Youtube layout 2005 California , SUA. Chad Hurley Adjunct. YouTube face parte din fenomenul recent numit Web 2. Unele videoclipuri sunt disponibile doar pentru utilizatorii de peste 18 ani de ex. Acest lucru este realizat pentru a concura cu site-ul web Hulu hulu. YouTube a fost deseori criticat pentru lipsa metodelor de verificare a drepturilor de autor. WMV ,. AVI ,. MP4 , DivX ,. La 19 iulie Eric E. Aceste tipuri sunt:. Plugin-ul Adobe Flash Player este unul dintre cele mai comune softuri instalate pe computerele personale. MOV ,. Gannett Company, Inc. Accessed 26 martie The Wall Street Journal Online. Daily Telegraph. Stone, Brad. Gannett Co. New York Times. YouTube is killing my business! BBC News. San Francisco Chronicle. Accessed 24 februarie ABC News. YouTube blog. It sucks. The Next Web. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 1 decembrie Retrieved 15 ianuarie Retrieved 22 martie Retrieved 1 aprilie Retrieved 8 iulie Retrieved 25 iulie Retrieved 1 octombrie YouTube comes in Ukraine! Ukraine: Google Ukraine Blog. Denmark: iProspect. Nordic: KLOK. Norway: TONO. Swiss: swissinfo. Austria: Wiener Zeitung. Categorie : YouTube. Wikimedia Commons. Subdiviziune Google , S. Hong Kong. Coreea de Sud. Regatul Unit. Statele Unite ale Americii. Africa de Sud. Emiratele Arabe Unite. Citate la Wikicitat. Manuale la Wikimanuale. Resurse de studiu la Wikiversitate. Google Search PageRank. A screen reader is a software application that enables people with severe visual impairments to use a computer. The device provides access to the entire OS that it works with, including many common applications. A screen reader uses a Text-To-Speech TTS engine to translate on-screen information into speech, which can be heard through earphones or speakers. A TTS may be a software application that comes bundled with the screen reader, or it may be a hardware device that plugs into the computer. Originally, before computers had soundcards, screen readers always used hardware TTS devices, but now that soundcards come as standard on all computers many find that a software TTS is preferable. In addition to speech feedback, screen readers are also capable of providing information in Braille. An external hardware device, known as a refreshable Braille display is needed for this. A refreshable Braille display contains one or more rows of cells. Each cell can be formed into the shape of a Braille character, a series of dots that are similar to domino dots in their layout. As the information on the computer screen changes, so does the Braille characters on the display change, providing refreshable information directly from the computer. Whilst it is possible to use either format independently, Braille output is commonly used in conjunction with speech output. Tasks include reading part or whole of a document, navigating web pages, opening and closing files, editing and listening to music. A visually impaired computer user will use a combination of screen reader commands and operating system commands to accomplish the many tasks a computer is capable of performing. All current operating systems have their own keyboard shortcuts, which are available to everyone not just screen reader users. Each screen reader uses a different series of commands, so most people will tend to choose a screen reader and stick with it, as the task of learning a large number of new keyboard commands is considerable. Screen readers are available for each of the most common operating systems, Linux, Mac OS and Windows. It enables visually impaired computer users to access the Gnome 2 desktop. Apple took a new approach to screen reader technology. Jaws is developed by Freedom Scientific, market leaders in screen reader technology. Jaws is primarily designed for desktop computers, but they also offer a portable USB pen drive version. It is only available in a desktop computer version. Each of the Windows based screen readers are separate applications and do not come bundled with the OS, which means that a substantial price tag is attached. Screen readers are capable of supporting the range of applications that are most common to their native platform. The Linux screen readers support a range of applications, including VI or Open Office for word processing, Evolution for email, Firefox, W3 or Lynx for browsing, as well as many other common Linux applications. Voice Over for the Mac is integrated with the operating system, so offers support for all common Mac applications. Two of the Windows based screen readers, Window Eyes and Jaws, offer an additional means of supporting applications that are not supported by default. They both provide a scripting, or mapping, language that can be used to create a bridge between the screen reader and an application that is not already catered for. It is then possible for a technically minded user to develop scripts for themselves and further widen the range of applications their chosen screen reader will work with. How do screen readers deal with different languages? A screen reader will have a primary language, which matches the language of the operating system. In addition they are capable of dealing with different languages within documents. For example, if a passage of text in a web page is marked up in the code as being in French, a screen reader will alter the accent, pitch and speaking rate of the synthesised speech output to mimic the style of spoken French. Screen readers are programmed to identify common graphics on the operating systems and common applications they work with. When a screen reader encounters a graphic that it recognises it relays a pre-programmed piece of text back to the user, either as speech output or as Braille. The difficulty arises when the screen reader encounters an image that it cannot identify. With certain screen readers it is possible for the user to append a label to the image themselves, although this assumes that a description of the image can be found elsewhere to begin with. In the case of web pages, the text description appended to an image is supplied to the screen reader user in their chosen format, which assumes that such a description has been provided by the web site developer. Providing that web pages are built using well structured code, then screen readers are able to interact with them very easily. Well structured web pages should include headings, lists, paragraphs and quotations where appropriate, as well as tables that include relevant information about their content, images that carry an alternative text description and links that have clear link text. All of these things should be done using the computer language that the web page is written in. The reason these elements should be present in the computer language code is because a screen reader will read the code of the page and make certain key commands available. For example, when a screen reader identifies a table on a web page, it will look for column and row headings. If they are present, this information is relayed to the user. In addition, a series of key commands is made available, that allow the table to be navigated vertically up and down columns or horizontally left and right across rows. Some screen readers also offer quick navigation keys for moving through a web page. For example, the Jaws and Window Eyes screen readers provide the user with the following key commands on a web page that contains one or more lists:. Both of these screen readers use a different variety of keys for this kind of shortcut navigation, but essentially they both offer commands to move between lists, paragraphs, headings, images, links, quotations, tables and almost every kind of element it is possible to find on a web page. With common applications such as email clients, word processors, web browsers and PDFs, it is possible to interact with the text in different ways. Key commands are available that allow very precise navigation through this kind of document. It is also possible to move through a document one letter, one word, one sentence or one paragraph at a time. With the more advanced screen readers it is even possible to skim through a document, reading only the first few words from each page or paragraph. Screen readers are also capable of detecting information about the text formatting within a document. The size, style and colour of the font can be revealed to the user when a certain key command is invoked. Information about the location, indentation and formatting of the document is also available. Screen readers are very complex, capable applications. They offer far more than mere assistance with browsing or email retrieval. A screen reader is simply another interface, a monitor replacement, offering verbal and tactile feedback rather than visual. There are of course difficulties in using an operating system designed for visual feedback with an application that uses speech or Braille, but in the hands of a competent user a screen reader is a powerful piece of software that can be used to carry out most, if not all, computer based tasks. In the meantime, take a full look at the digital accessibility services that we offer. If you check the date under the title or in the URL , this article was written in NVDA's first release was in according to their roadmap. NVDA is a great screen reader and features heavily in more recent articles, e. Screen readers and ARIA landmark roles. Im attempting to become a member of your rss feed to obtain updates on the web-site however it keeps getting a parse fault along with invalid characters? Good article. I'm doing a research on assistive tools that are there to aid the visually impaired computer users. I've identified some important aspects to consider after reading your article.