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Discourse Analysis of References Used in Movie Script “Theory of Everything”

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Discourse Analysis of References Used in Movie Script “Theory of Everything” Discourse Analysis of References Used in Movie Script “Theory Of Everything” Nisfatul Islamiyah1, Lailatul Musyarofah2 1,2 STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menyelidiki tentang reference berdasarkan rumusan masalah penelitian berikut: Apa saja jenis reference yang dominan dalam film The Theory of Everything? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, sedangkan data diambil dari media cetak berupa video dan naskah. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan ditemukannya enam jenis reference yaitu Comparative, Personal Anaphora, Demonstrative Anaphora, Personal Cataphora, Demonstrative Cataphora, Exophora. Dengan presentase sebagai berikut; Comparative (14,4%) Personal Anaphora (23,4%) Demonstrative Anaphora (9,5%) Personal Cataphora (9,9%) Demonstrative Cataphora (22,5%) Exophora (20,3%). Personal Anaphora memiliki presentase paling besar sedangkan Demonstrative Anaphora memiliki presentase terendah. Mempelajari reference dapat dikatakan penting karena dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menulis siswa, dan ini juga membantu penulis dan pembaca dalam memahami maksud dari sebuah kata dan kalimat. Oleh karena itu peneliti menyarankan kepada peneliti setelahnya untuk mendiskusikan macam-macam reference seperti anaphora dan cataphora dalam deixis. Itu juga dapat membantu dalam memahami arti dan makna dalam sebuah kata dan kalimat lebih dalam lagi. Kata kunci: References, film The Theory of Everything. Abstract This study was intended to investigate references based on the formulation of the research problem as follows: What is the reference type dominant in the Theory of Everything script? the research was conducted by using a qualitative while the data were taken from the printed media. The research finding showed that it is found the six types of references, they are Comparative, Personal Anaphora, Demonstrative Anaphora, Personal Cataphora, Demonstrative Cataphora, Exophora and present the percentage of them Comparative (14,4%) Personal Anaphora (23,4%) Demonstrative Anaphora (9,5%) Personal Cataphora (9,9%) Demonstrative Cataphora (22,5%) Exophora (20,3%). The result is personal anaphora is in greater occurrences than another with the percentage 23,4 %, and the lowest percentage is demonstrative anaphora with the percentage 9,5 %. Learn the reference is important to improve student writing skill, it helps the writer and the reader understanding the production and interpretation utterance. So the researcher suggests the next researcher to discuss the kinds of references such as reference anaphora and cataphora in deixis. Those are important. To helps understanding the meaning of an utterance of something. Keywords: References, The Theory of Everything movie. Received: 10 February 2018 / Accepted: 21 May 2018 / Published Online: 28 July 2018 1 Introduction Richards (1992:111) summarize what discourse analysis deals with; how the choice of articles, pronouns, and tenses affects the structure of the discourse; the relationship between utterances in a discourse; the moves made by the speakers to introduce a new topic, change the topic, or assert a higher role relationship to the participants. Paltridge approved that discourse analysis is the analysis of language in use (Paltridge, 2000:4) and it is also consider the relationship between language and the context in which it is used and are concerned with the description and analysis of both spoken and written interactions (McCarthy, 1991 in Paltridge, 2000:4). In the first place to analyze discourse is drawing a distinction between analyses of spoken discourse, which is sometimes called “conversational analysis” and analysis of written discourse, which is sometimes called “text linguistics”. A text as a whole must exhibit the related, but distinguishable properties of cohesion and coherence (Lyons, 1981:198). The term of discourse analysis have meaning or study of a language within text, utterances or conversation (Yule, 2010). Yule (1996) asserts that discourse structure is very important. It focuses on the main elements that can form a well-stretched text. For this study purposes, these grammatical links can be classified under three broad types: reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, lexical cohesion Halliday and Hasan (1976). Reference is regarded by Halliday and Hasan (1976: 31) as the specific nature of the information that is signaled for retrieval. Halliday and Hassan (1976) point out that reference features can not be semantically interpreted without referring to some other features in the text. Based on the place of reference, the interpretation of reference can be divided into endophora (textual) and exophoric (situational) reference. There are two kinds of endophoric relations: anaphora and cataphora (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 17). Research Method The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research, in which the method are used to collects the data, classifies and analyzes them, and then draw the conclusion from the analyzed data. The qualitative research related with synthesize the information and describe it clearly. In collecting data, the writer uses document method. The steps of collecting data are as follows: (1) Watching the original movie of The Theory of Everything. (2) Reading the script of The Theory of Everything movie. (3) Selecting and collecting the data. (4) Classifying the the types of personal references in The Theory of Everything movie manuscript by employing the elements of references. (5) Coding the data. In 3 technique of 2 analyzing data, the writer conducts the data analysis with the following procedures: (1) Finding the types of the references used in The Theory of Everything movie manuscript (2) Drawing the conclusion and suggestion based on the data analysis. Finding The following are those findings drawn from data analysis. Table 1. The types of references No The elements Types of references 1. − You'd better decide on your Comparative, subject. Endophoric − as you embark on your separate doctoral journeys − each more impregnable than the last. 2. − I'm serious... they'll boot you out. Exophoric − did they accept you? − morning of their exam, − Who is that guy? − this so illegible i'm not quite sure how wrong it is 3. − I applied for a job. Well, it's a Personal, anaphoric back-up plan, − he's strange, − What's a cosmologist? It's a kind of religion. − I told them that if they gave me a 2nd class degree i'd stay with them and do my research at oxford, but if they gave me the 1st i needed to get into cambridge, then they'd never have to see me again. 4. − Unfortunately, that I'll never Demonstrative, know. anaphoric − That is the question − each more impregnable than the last. − This is going to hospitalize me. − Train timetables? Stephen,these are totally unacceptable,they expired a month ago 5. − i think she's... yes... basil's sister. Personal, cataphoric Wilde... Jane Wilde. − Where are they? − where are you hiding them? your answers 3 6. − goes on ban the bomb marches. Demonstrative, − there's david cataphoric − so what's the equation? − That is the question − but if they gave me the 1st − the men from the boys,the wheat from the chaff,the mesons from the pi-mesons,the quarks from the quacks 7. − He was here earlier Demonstratives − then they'd never have to see me again − So then Professor − for then we would know − you're here now Discussion Based on the place of reference, the interpretation of reference can be divided into endophoric (textual) and exophoric (situational) reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 33). Halliday and Hasan (1976: 37) also said that anaphoric and cataphoric references use personal reference or pronominal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. Comparative reference is indirect references by means of identity or similarity (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:37). The significance of the exophoric potential is that, in instances where the key to the interpretation is not ready to hand, in text or situation, the hearer or reader constructs a context of situation in order to supply it for himself (Halliday, 1976). Anaphoric reference is a form of presupposition and means that a reference item points back to something that has gone before (Schubert, 2008:33). Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of proximity (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 37). Conclusion Depend on the research finding and discussions, the conclusions of this study are shown, personal anaphora is the one which reached great level than another, means it was used by 52 times or (23,4%), second level used 50 times or (22.5%) , third level used 45 times or (20,3%), fourth level used 32 times or (14,4%), fifth level used 22 times or (9,9%) and the sixth used 21 times or (9,5%). 4 References Halliday, H. M. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday, H. M. (Cohesion in English (English Language series 9)). 1976. London: Longman. Lysons. (1981). Language Meaning and Context. London: Fontana. McCarthy, M. (1991). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press. Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Brisbane: Gold Coast. Richards J. C., P. H. (1992). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching Applied Linguistics. Harlow: Longman. Schubert, C. (2008). English Text Linguistics. Berlin: Schmidt. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: University Press. Yule, G. (2010). The study of language Fourth Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5 .
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