Find and sealany cracks to exterior prevent entry. bugs to seekcool, humidconditions elsewhere. problembuilding during migrations to encourage the Temporarily discontinue watering plants nearthe indoorsfor long cannot survive uporare removedplants dry invade weather whenhost buildingsto escapehot, dry nuisance pest feed ofplants, onawidevariety including turfgrass are treated withherbicide when food up, sources are dry (e.g., harvested alfalfa)or migrate to newsites, includinghomesandbuildings, aggregate inlarge walls numbersonplants orexterior lay eggsaround thebaseofplants orinloose soil markings immatures lackwings andare mottledgray withreddish usedto suckplant sap strawlike mouthparts overlapping wingsform an “X” shapeontheback grayish brown andslender 1/8 –1/6inchlong University, Bugwood.org) False Cranshaw, chinch bugnymphs andadults(Whitney Colorado State False Cranshaw, chinchbugs(Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Adult falsechinchbug(RussOttens, University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org)

87 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 88 Carabidae Ground Beetles IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Vacuum individualsthat enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks aroundSeal the outsidefoundation wall. hidingareasMinimize nearthefoundation. beneficial outdoors nuisance indoors prey onotherarthropods outdoors underlogs, rocks, debris, etc. common inpestmonitors very havetypically ashiny/glossy/metallic sheen brown, orgreen most are red, black or dark althoughsomeare blue, 1/16 –13/8inchlong Predaceous ground beetle (Wikimedia Commons)Predaceous ground beetle (Wikimedia Predaceous ground beetle(LlonaL., Commons)Wikimedia Predaceous OhioState University, Jasinski, ground beetle(Jim Bugwood.org)

89 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 90 Isopoda IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Isopods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum individuals that enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks aroundSeal the outsidefoundation wall. foundation. moistureMinimize andhiding/feeding areas nearthe may beanuisance indoors occasionally come indoorsunderthresholds/doors decaying organic material come indoors whenmoistconditions exist require highmoisture piles, mulchandstones many habitats includingmoistsoil, leaves, grass, wood can roll upinto atight ballwhendisturbed oval, segmented, armored bodies todark slate gray 1/4 –5/8inchlong assowbugs orpillbugs also known Pillbugs of various sizes (Wikimedia Commons) Pillbugs ofvarious sizes (Wikimedia University, Harvard Alpert, Adult Bugwood.org) pillbugs(Gary Berger,Adult pillbug(Joseph Bugwood.org)

91 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 92 IPM Recommendations Significance • • Diet centipedes: millipedes: Nesting Habits centipedes: millipedes: Identification Diplopoda; Chilopoda Millipedes/Centipedes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum. sweeps, screens, etc. weather viacaulking, Exclude stripping, entry door outdoors. Reduce oreliminate moisture issuesindoorsand not ahealthrisk outside ofthebuilding presence ofeitherindicates amoisture issueinsideor can beanuisance indoors andspiders centipedes: onotherinsects predatory millipedes: decaying/moist organic material organic material,under bark, rocks, etc. wash rooms, etc. areas ofhighmoisture, especiallyinbasements, need highmoisture lay eggsinsoilororganic material 1 pairoflegspersegment yellowish to brown 1/8 inch–2incheslong(commonly); flatter common inpestmonitors; upwhendead curl two pairsoflegspersegment browndark to gray, sometimesclear 1/16 inch–2incheslong(commonly); rounded House centipede (Joseph Burger,House centipede (Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult Burger, centipede (Joseph Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Adult millipede(Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

93 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 94 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification apterus Pyrrhocoris Red Fire Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Spray congregations soap. with insecticidal directly indoorsandoutdoors.Use avacuum insects to collect repair screens. weatherInstall around stripping doorsandwindows and conduitsplumbing, to prevent gasorelectrical entry. Caulk orseal openings, foundation cracks andaround ifcrushed andfabrics can staincarpet may congregate inlarge orplants numbersonstructures nuisance pest seeds from ofplants awide variety thedayseek shadeduring found ingrass, leaflitter, trees andaround oronbuildings can emitafoul odor mouthparts piercing/sucking spots andred withtwo largewings generally shortened black vibrant red andblackcoloration 1/4 –1/2inchlong Cluster ofred fire bug nymphs (L. B. Tettenborn, Commons) Wikimedia fireRed bugadultsand nymphs (Lestat, Commons) Wikimedia Adult red fire bug Karwath,(Andre Commons) Wikimedia

95 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 96 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits adults • larvae Identification spp.Otiorhynchus Root Weevils • • • • • • • • • • • • an appropriately labeled, soil-appliedinsecticide. andfeeding adultscanbemanagedoutdoors with Larvae weevils canenter. cracks,Seal crevices, windows andotherareas where indoors. trapsUse weevils to avacuum collect and/orsticky can damageleaves androots ofornamental plants late summerandfall adults are common nuisance invaders ofhomesduring adults: notch theleafmargins ofmany plants roots ofwoody shrubs,larvae: especiallylilac adults spendtheday at thebaseofhostplants inlitter develop insoilat thebaseofhostplants larvae adults have ablunt snout shiny blackto shiny brownish black 1/4 –1/2inchlong capsule up to 1/2 inch;leglesswhite grub withabrown head Bugwood.org) Cranshaw, weevilRoot damageto leaves (Whitney Colorado State University, University, Bugwood.org) Cranshaw, root weevilStrawberry size comparison (Whitney Colorado State Adult lilacroot weevil (Entomart, Commons)Wikimedia

97 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 98 Lepisma spp.; Ctenolepisma spp.; Thermobia spp. Silverfish and Firebrats IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Seal all cracks andcrevicesSeal intheabove mentioned areas. etc. and crevices around vending machines, bookshelving, Vacuum regularly undervending machinesandin cracks containers. Remove orstore potential food sources insealed Reduce moisture plumbing. by fixingleaky Complete control isdifficult. may beanasthmatrigger ofpaper scrape surface dead insects glue orpastes inpaper/books paper, fabrics, andsimilarmaterials present inmostbuildings anywhere there ismoisture, heat, andpaper common aroundvery vending machines, libraries, or warm areas orpaperproducts necessary), or dust, usuallyaround moist(moisture notalways females lay eggsincrevices, infood onclothorburied common inpestmonitors very long fillaments from extending thebackend long antennae grayor pearl firebrats are brown or gray, are shiny andsilverfish silver slender, insects wingless soft-bodied 1/2 –3/4inchlongandhave scales Silverfish damage (Clemson University,Silverfish Bugwood.org) Adult firebrat (Clemson University, Bugwood.org) Adult(Clemson University, silverfish Bugwood.org)

99 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 100 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Collembola Springtails • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum individuals that enter structures. problem areas. Thoroughly cleanbaseboards, cracks andcrevices around with awater source. Reduce clutter andcleanundersinksaround areas structures. cracks andcrevicesSeal where may springtails enter springtails, because theyseekmoisture indoors. area undersinksandothermoisture sourcesInspect for moisture out, seeking to dry summer whensoilstarts can migrate indoorsinlarge numbersinlate spring/early feces,lichens, arthropod carrion decaying vegetation, pollen,algae, fungi, bacteria, frequently seencrawling around onconcrete can migrate into structures require moisture; prefer cool, moistconditions numerousnaturally insoil/turf very use ahandlensto identify do nothave wings color ranges from blackto gray to white appear to jump orflingwhendisturbed small;3/16inchlong very Springtails (Ryan Davis, (Ryan Springtails State Utah University Extension) Abbott, State (Samuel Utah Springtails University) Davis, (Ryan Springtail State Utah University Extension)

101 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 102 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Leptoglossus occidentalis Western Conifer Seed Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vacuum conifer seedbugsfound indoorsoroutdoors. Find and sealany cracks. exterior warmer months.during Equip foundation and attic vents with tight-fitting screens Tolerate occasional seedbugs. bugs, butposeno threat to humanhealth bugs(Triatoma spp.)resemble kissing andotherassassin major outbreaks/migrations canoccur inthefall begins (September –October) sitesseek overwintering indoorswhencold fallweather common invader ofhomes seedsofpinesandDouglas-fir primarily develop onpines, andother Douglas-firs conifers fromextending thehead distinguished by absence projection ofthorn-like similar inappearance to western leaf-footed bug; emit apineyodorwhenhandled flat onhindlegs leaf-likeprojections with five blackpatches flight visibleduring overall brownish yellow-orange color; upperabdomen 5/8 –3/4inchlong Bugwood.org) Western conifer seedbugnymphs Kegley, (Sandy USDA Forest Service, Western conifer seedbugonhost(Steven Katovich, USDA, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Adult western conifer State Michigan University, seedbug(David Cappaert,

103 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 104 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Leptoglossus spp. Western Leaf-footed Bug • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Eliminate weeds around thebuilding. Vacuum leaf-footed bugsfound indoorsoroutdoors. Find and sealany cracks. exterior warmer months.during Equip foundation and attic vents with tight-fitting screens Tolerate occasional seedbugs. on thesidesofbuildings, causing anuisance may overwinter onorinbuildingstemporarily cluster outbreaks may occur mildwinters after thistles andotherweeds inspring fruits andnuts wide range offlowering plants, ornamentalsand conifers plants foundoften onconifer species, weeds, andothergarden aggregate inprotected areas outdoors can overwinter inandaround buildingsandhomes head andwhite bandacross theback fromdistinguished byextending projection the thorn-like similar inappearance to western conifer seedbug; flat, onhindlegs leaf-likeprojections brown withawhite bandacross theback 3/4 –1inchlong System, Bugwood.org) Leaf-footed bugnymph (Ayanava Majumdar, Alabama Cooperative Extension Bugwood.org) Leaf-footed bug(Ayanava Majumdar, Alabama Cooperative System, Extension Western leaf-footed bug(Natasha Wright, Cook’s Pest Control, Bugwood.org)

105 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders 106 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification hesperus Reticulitermes Western Subterranean Termite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Consider aprofessional hiring to control termites. to eliminate colonies. tactics withmoisture-reducing Use baitsinconjunction inbasements,Reduce humidity crawl spaces, etc. plumbingandothermoisture sources. leaking Repair Keep vegetation andaway trimmed from the foundation. inches from theground. Wood siding, stucco andfoam board should beat least 6 cracks andcrevicesSeal inthefoundation. Eliminate wood-to-soil contact. damageto woodcan causestructural andwood products paper-based ceiling tiles) (springwood) oronwood by-products (e.g., drywall, feed onwood, directly layers thesofter typically moisture exist indoors: canbefound anywhere wood and products orothersurfaces use mudtubesto cross masonry prefer to nestinmoistwood withthesoil incontact (seecomparison inmiddleimage) mouthparts soldiers: similarto workers buthave alarge headand workers: 1/4 –3/8inchlong;palecream color and rear ofthe body antennae anda broad between themiddle connection have equal-lengthfront andbackwings, bead-like winged termites differ from wingedants inthat termites bodyandlegs swarmers (winged):3/8inchlong;dark Termite mudtubes(USDA FS Wood Lab Archive, Products Insect Bugwood.org) University, Harvard Alpert, Eastern subterranean Bugwood.org) termites (Gary University, Harvard Alpert, Eastern subterranean Bugwood.org) termite (Gary

107 Nuisance Pests/Occasional Invaders Pests/Occasional Nuisance Stored Products Pests 108 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits cowpea weevil: bean weevil: Identification Acanthoscelides Callosobruchus obtectus; maculatus Bean and Cowpea Weevils • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Keep food, especiallylegumes, in regular rotation. Clean spilledfood andfood products storage areas. Store susceptible food items inpest-proof containers. Locate anddisposeofinfested legumes. storage regularly. legumesfor beetles andmonitor indoorlegume Inspect can infest stored legumes peas dried/stored legumessuchasbeans, cowpeas, lentils and legumes inthefield in warmconditions indoors: canbreed continuously legumesstored indried usually infest legumesinthefield above outer wings tippedwithblacktwo large blackdots strong fliers body narrows evenly toward thesmallhead reddish appendages markings light olive brown brown withdarker orcream-colored 1/8 inchlong University, Bugwood.org) Cowpea weevil damage to sweet potatoes (B. Shepard, Merle Clemson Cowpea weevil Davis, (Ryan State Utah University Extension) weevilBean onhost(Clemson University, Bugwood.org)

109 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 110 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification serricorne Lasioderma Cigarette Beetle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • traps and multi-catch trapstraps onaregular andmulti-catch basis. mouse Periodically monitors andservice change insect Keep food inregular rotation. Store allsusceptible food items inpest-proof containers. Clean upallspilledfood andfood products storage areas. Monitor withpheromone traps. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. Locate anddisposeofinfested items. such asleather may attack furniture stuffing, silkandanimal materials infest offood avariety sources damage booksandfurniture rodent baits, flowers, dried dead rodents andinsects prefer spices, petfood tobacco anddry products processed grain products, fruitsandvegetables dried offoodsvariety includinggrains, peanuts, seeds, can infest stored food products adults hideincrevices thewinter indoorsduring c-shaped, hairy, whitelarvae: grub withlegs wing covers (sawlike; notclubbed)antennae andno rows ofpitson similar to drugstore beetle, butwiderwithserrated strong fliers head barely visibleor notvisiblefrom above shiny light brown to reddish brown 1/8 inchlong Cigarette beetle larva (PestCigarette Library, beetlelarva andDiseases Image Bugwood.org) Cigarette Little, beetles(Brian The University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org) Cigarette beetle(Pest Library, andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org)

111 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 112 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits yellow mealworm: mealworm:dark Identification Tenebrio spp. Dark/Yellow Mealworms • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Keep food inregular rotation. ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Dispose ofinfested food items. Store food items inpest-proof containers. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. Improve sanitation procedures inaffected areas. cause gastrointestinal discomfort ingested withbreakfast foodseggs and/orlarvae can presence indicates alackofproper sanitation old ormoldygrain, oats orseeds are seenmigrating often fromlarvae infested areas prefer environments dampandundisturbed dark, lay eggssinglyorinclusters infood sources golden yellow and upto 11/4incheslong;smooth,cylindrical larvae: adults: shiny blackto brown dark brownish to yellow dark and upto 11/4incheslong;smooth,cylindrical larvae: brown dark adults: dullblackorvery Series, Bugwood.org) Cooperative Extension University, USDA (Clemson larva Yellow mealworm Bugwood.org) University, mealworm (Clemson Adult yellow Bugwood.org) Slides,Extension USDA Cooperative (Clemson University, mealwormDark larva Bugwood.org) Library,Image (Pest andDiseases Adult mealworm dark

113 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 114 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Stegobium paniceum Drugstore Beetle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Keep food inregular rotation. Dispose ofinfested food items. Store food items inpest-proof containers. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. Improve sanitation procedures inaffected areas. can causedamageto books ofnonfoodattack avariety products pest ofstored food inhomes, schoolsandstorehouses packaging adults donotfeed onfood, butcanchewthrough food spices and petfoods eat anything nearly butpreferlarvae bread, flour, meal, pupate withinfoodlarvae materials lay eggsinfood materials withlegs c-shaped, white andhairy larvae: distinguish itfrom cigarette beetle rows ofdeeppitsonwingcovers and3-segmented club head notvisiblefrom above reddish brown to brown 1/10 inchlong Consumer Services, Bugwood.org)Consumer Services, Drugstore beetle(Natasha Wright, ofAgriculture Florida Department and Bugwood.org) Library, Diseases Image (Pestlarva and Drugstore beetle Drugstore beetle(Pest Library, andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org)

115 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 116 spp.; Oryzaephilus Tribolium spp. Grain Beetles IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Keep food inregular rotation. ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Dispose ofinfested food items. Store food items inpest-proof containers. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. Improve sanitation procedures inaffected areas. infest food, rendering itinedible tobacco, andmuseumspecimens insect herbarium, flour, macaroni, nuts, fruits, dried spices, chocolate, drugs, grain products, cereals, breads, peas, beans, meats, dried highly varied etc. prefer damagedfood rather grains, thanintact kernels, moisture content lay eggsonstored food products, especiallyofhigh beetles for identification Extensionverification from USU other smallbeetlesingrain alsoexist; consider collecting above andbelow thehead red flourbeetles have clubbedantennae andeyes split behind thehead sawtoothed grain beetlehasspinesonsideofbody use handlensto identify 1/8 inchlong;brown to red Red flourbeetlein wheatRed (Clemson University, Bugwood.org) Agriculture Archive, Bugwood.org) of Sawtoothed grain Department beetle;note spinesbehindthehead(Kansas Bugwood.org) Colorado State University, (Frankflour beetlelarva Peairs, Bugwood.org); Above: Red (Emilie Bess, USDA APHISPPQ, flourbeetleadults Left: Red

117 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 118 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Sitophilus granarius WeevilGranary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Keep food inregular rotation. ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Dispose ofinfested food items. Store food items inpest-proof containers. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. Improve sanitation procedures inaffected areas. bulk grain storage. Use instructures, traps pantriesand to monitor activity distributed byprimarily peopleviainfested food ofgrainsattack awidevariety seed, sunflower seeds, oldpasta,chestnutsandacorns feed onwholecorn, wheat, barley, rice, petfood, bird develop ofgrain insidekernels larvae lay eggsinsmallholeschewed by female capsules small, white leglessgrubslarvae: withbrown head cannot fly tuck inlegsandremain motionlesswhendisturbed; elongated oval pitsonthethorax reddish brown 1/8 –3/16inchlong;longsnout Granary weevil inwheat (ClemsonGranary University, Bugwood.org) weevil (PestGranary Library, andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org) Granary weevil (PestGranary Library, andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org)

119 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 120 Plodia interpunctella Indian Meal Moth IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • moths. mealmothtraps canmonitorIndian andhelpcontrol Dispose ofinfested food items. ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Keep food inregular rotation. Store allsusceptible food items inpest-proof containers. shelves andstorage areas. Clean upallspilledfood andfood products storage allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. moths are anannoyance to buildingoccupants contamination droppings andsilkenwebs by larvae feeding destroyslarval stored food items common inhomesandfoodvery storage areas food, bird seed, etc. powdered biscuits, chocolate, milk, candy, pet spices, dry grains/grain products, cereals, fruits, dried seeds, nuts, ofstoredwide variety food products pupate off food in food storage areas, containers, etc. lay eggsonstored food products fly at night typically wing tipsifnecessary) wings withcopper-colored tips(usehandlensto see fliers meandering weak, tiny moth:5/8–3/4inchlong very Indian meal moth larvae and adult(Clemson University, meal mothlarvae Indian Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) mealmothadult;note Dreiling, copper-coloredIndian wingtips(Mark

121 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 122 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification lardariusDermestes Larder Beetle • • • • • • • • • • • • • • traps and multi-catch trapstraps onaregular andmulti-catch basis. mouse Periodically monitors andservice changeinsect Keep food inregular rotation. Store allsusceptible food items inpest-proof containers. Clean upallspilledfood andfood products storage areas. Monitor withpheromone traps. Locate anddisposeofinfested items. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. orrodentsdead insects are found breedprimarily infood storage areas orinareas where petfood insects powdered anddried dry milk, includingdeadanimals,animal products meats, cheese, and plugthenestentrance bore into materials suchaswood andinsulation to nest high protein food foundtypically indoorsfeeding onrodent carcasses oron 1/2inchlong the rear ofthebody; upwardspines ontheendofbodythat curve toward brown; dark coveredlarvae: inlongbrown hairs;two the wingcovers containing sixspots brownadults: dark to blackwithpaleyellow bandaround 3/8 –1/2inchlong;elongate oval shape Larder beetle larva (Mohammed El Damir, (Mohammed Larder beetle larva Bugwood.org) Larder beetledamageto wood ElDamir, (Mohammed Bugwood.org) Larder beetle(Pest Library, andDiseasesImage Bugwood.org)

123 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests 124 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Sitophilus oryzae Rice Weevil • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Keep food inregular rotation. Store allsusceptible food items inpest-proof containers. Clean upallspilledfood andfood products storage areas. Monitor withpheromone traps. Locate anddisposeofinfested items. allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. pestsofstored products one ofthemostimportant wheat products birdbuckwheat, seed, petfood andstored cotton and corn, wheat, rice, beans, nuts, cereals, barley, rye, develop insidegrainlarvae orotherproducts lay eggsinsideofgrain andotherproducts white, leglessgrubslarvae: withbrown headcapsules tuck inlegsandremain motionlesswhendisturbed strong fliers four light spotsonwingcovers deep pitscovering thepronotum (area behindthehead) dull reddish brown 1/16 –1/8inchlong Rice weevils on host (Joseph Berger, weevilsRice onhost (Joseph Bugwood.org) weevilRice damage(Clemson University, Bugwood.org) weevilRice (Olaf Leillinger, Commons)Wikimedia

125 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Stored Products Pests Trogoderma variabile Warehouse Beetle 126 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • warehouse beetlepheromone lure andtrap. Consider monitoring infood storage areas witha Dispose ofinfested food items. ventilation. Keep moisture low infood storage areas by improving Keep food inregular rotation. Store allsusceptible food items inpest-proof containers. storage areas. Clean upallspilledfood products, especially infood allincoming food itemsInspect for pests. throat ifconsumed canirritate hastasetae (arrow-shaped hairs) onlarvae infest andruinfood and humanhairthat onthefloor, hascollected etc. anything ofanimalorigin includingdeadanimalsandpet spices food, pasta,oats, peas, potato chips, fruit, rice, dried cake mix,candy, cereals, chocolate, cookies,corn, pet plant-based products lay eggsinstored food andmany products animalor look similarto beetles;verify other carpet identification covered inorange, white andblackscales/hairs 1/8 inchlong Warehouse Davis, (Ryan State Utah University Extension) beetlelarva Bugwood.org) University, Bugwood.org); hairs(Pest Library, Larval andDiseasesImage Right: Cranshaw, warehouseLeft: Adult beetle(Whitney andlarval Colorado State Adult Berger, warehouse beetle(Joseph Bugwood.org)

127 Stored Products Pests Products Stored Spiders 128 Latrodectus hesperus Black Widow Spider IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodium vapor bulbs. as food. that serve Reduce insects tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. vacuum individualsand webs.Regularly cracks and crevices exterior Seal to reduce hidingplaces. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. bite cancausepain,nausea,cramping ordeath (rare) people elderly especiallyto children and healthrisk, can beaserious andspiders insects around lighting exterior piles, outbuildings, water meter/irrigation boxes and common around buildingfoundations, rock piles, wood thedayhide during andare intheir cobwebs at night prefer areas undisturbed preexisting holesindark, females brown resembling withwhite markings, immature males are about 1/3thesize offemales andare pale solid blackastheymolttoward adulthood white to orangish banding;theygetprogressively more immature females have apalebrown to blackbodywith alikes withoutthered hourglass) underside oftheabdomen(there are beneficiallook- adult females are shiny blackwithared hourglass onthe Bugwood.org) Cranshaw,Adult maleblackwidow (Whitney Colorado State University, Immature female Berger, blackwidow (Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult female blackwidow spider(Clemson University, Bugwood.org)

129 Spiders Spiders 130 Pholcus spp. Cellar Spiders IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodium vapor bulbs. asfood. that serve Reduce otherinsects Keep windows closed. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior Reduce clutter infavored areas. outside ofbuildings. vacuum individualsand websRegularly insideand places. cracks andcrevices exterior Seal to reduce daytime hiding (e.g., nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property plants). beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known areas where theyare located unsightly making webs buildupover dirt/dust timeandcollect andotherarachnids insects eggsintheirfangs female spiderscarry over theceiling andwalls, especiallyincorners make irregular cobwebs nearwindows, over pipes, orall but canoccur outdoors, too units, furniture, pianosandotherseldom-moved objects, common inbasements, crawl spaces andbehindHVAC carapace pale tanoryellow withagray inthecenter mark ofthe long delicate legswith small, elongate orglobularbody Cellar Berger, spidereyes (Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult cellar spiderwitheggs(Olei, Commons)Wikimedia Adult Berger, cellar spider(Joseph Bugwood.org)

131 Spiders Spiders 132 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits males: females: Identification Filistatidae Crevice Weaving Spiders • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Step onorswat unwanted spidersoutdoors. Catch andrelease (withaglassjar)spidersfound indoors. exterior. Find andsealcracks andholesalongthebuilding’s foundation. Clear away vegetation withthebuilding incontact walls.with aholeorcrack inexterior thisspiderisfoundIf for indoors, inspect webs associated can become anuisance inandaround buildings small insects more common Utah insouthern atactive night make webs insmall holesorcrevices around structures mistaken for brown recluse spiders thin bodiesandlonglegswithtancoloration; sometimes sometimes mistakenfor smalltarantulas large bodieswithvelvety brown to blackcoloration; Crevice weaving spider web Hedin, (Marshal Commons)Wikimedia Female housespider(Kokako1, southern Commons)Wikimedia Bugwood.org) housespider(Edward southern Male ClemsonUniversity, L.Manigault,

133 Spiders Spiders 134 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Loxosceles deserta Desert Recluse Spider • • • • • • • • • • • • Prune vegetation around thebuilding to limithabitat. asfood. that serve Reduce otherinsects spider ifpossiblefor identification. beingbittenafter orwhensymptoms develop. the Bring Call aphysician room orgoto anemergency immediately indoors weeks to heal;thesespidersare rarely encountered bites canresult inanecrotic ulcer that cantakeseveral ones feed and occasionally onsmalllive large insects dead seldom found indoors found outdoors innative vegetation, packrat dens, etc. spin irregularly shapedwebs areas inundisturbed six eyes arranged inthree groups oftwo behind theeyes marking tan to brown dark fiddle-shaped withdarker 1/4 –1/2inchlong onlyfoundin Utah, in Washington County shaped marking (Mark Dreiling, (Mark Bugguide.net)shaped marking Brown recluse recluse); spider (similarinappearance note fiddle- to desert spidereggsac(JeffreyRecluse Tucker, Bugguide.net) Desert recluse spider(Lynette,Desert Flickr.com)

135 Spiders Spiders 136 Gnaphosidae Ground Spiders IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • between August andOctober. Use pestmonitors to capture invading spiders, especially lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Catch andrelease (withaglassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspidersthat enter. Vacuum individuals that enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks andcrevices. exterior Seal nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known nuisance whenindoors andspiders insects huntersactive that wander insearch offood make web chambers inwhichtheylay eggs around buildings found inleaflitter, grasses, ornamental plantings, areas towardthan tapering theend) abdomen are even insize throughout theirlength(rather two large outtherear spinnerettes of the sticking found crawling around (notwithinaweb) many coloration differenttypically earthtone kinds; Adult Berger, ground spider (Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult Berger, ground spider(Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult Berger, ground spider(Joseph Bugwood.org)

137 Spiders Spiders 138 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Amaurobiidae Hacklemesh Weaver Spiders • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • enter buildings. trapsUse to pestmonitors/sticky capture spidersthat asfood. that serve Reduce insects tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install exterior. Find andsealcracks andcrevices alongthebuilding’s Remove webbing viavacuuming orabroom. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. to beahealthhazardnot known fall buildings during frequently found indampbasements andotherareas in insects the spidersare found typically deposit eggsacsinirregularly-shaped meshwebs, where underneath rocks damp, protected areas suchaswoodpiles and commonly found trap pestmonitors onsticky resemble hobo spiders eight eyes arranged intwo rows light colored patches reddish brown grayish head;dark colored abdomenwith 1/5 –6/10inchlong Hacklemesh weaverHacklemesh spiderinweb (Danny Steven, Commons)Wikimedia weaverHacklemesh Hedin,Flickr.com) spiderwitheggsac(Marshal weaverHacklemesh Hedin, spider(Marshal Commons)Wikimedia

139 Spiders Spiders Agelenidae Hobo and Grass Spiders 140 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • between August andOctober. Use pestmonitors to capture invading spiders, especially lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Catch andrelease (withaglassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspidersthat enter. Vacuum individuals that enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks andcrevices. exterior Seal (rocks, nestinghabitat aroundMinimize logs). property spiders shouldbeconsidered beneficial common indoorsbetween Augustvery andOctober cause necrotic lesionsinhumans evidence suggeststhathobo spider: hobospidersdonot insects indoors foundoften intubsandsinks, orrunningalongthefloor ornaments, etc. along foundations, logpiles, underrocks andlawn outside ingrass, gardens, ornamental plants andtrees, identification withUSUExtension many funnelweb verify your spiderslooksimilar; spider robust, fast-moving spiders adult bodiesupto 3/8inchlong(longerincludinglegs) Stephens, Bugwood.org) web madeby grass spiders, hobospidersandother funnelweb spiders(David Left: Adult Berger, grass spider(Joseph Bugwood.org); Funnelweb-type Right: Commons)Wikimedia housespider(Sanchom, Domestic Extension) StateUtah University Davis,Hobo spider(Ryan

141 Spiders Spiders 142 Salticidae Jumping Spiders IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodium vapor bulbs. Catch and release (witha glassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspidersthat enter. Vacuum individuals that enter buildings. Keep windows closed. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks andcrevices. exterior Seal nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known could beanuisance pestindoors andspiders insects make silkretreats inwhichthefemale willlay eggs foundoften onwalls (indoorsandoutdoors) orceilings (mostfrequently red)vary dot onthebackofabdomen;color ofthedotmay jumper, hasablack bodywithgreen chelicera andawhite the mostcommon thebold jumpingspiderinUtah, agile anderratic movementvery theday during active nostrils eye pattern gives appearance oftwo smalleyes andlarge smaller spiders Jumping spider (Karan A.Rawlins, University ofGeorgia,Jumping spider (Karan Bugwood.org) State Michigan University,Jumping spider(David Cappaert, Bugwood.org) jumper(Kaldari, Bold Commons)Wikimedia

143 Spiders Spiders 144 Orb Weaving Spiders IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Araneidae; Tetragnathidae • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodium vapor bulbs. Catch and release (witha glassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspidersthat enter. buildings onadailybasis. Vacuum individuals andwebs insideand outsideof Keep windows closed. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior places. cracks andcrevices exterior Seal to reduce daytime hiding nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known can beanuisance pestoutdoors, especiallythe webs andspiders insects lightingcommon nearexterior eggs hatch disperse andspiderlings inspring year andleavespiders dieoutevery eggsacbehind (e.g., orinornamental plantings porches orentryways) fall,and early especially around overhanging structures foundoften around buildingsand homesinlate summer web make classicorb-shaped generally withalarge, bulbusabdomen small to large spiders Bugwood.org) Long-jawed weaver orb State Michigan University, (David Cappaert, Online) Bugwood.org); Right: Typical web orb (Tom Britannica Encyclopedia Bean, Left: Shamrock weaver orb State Michigan University, (David Cappaert, Bugwood.org); Catface Berger, Right: spider(Joseph Bugwood.org) StateLeft: Bandedgarden University, Upham,Kansas spider(Ward

145 Spiders Spiders 146 Cheiracanthium spp. Sac Spiders IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodium vapor bulbs. Catch and release (witha glassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspiders that enter. Vacuum individuals andsilkretreats inbuildings. Keep windows closed. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks and crevices. exterior Seal nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial painful bite bite whentrapped against theskin to beahealthhazard,not known butcanaggressively could beanuisance pestindoors andspiders insects easily climbslicksurfaces day inthesacandhunt at night walls orceilings, orotherhiddenplaces; theyspendthe saclikeretreat makeasilk, often where walls meetother behind orinclutter/storage rocks,under bark, leaflitter, inrolled leaves, etc. found indoorsandoutdoors like socks ends oflegswithbrown ofhairsthat look to blacktufts yellowish coloration Sac spider eggs (Joseph Berger, spider eggs(Joseph Sac Bugwood.org) Newly hatched yellow Berger, sacspiders(Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult yellow Berger, sacspider(Joseph Bugwood.org)

147 Spiders Spiders 148 Lycosidae Spiders Wolf IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Change exterior lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Use pestmonitors to capture wanderingspiders. asfood. that serve Reduce insects tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. vacuum individualsandwebs.Regularly cracks andcrevices exterior Seal to reduce hidingplaces. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known can beanuisance whentheymistakenlyenter buildings andspiders insects in thespring, causingalarm some smallblackspeciesoccur ingreat numbersin lawns woodpiles, inmulch,etc. found inornamental plantings, turfgrass, underobjects, not found inwebs wandering hunters solitary their back eggsacsonspinnerettes on females andspiderlings carry unique eye pattern (seetop image) large spiders small to very Female wolf spiderwithbabies onback(Circumjacence, Commons)Wikimedia Immature female Berger, blackwidow (Joseph Bugwood.org) Commons)Female wolf spiderwitheggsac(Wikimedia Classic wolf spidereye pattern (Opoterser, Commons)Wikimedia

149 Spiders Spiders 150 crocataDysdera Woodlouse Spider IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • reduce or eliminate thisspider’s food source. primary Follow control methodsfor isopods (seepage90)to Reduce moisture issuesaround buildings. between August andOctober. Use pestmonitors to capture invading spiders, especially lighting toChange exterior sodiumvapor bulbs. Catch andrelease (withaglassjar)spidersfound indoors. Step onorsmashindividualspidersthat enter. Vacuum individualsthat enter buildings. doors. tight-fitting doorsweepsInstall at thebaseofall exterior cracks andcrevices. exterior Seal nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. beneficial to beahealthhazardnot known andfangs mouthparts projecting appear menacingbecauseoftheirlarge, forward- isopods prefer moistareas where isopodslive etc. under rocks, trash cans, mulch,plants, bark, wood piles, six eyes head, giving amenacingappearance andfangsprotrude infront directly ofthe mouthparts reddish headarea withcream to gray colored abdomen Adult woodlouse spiderwith food Berger, source (Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult Berger, woodlouse spider(Joseph Bugwood.org) Adult Berger, woodlouse spider(Joseph Bugwood.org)

151 Spiders Stinging Insects Dolichovespula maculata Hornet Baldfaced 152 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • from people. the nestandplace thebaggednestinadumpster away into thenestentranceinsecticide hole, bagandremove night, using aladderorbeepole, applyan aerosol wasp Nest removal: wear protective beeveil, suitandgloves. At tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for nests from hornet summer–fall. early to healthrisk humans nests poseaserious nectar insects the summermonths colonies spring; grow newevery throughout queens start nest onbuildingeaves, etc., orinplants/trees; aerial colony queens fall; overwinter fertilized diesoffevery social black withyellowish-white face; nohairs 5/8 –3/4+inchlong Baldfaced hornet nest (The High Fin High Sperm Baldfaced nest(The hornet Whale, Commons)Wikimedia N.Dell,Baldfaced (Johnny Bugwood.org) hornet Baldfaced (Piccolo hornet Namek, Commons)Wikimedia

153 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Bombus spp.Bombus Bumble Bees 154 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • reinfestation orthepresence of otherpests. be removed andvoids filledor sealed to prevent ofhoneypotsin the nest, nestsshould Because around entrance hole(s)at night. Apply anon-repellent dustinand6inches insecticidal Never plugentrance void)! holesto nests(ifinastructural holes intrees, wall voids, removing grass clumps, etc. old rodent burrows, cracks andcrevices, sealingexterior by caving nestinghabitat aroundMinimize in property Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for summer–fall. bumblebeenests early pollinators important can stingmultipletimes;ispainful tonests poseaminimalhealthrisk humans nectar, honey, pollen the summermonths colonies spring; grow newevery throughout queens start nest inoldrodent burrows, holes, grass clumps, etc. usually underground colony queens fall; overwinter,fertilized diesoffevery social black andyellow, somewithwhite andorange markings inappearance fuzzy/hairy 1/4 –1inchlong;stout Bumble bee nest(Panoramedia, Commons)Wikimedia State Michigan University,Bumble bee(David Cappaert, Bugwood.org) Commons)Female wolf spiderwitheggsac(Wikimedia Cranshaw,Bumble bees(Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

155 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Apis mellifera Honey Bee 156 Additional resources: IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • www.utahbeekeepers.com www.beeremovalsource.com/bee-removal-list/utah local beekeepersassociation for hive orswarm extraction. areBees avaluable resource; consider your contacting Never plugentrance holesto nests! tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for beesseason-long. honey bees needed to distinguishbetween Africanized andEuropean genetic tests orprecise morphological measurements are European honeybees JuancountiesSan andare inUtah, more dangerous than Africanized honeybeesdoexist in Washington, Iron and people, aren’tswarms canalarm buttypically dangerous especially allergic individuals tonests andindividualbeesposeahealthrisk humans, pollen, nectar, honey occasionally swarm colony the winter perennial, surviving social yellow hairy andblack; 1/2 –5/8inchlong Flagstaffotos, Commons) Wikimedia Honey beeswarm (Fir0002/ Protective Haley, beesuit(Timothy USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Commons)Female wolf spiderwitheggsac(Wikimedia ofAgricultureFlorida Bugwood.org) Department andConsumer Services, Africanized honeybeeslookidentical to European honeybees(Jeffrey W. Lotz,

157 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Vespidae; Sphecidae 158 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Mason, Potter, MudDauber Wasps • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • area withsoapandwater. scrape from sideofbuildingorstructure, thencleannest inthemorning,Early remove bagor nest inagarbage Nest removal: wear protective beeveil, suitandgloves. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for wasp nestsfrom summer–fall. early species ofspiders may beconsidered beneficialsince theyprey onmany not aggressive nests poseaslight to healthrisk humans nectar spiders insects, or pipes nests canappearasclay pots, mudpatches ormudtubes eaves, etc. orunderwindowsills,mud nestsonsidesofstructures and rear haveoften anelongated segment between themiddle bluish tinge blackwitha various colorations: black; blackandyellow; 3/8 inch–1+incheslong Wikimedia Commons)Wikimedia Potter wasp (Bruce Marlin, Yellow N.Dell, andblackmuddauber(Johnny Bugwood.org) Blue mudwasp (Show Ryu, Commons)Wikimedia Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) dauber (Howard Mud Right: Ensign Evans, Center: Potter (Ogre Bot, Commons)Wikimedia Commons) Left: Pipe organ wasp (Wikimedia ofmason,potter andmuddaubernests.A variety

159 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Polistes spp. Paper Wasps 160 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nest area withsoapandwater to remove pheromones. inthemorning,Early crushnestandremove it, thenclean Nest removal: wear protective beeveil, suitandgloves. tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for nests from hornet summer–fall. early not asaggressive asyellowjackets orhornets tonests poseahealthrisk humans nectar insects the summermonths colonies spring; grow newevery throughout queens start nest isopen,umbrella shaped, withallwasps exposed hollow pipe, etc., orinplants/trees nest onbuildingeaves, play equipment, benches, any colony queens fall; overwinter fertilized diesoffevery social appear longerandmore slenderthanyellowjackets abdomen at anterior end gradually slopes long legsthat hanginflight black withyellowish-white face; nohairs 5/8 –3/4inchlong Right: PaperRight: wasp, Johnny N.Dell, Bugwood.org) Paper wasps (Left: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; Paper wasp nest (Whitney Cranshaw,Paper wasp nest(Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Paper wasp onnest(Alvesgaspar, Commons)Wikimedia

161 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Crabronidae: spp.; Bembix Spheciusspeciosus 162 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Sand Wasps and Cicada Killers • • • • • • • • • • • • • Eliminate sandyareas. orothercover.soil areas withturf Eliminate nestinghabitat by proactively renovating bare Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. especially insandyareas orareas wasp withprior activity. Monitor for burrows oraggregations summer–fall, early can give apainfulstingbutwasps are notaggressive tonests poseaminimalhealthrisk humans nectar, insects favorable sites are areas often ofbare sandyareas favorable sandysites intheground (notincolonies) solitary, nesttogether butoften (aggregations) in no hairs some have bright green eyes black wasps withyellowish markings 3/4 inch–15/8incheslong Cicada killer with cicada (Ronald F. with cicada(Ronald Cicada killer Billings, Texas Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Louque, (Jessica Smithers Cicada killer Viscient, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) sandwaspBembix (Howard Ensign Evans, Colorado State University,

163 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Luridae; VaejovidaeButhidae; Scorpions 164 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • stripping aroundstripping windows and doors. doorsweepsInstall and tight-fitting screens and weather harborage around buildings. Remove leaflitter, large andother mulch,debris Prune trees andshrubsupaway from theground. sources. air conditioners orotheroutsidewater leaky Repair Find and sealany openingsorcrevices walls. inexterior at night usingablacklight. aninspection conduct scorpions are inoraroundIf suspected astructure, control center for medicalinstructions. and immediately aphysician contact orthepoison Anyone stungby thescorpion ascorpion shouldcollect River scorpion, found alongtheColorado Utah onlyin southern istheArizonathe onlydeadlyscorpion inUtah bark most scorpion stingsare similarto beeorwasp stings and pain venom may causeswelling, inflammation, discoloration small arthropods protectedseek dark areas to hideindoors and come outat night to search for prey spend theday ontheground resting underneath objects glow afluorescent green/blue color underblacklight eight legsandpincer-like mouthparts long tailsequippedwithstingers long, thinsegmented bodies Arizona bark scorpion (Jim Kalisch, University ofNebraska-Lincoln) Kalisch, Arizona scorpion (Jim bark ElDamir, scorpion (Mohammed hairy Giant desert Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Common scorpion (Sturgis striped McKeever, University, Georgia Southern

165 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Halictidae (sweatHalictidae bee) Andrenidae (miningbee);Colletidae (plasterer bee); Solitary/Ground Bees 166 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • renovate nestingsite). from aggregations until theybecome (then inactive offareasRope withthesebees to keepindividuals away orothercover.soil areas withturf Eliminate nestinghabitat by proactively renovating bare Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for summer–fall. bumblebeenests early pollinators important can sting, butstingismild tonests poseaminimalhealthrisk humans nectar, pollen favorable sites are areas often ofbare soil favorable sites intheground (notincolonies) solitary, nesttogether butoften (aggregations) in coloration variable: brown to blackto metallicgreen 1/8 –3/4inchlong Sweat Sullivan, bee (Jon Commons)Wikimedia Immature female Berger, blackwidow (Joseph Bugwood.org) Plasterer Becker, bee(Michael Commons)Wikimedia Cranshaw, bee(Whitney ColoradoMining State University, Bugwood.org)

167 Stinging Insects Stinging Stinging Insects Vespula pensylvanica Western Yellowjacket 168 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Consider outsourcing yellowjacket management. immediately around entrance hole(s)at night. Apply anon-repellent dust inand insecticidal protective gear. notattempt Do whilepeopleare present. properly. Research theproper technique andalways wear nest. This technique canbedangerous ifnotdone Use awet-vac to vacuum yellowjackets, thendigup Never plugentrance holesto nests! tight-fitting screensInstall inwindows. crevices, holesintrees, wall voids, etc. in oldrodent burrows cracks and andsealingexterior by caving nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property Purchase anduseabeeveil, suitandgloves. Monitor for yellowjacket summer–fall. nestsearly scavenge outdoor events infallmaking dangerous to healthrisk humans nests poseaserious scavengers (meat, sugar, humanfood, etc.) nectar insects, the summermonths colonies spring; grow newevery throughout queens start nest inoldrodent burrows, holes, voids, structural etc. colony queens fall; overwinter fertilized diesoffevery social abdomen isblunt ontheanterior side yellow nohairs andblack; 3/8 –5/8inchlong Yellowjackets Cranshaw, (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Yellowjacket Cranshaw, nest (Whitney Colorado State University, Bugwood.org) Yellowjacket (Eugene Zelenko, Commons)Wikimedia

169 Stinging Insects Stinging Vertebrate Pests Chiroptera Bats 170 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Never handlebats withbare hands. measuresexclusionary taken. onsiding, etc.,markings to findopeningsthat need Use thepresence ofguano(bat feces) andgrease equipment. a building. This may takegreat and special effort allcracks andcrevicesSeal where bats may enter Avoid leaving where gapsinconstruction bats canroost. Keep screens ingoodrepair. doorsandwindowsKeep allexterior closed. batConstruct boxes asanalternative roosting site. thebuilding. butblocksthemfromstructures re-entering Exclude bats: usenettingthat allows bats to leave that enteraround through pipesandelectrical walls. Exclude cracks, bats: sealexterior crevices andareas young are present (late May –late July). NOTDo sealcracks andcrevices whenbats andtheir NOTDo bats; theyare protected kill by law! health hazard: could transmit histoplasmosis andrabies major disruptor to buildingoccupants insects some live year inUtah round; someare migratory cliffs andbuildings caves andmines, tree foliage, hollow trees, cracks inrock 18 speciesinUtah wingspan ranges from afew inchesto 17inches Bat exclusion withmesh(M.D. Tuttle, UCStatewide IPM Project) Silver hairbat Bishop-Boros, (Larisa Commons)Wikimedia Bugwood.org) Big brown bats (USDA Forest Research Station Southern Archive, Service

171 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 172 Peromyscus maniculatus Deer Mouse IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • warm weather. asfoodClear highweeds that andshelter serve during Train andcustodial staff kitchen to cleanthoroughly. baseboards, corners. especiallyindark placed towardUse withtriggers snap-traps the Store food inpest-proof containers. doorsclosed.Keep allexterior nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. conduits that enterelectrical buildingsthrough walls. cracks, exterior Seal crevices andareas around pipesand tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install miceDeer are onlyoccasional invaders inbuildings. and urine but potentially fatal lungdiseasefound inmousefeces ofHantavirus Syndrome, carrier Pulmonary known arare seeds, fruits, vegetation, berries, nutsandinsects move indoorswhenitgetscold outside areas around buildingsandout prefer rural areas includingfields, pastures, vegetative multiple speciesexist 6 incheslong, includingtail and earssmallerthanthat ofahousemouse brown to gray colored bodywithawhite belly, tail furry Deer mouse (Jack Kelly Clark, University ofCalifornia Statewide KellyClark, IPM mouse(Jack Deer Project) mouse(6thHappiness,Deer Commons)Wikimedia StateAdult Michigan University, deermouse(David Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

173 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 174 IPM Recommendations Significance Diets Nesting Habits Identification vulgaris Sturnus European Starling • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • infomation onlegalissuessurrounding control. starling Administrative Utah See Code R657-3-7 for more Reduce oreliminate feeding sites andwater sources. modify locations inotherways. deterrents suchasplasticormetalspinesonledges; ofthebuilding;use netting onsusceptible parts Exclude birds from nestingand roosting: installplastic federal, state andlocalregulations for bird management. Once thespeciesisconsidered aproblem, firstcheck make loudnoisesthat canbedisturbing their nestingsites withfeces contaminate sidewalks, vehicles, buildings, etc. around ectoparasites health concern; associated withover 25diseasesand grains, berries, fruitsandseeds andotherinvertebratesinsects some migrate southfor winter; othersremain year round feathers materials andothersoft build nestsfrom grasses, linedwith anddebris twigs holes, nooksandcrannies inandaround structures, etc. nest inbuildingcavities, ledges, vents, tree cavities or eggs: white to light blue, spots somewithdark andshort-tailed stocky withwhite andgoldinwinterheavily speckled black withgreen-purple sheeninsummerandspring 7 1/2–8incheslong European (Lee starlings Karney, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Bugwood.org) Service, European (Pierre starling Selim, Commons)Wikimedia Starling nestandeggs (ChrisStarling Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org)

175 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 176 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Ictidomys; Urocitellus; Spermophilus Ground Squirrels • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Remove brushpilesanddebris. Bait withappropriately labeledrodenticides, ifnecessary. before settingtraps. Prebait (bait traps without settingthem)for afew days large. burrows, to managebefore thepopulation becomes too Periodically monitor for signs ofinfestation, suchasnew October). Conibear traps whensquirrels are (February active – populations areIf small, usebox traps, tunneltraps or from bark strip young trees awiderange ofdiseases carry foundations vegetation, collapse ditch building banksandundermine candestroyburrowing lawns activity andother grasses, alfalfa,grains, ornamental plants, seedsandnuts nosoilplugs surface; burrows 5to 30ormore feet long;2to 6feet below soil hibernate cold during winter months theday during active populations range from 2to 20squirrels peracre live incolonies andbuildunderground burrow systems burrow openingsabout4inchesindiameter brownish-gray fur tails 2–9incheslongandlessfluffythana tree squirrel’s many sizes; bodiesupto 11incheslong Bugwood.org) Ground squirrel Burrows, burrow entrance State Montana (Mary University, Belding’s ground squirrel (Yathin S.Krishnappa, Commons)Wikimedia Wyoming ground squirrel (JTchagbele, Commons)Wikimedia

177 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 178 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits females: males: Identification Passer domesticus SparrowHouse/English • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • angle) over ledges. slantedInstall metal, plexiglass orwooden boards (45° Close allopenings larger than3/4inch. Reduce oreliminate theirfeeding sites andwater sources. metal spinesonledges. roosting andnestingorusedeterrents suchasplasticor ofthebuildingusedfor plasticnetting onparts Install contaminate many different materials with droppings ectoparasites heath concern; associated withover 29diseasesand feed andfood insects refuse to young grains, seeds, garden plants andfruit frequentlydebris; reuse nestingsites build nestsfrom grass, straw, feathers, string, paperand eaves, etc.) ledges, ingutters, signs andlight andunder fixtures nest inprotected areas inornearbuildings(e.g., on yellowish beak underside brownishdusky above gray stripes andgray withblackish large blackpatch underbeak underside browndark streaked withblackabove andgray about 6incheslong Sparrows Shron (Deena Chadi, BankStreet College ofEducation, Bugwood.org) Occi, BugPics,Sparrow andnestlings(Jim Bugwood.org) House sparrow USDA (Greg APHISPPQ, Bartman, Bugwood.org)

179 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 180 House Mouse IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification musculus Mus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Clean food preparation areas thoroughly. Use multiplebaits:peanut butter, hotdogs, floss, etc. baseboards, corners. especially indark Use snaptraps placed toward withtriggers the bait boxes. Monitor withnon-toxic baitblocksintamper-resistant Store food inpest-proof containers. doorsclosed.Keep allexterior Move dumpsters at least50feet from buildings. nestinghabitat aroundMinimize property. Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. conduits that enterelectrical buildingsthrough walls. cracks, exterior Seal crevices andareas around pipesand tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install scare people contaminate food, damageproperty, spread disease stored food products, humanfood, seeds produce heat corners,indoors: dark especiallybehindappliances that and heat prefers to nestinprotected areas nearafood supply and 5 –8incheslong, includingtail body combined tail isnakedandaboutthesamelengthashead large ears brown to gray colored furwithalighter colored bellyand House mouse (Jack Kelly Clark, University ofCalifornia Statewide Kelly Clark, IPMHouse mouse (Jack Project) House mouse(Xocolatl, Commons)Wikimedia Commons) House mouse(Wikimedia

181 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 182 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification norvegicus norvegicus Rattus Rattus Norway Rat • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Clean food preparation areas thoroughly. triggers. triggers. Desensitize therats for aweek before settingthe When trapping, puttraps out withbait, butdonotsetthe Use multiplebaits:peanutbutter, meat, candy, etc. indropobjects, ceilings, andareas withdroppings, etc. baseboards, corners andbehind especiallyindark Use snaptraps placed toward withtriggers the Store food inpest-proof containers. doorsclosed.Keep allexterior Move dumpsters at least50feet from buildings. Remove weeds andlow-growing ornamentals/covers. Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. that enter buildingsthroughelectrical walls. cracks, exterior Seal crevices andareas around pipesand tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install nuisance inandaround buildings ruin stored food products can transmit disease;humanhealthconcern highly varied: any food etc. product, trash, carrion, common underconcretevery slabs like low-growing vegetation, rock piles, etc. nest inburrows intheground gray to reddish brown; grayish typically brown average lengthis16inches Norway rat (David Norway Shankbone, Commons)Wikimedia rat (TomasNorway Cekanavicius, Commons)Wikimedia Commons) Wikimedia Service, Park rat (NationalNorway

183 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 184 Geomyidae Pocket Gophers IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rodenticides. Carefully read andfollow thepesticide labelwhenusing were successful control andto quickly newpopulations. Monitor problem areas to ensure trapping and baiting burrows. Bait larger populations by into placingbaitdirectly populations, ifapplicable. Consider floodirrigation to help control gopher Surround trees andshrubswith3/8inchhardware cloth. burrows. in lateral burrows andclosedbox-style traps inmain Trap pincer pocketgophers usingtwo-pronged traps treesharm andchewingonroots by bark stripping damage underground pipes cables andirrigation utility damage lawns, andagricultural gardens, fields sports trees prefer dandelionroots, alfalfa,grasses, shrubs, roots and matingduring seasonorwhenfemales have offspring usually onlyoneindividualpertunnelsystem except yearactive round mounds ofexcavated soilat thesurface undergroundconstruct burrows andleave fan-shaped incisor teeth always visible tails hairless short, light brown to brownish blackfur 6 –13incheslong University, Bugwood.org) Pocket gopherburrow entrance (Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State Pocket gophermounds(USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Pocket gopher(IanSilvernail, Commons)Wikimedia

185 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests Columba livia Rock Pigeon 186 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • monofilament andsteel lines, coils, and slopedsurfaces. Use deterrents suchasmetalorplasticspikes, Keep outdoor areas cleanandeliminate water sources. rustproof iron mesh. Close buildingopeningswithwood, metal, glassor Exclude pigeonswithbird netting. major nuisance pest infest unprotected ventilation units ducts/exhaust allowed to accumulate pigeon droppings may poseahealthhazard when for themintentionally orunintentionally by people garbage, livestock manure, orotherfood insects provided grainprimarily andseeds ledges, andbuildingsurfaces bridges nest onflat, covered suchassheltered cliff surfaces crude platform build nestsoutoftwigs, grasses andsticksto form a 12 –15incheslong most have rainbow-like throat feathers bands onthewingsandablacktipto thetail variable incolor, butmostare bluishgray withtwo black Commons) (Alpsdake, Wikimedia pigeon Rock Rock pigeons (Terry Spivey, pigeons(Terry Rock USDA Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Rock pigeon(LeeRock Karney, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Bugwood.org) Service,

187 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 188 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification Mephitidae Skunks • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Contact aprofessional to trap andremove theskunk. Leave exits opento allow itto leave onits own. enters askunk astructure,If donotharass it. ordisturb under thestructure. with afinewire mesh to prevent from skunks denning buildingswithout concreteIn foundations, sealallholes Eliminate potential densites andfood sources outdoors. control. Check localregulations for management to skunk prior odorous defensive spray food; leave holes bare patches andsmallcone-shaped may damagelawns andathletic fields by digging for parasites ofdiseases, carriers suchasrabies,known of andavariety and young birds fruits, vegetables, smallrodents, insects, reptiles, eggs wide range ofplant and animalmaterial includingberries, atmost active night animals, exceptsolitary for mating winter andduring areas, sheds, understructures, etc. build densinbrushpiles, pipes, openirrigation storage orcornereddisturbed release odorous spray (distance of8–15feet) when andabouthalfthesize ofahousecat markings spotted are skunks blackwithwhite length ofthebody; black furandtwo broad white runningthe stripes about thesize ofahousecat Park Service, Commons)Wikimedia Western spotted (National skunk (Alfred skunk Striped University,Viola, Northeastern Bugwood.org) Skunk damagetoSkunk lawn (Ohio State University Extension)

189 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 190 IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification spp.Sciurus Tree Squirrels • • • • • • • • • • • • also available for squirrel control. points and thenrelease outside.entry Lethal traps are Use live traps to remove squirrels from buildings, seal sleeves over wires). electrical company(consult theelectrical for assistance ifplacing or using2foot of2-3inchpipe over lines sections utility wide collar ormetal6feet offthe ground around thetree, Keep squirrels from climbingtrees by installinga2-foot- with hardware cloth. Exclude entrances squirrels by into blocking buildings insulation can enter buildingsanddamagewalls, wires and humans israre diseases, buttransmission tominor healthconcern; carry and fungi mainly feed onnutsandacorns, seeds, berries, tree bark or to nest occasionally enter attics andgarages for food andshelter build nestsintree cavities orontree branches thickfurandbushy tail short, underside pale ordark white, grayish, yellowish, reddish orbrownish above with tail 4–14incheslong head andbody6–15incheslong Tree squirrel nestmade from leaves (NatureServe, Flickr.com) and twigs University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org) Mengak, squirrelRed (Michael Fox Berger, squirrel (Joseph Bugwood.org)

191 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate Vertebrate Pests 192 spp.Microtus Voles IPM Recommendations Significance Diet Nesting Habits Identification • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Rodenticides may be necessary forRodenticides may control benecessary inlarge areas. warm weather.during ornamental plantings that provide food andshelter Eliminate weeds, ground cover, mulchanddense Use snaptraps placed invole withtriggers runways. doorsclosed.Keep allexterior Reduce clutter indoorsandoutdoors. conduits that enterelectrical buildingsthrough walls. cracks, exterior Seal crevices andareas around pipesand tight-fitting doorsweeps.Install become establishedindoors occasionally enter buildingsby accident, butdonot andornamental plantings cause damageto turf plants, tubers, bark prefer areas ground ofheavy cover burrow intheground alongrunways make runways/tunnels inturf, mulch,etc. hairs tailwithshort hairy 3 –6incheslong Vole damage in turf (Ryan Davis,Vole (Ryan State Utah University Extension) damageinturf Vole damageto (USDA bark Forest Bugwood.org) Service, Vole size R., comparison (Manuel Commons)Wikimedia

193 Vertebrate Pests Vertebrate References 194 Buildings. Colorado State University Extension. Handbook for Colorado Schools, Childcare &Public Settings Young, D., Armenta, R.,andBerry, G.2012.Pest Identification Pests,Structural 2ndEdition. Smith, E. H.,and Whitman, R.C.2008.NMPA Field Guideto Extension. Nebraska-Lincoln in Sensitive Environments: AHow To Manual. University of Ogg, C.L.,andBauer, E. 2012.Integrated Pest Management Publications. HandbookofPestMallis Control, 10thed. Cleveland: GIE Mallis, A.,Moreland, D., andHedges, S.A.2011. The ofPublic Health. Department Illinois andDayin Schools Care Centers, Region. Midwest State of Colwell, C.,andPehlman, D. 2010.Common Pests Found References Wikimedia CommonsWikimedia University ofNebraska University ofCalifornia Statewide IPM Program StateUtah University Ohio State University Flickr.com Britannica Encyclopedia Discoverlife.org Colorado State University Bugwood.org Bugguide.net Antweb.org Image References

195 References The original version of this handbook was produced by Colorado State University Extension with funding provided by Colorado State University Extension, the Colorado Department of Agriculture, USDA NIFA and The IPM Institute of North America, Inc.

The updated version of this handbook was produced by Utah State University Extension and Colorado State University Extension with funding provided by Utah State University Extension and the Environmental Protection Agency.

For help with your pest-diagnostic needs, please call the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab at 435-797-2435 or visit utahpests.usu.edu.

Utah State University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution.