Moth Hearing and Sound Communication

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Moth Hearing and Sound Communication J Comp Physiol A (2015) 201:111–121 DOI 10.1007/s00359-014-0945-8 REVIEW Moth hearing and sound communication Ryo Nakano · Takuma Takanashi · Annemarie Surlykke Received: 17 July 2014 / Revised: 13 September 2014 / Accepted: 15 September 2014 / Published online: 27 September 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract Active echolocation enables bats to orient notion of moths predominantly being silent. Sexual sound and hunt the night sky for insects. As a counter-measure communication in moths may apply to many eared moths, against the severe predation pressure many nocturnal perhaps even a majority. The low intensities and high fre- insects have evolved ears sensitive to ultrasonic bat calls. quencies explain that this was overlooked, revealing a bias In moths bat-detection was the principal purpose of hear- towards what humans can sense, when studying (acoustic) ing, as evidenced by comparable hearing physiology with communication in animals. best sensitivity in the bat echolocation range, 20–60 kHz, across moths in spite of diverse ear morphology. Some Keywords Co-evolution · Sensory exploitation · eared moths subsequently developed sound-producing Ultrasound · Echolocating bats · Predator-prey organs to warn/startle/jam attacking bats and/or to com- municate intraspecifically with sound. Not only the sounds for interaction with bats, but also mating signals are within Introduction the frequency range where bats echolocate, indicating that sound communication developed after hearing by “sensory Insect hearing and sound communication is a fascinating exploitation”. Recent findings on moth sound communica- subject, where the combination of many classical studies tion reveal that close-range (~ a few cm) communication and recent progress using new technological and molecular with low-intensity ultrasounds “whispered” by males dur- methods provide an unsurpassed system for studying and ing courtship is not uncommon, contrary to the general understanding the evolution of acoustic communication, intraspecific as well as between predator and prey. Sound is fairly easy to quantify allowing for estimates of commu- R. Nakano nication distances and thus inferences about communica- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, tion partners. Also, we can simulate sounds and therefore Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan do experiments to test the importance of specific acoustic features in the sound signals. R. Nakano Moths have been particularly attractive because the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, predator, echolocating bats, is so well defined and the Canada predator–prey interaction restricted to audition. These facts probably explain that the bat–moth model has found its T. Takanashi way into many textbooks as a clear-cut example of co-evo- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, lution, leading to adjustment of sensory physiology as well Japan as behaviors in predator and prey. Several authors beginning with the “father of moth hear- * A. Surlykke ( ) ing physiology”, Roeder (Roeder 1974) and later many Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark others, in particular Fullard (Fullard 1998), have written e-mail: [email protected] excellent broad reviews outlining the sensory ecology of 1 3 112 J Comp Physiol A (2015) 201:111–121 acoustic adaptations of many moth species from areas with Pyraloidea, as well as in Drepanoidea the ears are found different selection pressure from a varying number of sym- at the base of the abdomen and have four sensory cells, patric bats. Our aim with this review is not to repeat what A1-A4. In those Sphingidae (Bombycoidea) species, which they already did, but to build upon their data and update can hear, ears are located on the proboscis. Thus, moth ears with many new findings. are highly diverse in placement and morphology, but quite similar in shape of the threshold curve. Even in Hedyloi- dea, the nocturnal sister group to butterflies, the ears at the Moth hearing wing base are tuned to ultrasonic frequencies comparable to other nocturnal Lepidoptera. Ears have evolved independently in many insect groups, The frequency range of hearing is roughly the same in presumably reflecting the fact that with an exoskeleton it all moth groups: the ears are most sensitive to ultrasonic is “easy” to make an ear from mechanoreceptors attach- frequencies with best frequencies ~20–60 kHz for the most ing to the surface (Fullard and Yack 1993; van Staaden sensitive A-cell, A1 (Fig. 1). In general, there is a cor- and Römer 1998). In moths, tympanal hearing organs have relation between size and best frequency, such that large evolved independently at least five times (Minet and Sur- moths are tuned to lower frequencies than smaller moths lykke 2003; Greenfield 2014). In the superfamily Noc- (Surlykke et al. 1999). In moths with two or four sensory tuoidea, the ear is placed on the metathoracic segment and receptors, the A2-A4 cells have higher thresholds, extend- has two sensory cells, A1 and A2, except in the Notodonti- ing the dynamic range of the ear from the approximate dae, where only one A-cell is found. In Geometroidea and 20 dB of each cell. In all moths, where threshold curves Fig. 1 Hearing in moths. Ears and hearing threshold curves for (Tym) in its frame with scolopidia 1–4 viewed from the dorsal cham- moths from three different superfamilies. a Noctuoidea have ears on ber. The lower panel shows threshold curves for female (red), male the metathorax with two sensory cells attached directly to the tympa- (blue), and average (black) Drepana arcuata. (Surlykke et al. 2003). c num (Tym). The lower panel shows individual and average thresholds Some hawkmoths, Sphingidae (Bombycoidea) have ears made of the for the most sensitive A-cell in Axylia putris (Noctuidae) from Den- palp and pilifer mouthparts. In upper left panel the right palp (par) mark. b Drepanoidea, hook tip moths, have ears (upper left, black and of the Death’s head moth, Acherontia atropos, has been deflected white arrows showing location) with internal tympanal membranes to show the pilifer (pir). The scale-plate (asterisk) on the palp func- as a partition wall between the dorsal (dc) and ventral (vc) air cham- tions as tympanum. Threshold curves for A. atropos are shown below bers. Sound presumably enters through the anterior external mem- (adapted from Göpfert et al. 2002) brane (aem). Below representation of the curved tympanic membrane 1 3 J Comp Physiol A (2015) 201:111–121 113 have been determined also for less sensitive sensory cells, produce sounds in the bat frequency range also supports the the best frequency (frequency with the lowest threshold) is notion that moth ears evolved originally to detect bats. If the same for all the A-cells of the ear, which means that moth ears pre-existed sound production, the sensory bias moths are tone-deaf and cannot discriminate between dif- (Ryan et al. 2001) forced males to produce sounds that ferent frequencies (Miller and Surlykke 2001; ter Hofstede would fall into the sensitive frequency range of the females et al. 2011, 2013). The sensitivity at the best frequency is (Nakano et al. 2013; Greenfield 2014). In the following in the range of 25–45 dB SPL. Sensitivity is also corre- section, we will discuss the three main scenarios for sound lated to size, such that larger moths are not only tuned to communication in moths: (1) interspecific acoustic interac- lower frequencies, but also more sensitive (Surlykke et al. tion with bats, (2) long- and short-distance loud intraspe- 1999). Moth species vary greatly in size, and larger moths cific sexual communication, and (3) short-distance whis- should be more conspicuous to bats because they provide pering “private” intraspecific communication. a larger reflective surface for echolocation calls and thus a greater target strength, which will enable echolocating bats to detect them at greater distances than small moths. Moth sound communication The lower thresholds of larger moths compensate for their increased conspicuousness to bats by enabling them to Loud sound production for interspecific interaction also detect bats at greater distances, and relative detection with bats distances are roughly constant across moth sizes: In spite of less sensitive hearing, moths can detect bats around ten Many species from one family, Arctiidae (subfamily Arc- times the distance where bats can detect moths, because tiinae in the family Erebidae), within the superfamily Noc- moths are detecting the outgoing sound, while bats detect tuoidea, have evolved sound-producing organs, tymbals, the small fraction of sound returned as an echo. Thus, on the metathorax. Both males and females react to bat moths can detect bats at ca. 20–100 m, while bats can sounds by emitting intense ultrasonic clicks, either sin- detect moths (1–10 m) (Surlykke et al. 1999; Surlykke and gle clicks or trains of clicks depending upon whether the Kalko 2008). tymbal is smooth or striated with microtymbals. It seems There are several facts strongly suggesting that moth obvious that the clicks increase the survival chance of the ears evolved to detect echolocating bats: (1) the tuning of moth, but also evaluate the distance to the approaching bat all moth ears to bat frequency range in spite of morphologi- based on the repetition rate of the bat calls to elicit clicking cal differences (Fig. 1), (2) the positive correlation between (Fullard et al. 2007b; Ratcliffe et al. 2009). However, the how actively moths fly at night and their auditory sensitiv- exact function of clicks has been much debated. The three ity (ter Hofstede et al. 2008), (3) the absence of intraspe- most likely, non-mutually exclusive, hypotheses are star- cific acoustic communication in most moths (but see Sect.
Recommended publications
  • Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; Download Unter
    ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Entomofauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Band 28, Heft 28: 377-388 ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. November 2007 Phytophagous Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) of the Western Black Sea Region and their ichneumonid parasitoids Z. OKYAR & M. YURTCAN Abstract Eleven agricultural and silviculturally important species of Noctuidae and their parasitoids were determined in 33 localities from the Western Black Sea region between 2001 and 2004. The ichneumonid biological control agents Enicospilus ramidulus, Barylypa amabilis and Itoplectis alternans were obtained by rearing the host larvae. K e y w o r d s : Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, parasitoidism, Western Black Sea Region, Turkey Zusammenfassung 11 land- und forstwirtschaftlich bedeutende Noctuidae-Arten einschließlich ihrer Parasitoide aus 33 Standorten des Gebietes des westlichen Schwarzen Meeres wurden im Zeitraum 2001 bis 2004 studiert. Ichneumonidae der Arten Enicospilus ramidulus, Barylypa amabilis and Itoplectis alternans konnten durch Aufzucht der Wirtslarven festgestellt werden. 377 ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Introduction The Noctuidae is the largest family of the Lepidoptera. Larvae of some species are par- ticularly harmful to agricultural and silvicultural regions worldwide. Consequently, for years intense efforts have been carried out to control them through chemical, biological, and cultural methods (LIBURD et al. 2000; HOBALLAH et al. 2004; TOPRAK & GÜRKAN 2005). In the field, noctuid control is often carried out by parasitoid wasps (CHO et al. 2006). Ichneumonids are one of the most prevalent parasitoid groups of noctuids but they also parasitize on other many Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Araneae (KASPARYAN 1981; FITTON et al. 1987, 1988; GAULD & BOLTON 1988; WAHL 1993; GEORGIEV & KOLAROV 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • View General Report 2004
    Lancashire & Cheshire Fauna Society GENERAL REPORT 2004 Edited by Frank Walsh and Dave Bickerton Lancashire & Cheshire Fauna Society Publication No. 105 GENERAL REPORT 2004 Edited by Frank Walsh and Dave Bickerton Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Society General Report 2004 CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................... F. Walsh .............. 3 Cetaceans in Lancashire, Merseyside, Cheshire and south Cumbria .......... S. J. Hayhow ............. 4 Early records of Polecat, Red Kites & Grass Snakes from North Merseyside ......................................................................... M. E. Greenhalgh ............ 14 Marine Turtles in Lancashire & Cheshire ................................................... S. J. Hayhow ........... 17 The Fylde Natterjack Toad colony ............................... J. Buckley, M. Jones & F. Walsh ............ 20 The Freshwater Fishes of Lancashire, Merseyside & Cheshire ........... M. E. Greenhalgh ............ 23 Recent dragonfly records: with particular reference to the Fylde ...................... F. Walsh ............ 34 The colonization of central and north Lancashire by Comma and Speckled Wood Butterflies ..................................................... J. Wilson & F. Walsh ............ 37 A Checklist of the Macrolepidoptera of Lancashire & Cheshire .................... A. Creaser ........... 45 Rules of the Society ...................................................................................... D. Bickerton
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Alternative Pollinators a Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists
    Managing Alternative Pollinators A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists ERIC MADER • MARLA SPIVAK • ELAINE EVANS Fair Use of this PDF file of Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists, SARE Handbook 11, NRAES-186 By Eric Mader, Marla Spivak, and Elaine Evans Co-published by SARE and NRAES, February 2010 You can print copies of the PDF pages for personal use. If a complete copy is needed, we encourage you to purchase a copy as described below. Pages can be printed and copied for educational use. The book, authors, SARE, and NRAES should be acknowledged. Here is a sample acknowledgement: ----From Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists, SARE Handbook 11, by Eric Mader, Marla Spivak, and Elaine Evans, and co- published by SARE and NRAES.---- No use of the PDF should diminish the marketability of the printed version. If you have questions about fair use of this PDF, contact NRAES. Purchasing the Book You can purchase printed copies on NRAES secure web site, www.nraes.org, or by calling (607) 255-7654. The book can also be purchased from SARE, visit www.sare.org. The list price is $23.50 plus shipping and handling. Quantity discounts are available. SARE and NRAES discount schedules differ. NRAES PO Box 4557 Ithaca, NY 14852-4557 Phone: (607) 255-7654 Fax: (607) 254-8770 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nraes.org SARE 1122 Patapsco Building University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742-6715 (301) 405-8020 (301) 405-7711 – Fax www.sare.org More information on SARE and NRAES is included at the end of this PDF.
    [Show full text]
  • Heathland 700 the Park & Poor's Allotment Species List
    The Park & Poor's Allotment Bioblitz 25th - 26th July 2015 Common Name Scientific Name [if known] Site recorded Fungus Xylaria polymorpha Dead Man's Fingers Both Amanita excelsa var. excelsa Grey Spotted Amanita Poor's Allotment Panaeolus sp. Poor's Allotment Phallus impudicus var. impudicus Stinkhorn The Park Mosses Sphagnum denticulatum Cow-horn Bog-moss Both Sphagnum fimbriatum Fringed Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum papillosum Papillose Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum squarrosum Spiky Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum palustre Blunt-leaved Bog-moss Poor's Allotment Atrichum undulatum Common Smoothcap Both Polytrichum commune Common Haircap The Park Polytrichum formosum Bank Haircap Both Polytrichum juniperinum Juniper Haircap The Park Tetraphis pellucida Pellucid Four-tooth Moss The Park Schistidium crassipilum Thickpoint Grimmia Poor's Allotment Fissidens taxifolius Common Pocket-moss The Park Ceratodon purpureus Redshank The Park Dicranoweisia cirrata Common Pincushion Both Dicranella heteromalla Silky Forklet-moss Both Dicranella varia Variable Forklet-moss The Park Dicranum scoparium Broom Fork-moss Both Campylopus flexuosus Rusty Swan-neck Moss Poor's Allotment Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss Both Campylopus pyriformis Dwarf Swan-neck Moss The Park Bryoerythrophyllum Red Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Barbula convoluta Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss The Park Didymodon fallax Fallacious Beard-moss The Park Didymodon insulanus Cylindric Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Zygodon conoideus Lesser Yoke-moss The Park Zygodon viridissimus Green Yoke-moss
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants Established in the United States That Are Found In
    Stellaria media Common chickweed Introduction The genus Stellaria contains approximately 190 species, occurring primarily in the temperate regions. Sixty-four species have been reported in China[12]. Taxonomy Order: Centrospermae Suborder: Caryophyllineae Family: Caryophyllaceae Subfamily: Alsinoideae Vierh. Tribe: Alsineae Pax Subtribe: Stellarinae Aschers. et apex and attenuate or subcordate base, stage of crop growth of wheat, rape and Graebn. lower leaf is petioled. The inflorescence some vegetables. It is also poisonous [39, 108, 187] Genus: Stellaria L. is a terminal cyme. The sepals are, to poultry . Section: Stellaria ovate lanceolate, about 4 mm in length, Subsection: Stellaria slightly obtuse or suborbicular apically Related Species Series: Petiolares Fenal and covered with short glandular hairs S. media var. micrantha (Hayata) T. S. Species: Stellaria media (L.) outside. Shorter than sepals, each Liu & S. S. Ying, native to Taiwan, is Cyr. petal is white, oblong, nearly bisected. a perennial herb. Its petals are nearly Shorter than petals, stamens are 3-5 equal to sepals, which are 2-2.5 mm Description with 3 linear styles. Slightly longer long, whereas S. media var. media has [12] Stellaria media is an annual or biennual than the persistent calyx, capsules are longer sepals and shorter petals . S. herb that can reach 10-30 cm in height. ovate, 6-lobed apically. The flowers media and five additional members The stem is light purplish red with one bloom from June to July and followed of the genus Stellaria are regarded as or two rows of hairs on the surface, and by fruits in July through August. The unwelcome plants in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier Area, Swellendam
    Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam by Johannes Philippus Groenewald Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science in Conservation Ecology in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael J. Samways Co-supervisor: Dr. Ruan Veldtman December 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis, for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology, is my own work that have not been previously published in full or in part at any other University. All work that are not my own, are acknowledge in the thesis. ___________________ Date: ____________ Groenewald J.P. Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly I want to thank my supervisor Prof. M. J. Samways for his guidance and patience through the years and my co-supervisor Dr. R. Veldtman for his help the past few years. This project would not have been possible without the help of Prof. H. Geertsema, who helped me with the identification of the Lepidoptera and other insect caught in the study area. Also want to thank Dr. K. Oberlander for the help with the identification of the Oxalis species found in the study area and Flora Cameron from CREW with the identification of some of the special plants growing in the area. I further express my gratitude to Dr. Odette Curtis from the Overberg Renosterveld Project, who helped with the identification of the rare species found in the study area as well as information about grazing and burning of Renosterveld.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Update: June 2013 the Monte Iberia Plateau at The
    Project Update: June 2013 The Monte Iberia plateau at the Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (AHNP) was visited in April and June of 2013. A total of 152 butterflies and moths grouped in 22 families were recorded. In total, 31 species of butterflies belonging to five families were observed, all but two new records to area (see list below). Six species and 12 subspecies are Cuban endemics, including five endemics restricted to the Nipe-Sagua- Baracoa. In total, 108 species of moths belonging to 17 families were registered, including 25 endemic species of which five inhabit exclusively the NSB Mountains (see list below). In total, 52 butterflies and endemic moth species were photographed to be included in a guide of butterflies and endemic moths inhabiting Monte Iberia. Vegetation types sampled were the evergreen forests, rainforest, and charrascals (scrub on serpentine soil) at both north and southern slopes of Monte Iberia plateau Sixteen butterfly species were observed in transects. Park authorities were contacted in preparation on a workshop to capacitate park staff. Butterfly and moth species recorded at different vegetation types of Monte Iberia plateau in April and June of 2013. Symbols and abbreviations: ***- Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa endemic, **- Cuban endemic species, *- Cuban endemic subspecies, F- species photographed, vegetation types: DV- disturbed vegetation, EF- evergreen forest, RF- rainforest, CH- charrascal. "BUTTERFLIES" PAPILIONIDAE Papilioninae Heraclides pelaus atkinsi *F/EF/RF Heraclides thoas oviedo *F/CH Parides g. gundlachianus **F/EF/RF/CH HESPERIIDAE Hesperiinae Asbolis capucinus F/RF/CH Choranthus radians F/EF/CH Cymaenes tripunctus EF Perichares p. philetes F/CH Pyrginae Burca cubensis ***F/RF/CH Ephyriades arcas philemon F/EF/RF Ephyriades b.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera
    Chapter 6 Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera Michael D. Greenfield Abstract Pair formation in moths typically involves pheromones, but some pyra- loid and noctuoid species use sound in mating communication. The signals are generally ultrasound, broadcast by males, and function in courtship. Long-range advertisement songs also occur which exhibit high convergence with commu- nication in other acoustic species such as orthopterans and anurans. Tympanal hearing with sensitivity to ultrasound in the context of bat avoidance behavior is widespread in the Lepidoptera, and phylogenetic inference indicates that such perception preceded the evolution of song. This sequence suggests that male song originated via the sensory bias mechanism, but the trajectory by which ances- tral defensive behavior in females—negative responses to bat echolocation sig- nals—may have evolved toward positive responses to male song remains unclear. Analyses of various species offer some insight to this improbable transition, and to the general process by which signals may evolve via the sensory bias mechanism. 6.1 Introduction The acoustic world of Lepidoptera remained for humans largely unknown, and this for good reason: It takes place mostly in the middle- to high-ultrasound fre- quency range, well beyond our sensitivity range. Thus, the discovery and detailed study of acoustically communicating moths came about only with the use of electronic instruments sensitive to these sound frequencies. Such equipment was invented following the 1930s, and instruments that could be readily applied in the field were only available since the 1980s. But the application of such equipment M. D. Greenfield (*) Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l’insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France e-mail: [email protected] B.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Techniques in Animal Ecology
    Research Techniques in Animal Ecology Methods and Cases in Conservation Science Mary C. Pearl, Editor Methods and Cases in Conservation Science Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon Thomas K. Rudel and Bruce Horowitz Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Population Management for Survival and Recovery: Analytical Methods and Strategies in Small Population Conservation Jonathan D. Ballou, Michael Gilpin, and Thomas J. Foose, Conserving Wildlife: International Education and Communication Approaches Susan K. Jacobson Remote Sensing Imagery for Natural Resources Management: A First Time User’s Guide David S. Wilkie and John T. Finn At the End of the Rainbow? Gold, Land, and People in the Brazilian Amazon Gordon MacMillan Perspectives in Biological Diversity Series Conserving Natural Value Holmes Rolston III Series Editor, Mary C. Pearl Series Advisers, Christine Padoch and Douglas Daly Research Techniques in Animal Ecology Controversies and Consequences Luigi Boitani and Todd K. Fuller Editors C COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2000 by Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research techniques in animal ecology : controversies and consequences / Luigi Boitani and Todd K. Fuller, editors. p. cm. — (Methods and cases in conservation science) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0–231–11340–4 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 0–231–11341–2 (paper : alk. paper) 1. Animal ecology—Research—Methodology. I. Boitani, Luigi. II. Fuller, T. K. III. Series. QH541.2.R47 2000 591.7′07′2—dc21 99–052230 ϱ Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of Lepidoptera Associated with Bird Nests in Mid-Wales
    Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 130 (2018) 249 NATURAL HISTORY OF LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH BIRD NESTS IN MID-WALES D. H. B OYES Bridge Cottage, Middletown, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 8DG. (E-mail: [email protected]) Abstract Bird nests can support diverse communities of invertebrates, including moths (Lepidoptera). However, the understanding of the natural history of these species is incomplete. For this study, 224 nests, from 16 bird species, were collected and the adult moths that emerged were recorded. The majority of nests contained moths, with 4,657 individuals of ten species recorded. Observations are made on the natural history of each species and some novel findings are reported. The absence of certain species is discussed. To gain deeper insights into the life histories of these species, it would be useful to document the feeding habits of the larvae in isolation. Keywords : Commensal, detritivore, fleas, moths, Tineidae. Introduction Bird nests represent concentrated pockets of organic resources (including dead plant matter, feathers, faeces and other detritus) and can support a diverse invertebrate fauna. A global checklist compiled by Hicks (1959; 1962; 1971) lists eighteen insect orders associated with bird nests, and a study in England identified over 120 insect species, spanning eight orders (Woodroffe, 1953). Moths are particularly frequent occupants of bird nests, but large gaps in knowledge and some misapprehensions remain. For example, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel, 1823) was widely thought to infest human habitations via bird nests, which acted as natural population reservoirs. However, it has recently been discovered that this non-native species seldom occurs in rural bird nests and can be regarded as wholly synanthropic in Europe, where it was introduced from Africa around the turn of the 19th century (Plarre & Krüger- Carstensen, 2011; Plarre, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List
    Yorkhill Green Spaces Wildlife Species List April 2021 update Yorkhill Green Spaces Species list Draft list of animals, plants, fungi, mosses and lichens recorded from Yorkhill, Glasgow. Main sites: Yorkhill Park, Overnewton Park and Kelvinhaugh Park (AKA Cherry Park). Other recorded sites: bank of River Kelvin at Bunhouse Rd/ Old Dumbarton Rd, Clyde Expressway path, casual records from streets and gardens in Yorkhill. Species total: 711 Vertebrates: Amhibians:1, Birds: 57, Fish: 7, Mammals (wild): 15 Invertebrates: Amphipods: 1, Ants: 3, Bees: 26, Beetles: 21, Butterflies: 11, Caddisflies: 2, Centipedes: 3, Earthworms: 2, Earwig: 1, Flatworms: 1, Flies: 61, Grasshoppers: 1, Harvestmen: 2, Lacewings: 2, Mayflies: 2, Mites: 4, Millipedes: 3, Moths: 149, True bugs: 13, Slugs & snails: 21, Spiders: 14, Springtails: 2, Wasps: 13, Woodlice: 5 Plants: Flowering plants: 174, Ferns: 5, Grasses: 13, Horsetail: 1, Liverworts: 7, Mosses:17, Trees: 19 Fungi and lichens: Fungi: 24, Lichens: 10 Conservation Status: NameSBL - Scottish Biodiversity List Priority Species Birds of Conservation Concern - Red List, Amber List Last Common name Species Taxon Record Common toad Bufo bufo amphiban 2012 Australian landhopper Arcitalitrus dorrieni amphipod 2021 Black garden ant Lasius niger ant 2020 Red ant Myrmica rubra ant 2021 Red ant Myrmica ruginodis ant 2014 Buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris bee 2021 Garden bumblebee Bombus hortorum bee 2020 Tree bumblebee Bombus hypnorum bee 2021 Heath bumblebee Bombus jonellus bee 2020 Red-tailed bumblebee Bombus
    [Show full text]
  • UF/IFAS Annual Report of Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles – 2018 Master List – Unique Titles
    UF/IFAS Annual Report of Peer-reviewed Journal Articles – 2018 Master List – Unique Titles Abbate, A., Campbell, J., Bremer, J., & Kern, W. H. (2018). The introduction and establishment of Campsomeris dorsata (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist, 101(3), 543- 545. Abdelbasir, S. M., El-Sheikh, S. M., Morgan, V. L., Schmidt, H., Casso-Hartmann, L. M., Vanegas, D. C., Velez-Torres, I., & McLamore, E. S. (2018). Graphene-anchored cuprous oxide nanoparticles from waste electric cables for electrochemical sensing. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(9), 12176-12186. Abdulridha, J., Ampatzidis, Y., Ehsani, R., & de Castro, A. I. (2018). Evaluating the performance of spectral features and multivariate analysis tools to detect laurel wilt disease and nutritional deficiency in avocado. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 155, 203-211. AbouEl Ela, N. A., El-Nesr, K. A., Ahmed, H. A., & Brooks, S. A. (2018). Molecular detection of severe combined immunodeficiency disorder in Arabian horses in Egypt. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 68, 55-58. Abountiolas, M., Kelly, K., Yagiz, Y., Li, Z., Mahnken, G., Borejsza-Wysocki, W., Marshall, M., Sims, C. A., Peres, N., & Nunes, M. C. D. (2018). Sensory quality, physicochemical attributes, polyphenol profiles, and residual fungicides in strawberries from different disease-control treatments. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(27), 6986-6996. Abrahamian, P., Timilsina, S., Minsavage, G. V., Sushmita, K. C., Goss, E. M., Jones, J. B., & Vallad, G. E. (2018). The type III effector AvrBsT enhances Xanthomonas perforans fitness in field- grown tomato. Phytopathology, 108(12), 1355-1362. Abrahamsen, E. B., Moharamzadeh, A., Abrahamsen, H. B., Asche, F., Heide, B., & Milazzo, M.
    [Show full text]