DOCSLIB.ORG

Lamiaceae Lectins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lamiaceae Lectins Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Lamiaceae Lectins Gerardo Pérez* • Nohora Vega Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed throughout the world and some species have been used in folk medicine, gastronomy and as a source of essential oils and aromas since ancient times; secondary metabolites from many species from Eurasia and North-America have been characterised during the last 5-6 decades. By contrast, species from the neotropical Calosphace Benth. subgenus have been little explored, despite their great diversity. Studies on seeds have been limited to mucilage distribution, chromosome patterns and, since the 1970s, to the presence of lectins, mainly in Salvia and Sclarea Benth. subgenera from the temperate zone. This review initially summarises the available information concerning the presence of lectins in both temperate and neotropic genera, the former being the subject of the pioneering work of Bird’s group in the 1970s which revealed the presence of seed lectins able to recognise the Tn antigen (GalNAc Ser/Thr). Later work has contributed to further our knowledge regarding neotropic genera lectins. The various detection methods used for assessing the presence of lectins in Lamiaceae seeds and vegetative tissues are discussed. The biochemical characteristics of lectins isolated from five genera (Salvia, Lepechinia, Moluccella, Glechoma and Clerodendron), their structural features and fine specificity are compared. Recent findings concerning their interactions with cell lines and Tn antigen-containing tumour cells are presented. An overview is given about their potential applications and those research lines which would help us in better understanding these lectins. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: carbohydrate specificity, characterization, Clerodendron trichotomum, Glechoma hederacea, Lepechinia bullata, Moluccella laevis, Salvia bogotensis, Salvia sclarea, Tn Abbreviations: aBSM, asialo bovine submaxillary mucin; aOSM, asialo ovine submaxillary mucin; CELISA, Cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELLSA, Enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay; ECL, Erythrina corallodendron lectin; Gleheda, Glechoma hedera- cea lectin; GPs, glycoproteins; LBL, Lepechinia bullata lectin; MLL, Moluccella laevis lectin; RBCs, red blood cells; SBoL, Salvia bogotensis lectin; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; SSL, Salvia sclarea lectin; VVB4, Vicia villosa B4 isolectin CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................... 288 LECTIN DETECTION METHODS .......................................................................................................................................................... 289 EARLY WORK ON LECTIN PROSPECTING IN CRUDE EXTRACTS................................................................................................ 290 RECENT WORK ON LECTIN PROSPECTING...................................................................................................................................... 291 ISOLATED AND CHARACTERISED LECTINS .................................................................................................................................... 291 Seed lectins............................................................................................................................................................................................ 292 Lectins from vegetative tissues.............................................................................................................................................................. 292 STRUCTURAL ASPECTS........................................................................................................................................................................ 293 FINE CARBOHYDRATE SPECIFICITY AND COMBINING SITES..................................................................................................... 293 Moluccella laevis lectin......................................................................................................................................................................... 294 Salvia sclarea lectin............................................................................................................................................................................... 294 Glechoma hederacea lectin ................................................................................................................................................................... 294 INTERACTIONS WITH CELLS .............................................................................................................................................................. 295 Cell binding and cytotoxic activity........................................................................................................................................................ 295 Mitogenic activity.................................................................................................................................................................................. 295 LECTINS AS TOOLS FOR TN ANTIGEN DETECTION IN TUMOUR CELLS ................................................................................... 296 FINAL REMARKS.................................................................................................................................................................................... 296 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 296 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................................................... 296 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION analysing secondary metabolites, such as essential oils, ter- penoids , flavonoids and, more recently, antioxidants and The Lamiaceae family is widely distributed throughout the compounds having pharmacological activity (for a review, world, encompassing some 3,185 species following tradi- see Harley et al. 2004). tional circumscription. Due to the proposals of Cantino Reviewing databases from 1970 to the present has (1992), Cantino et al. (1992) and Wagstaff et al. (1998), revealed an increasing interest in the family, as about 570 this family has recently incorporated a substantial number articles out of the 2,000 to date have been published during of species formerly located in the Verbenaceae family, the last three years. Most studied species are from Eurasia bringing the total species’ number close to 7,170 (Harley et and North-America; during the previously-mentioned pe- al. 2004). Most studies on this family have been centred on riod only about 27 papers (up to July 30th 2007) dealt with Received: 31 July, 2007. Accepted: 31 September, 2007. Invited Review Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology 1(2), 288-299 ©2007 Global Science Books species from Africa and Central- and South-America. It is or irreversibly inactivate the supports used for purification. worth noting that despite its great diversity, species from For their part, pectins markedly increase solution viscosity, the neotropical Calosphace Benth. subgenus have been thereby reducing extraction efficiency and detection assay little explored. sensitivity. Contrasting with the numerous studies on secondary Several methods can be used for eliminating or redu- metabolites from aerial parts, little work has been done on cing pigments and pectins; for example thiourea in extrac- nutlets (seeds), dealing mainly with myxocarpy (mucilage tion buffer, treating extracts with DEAE-cellulose and di- presence) (Ryding 1992a, 1992b, 2001), morphology (Paton gestion with pectinases have been revealed to be very ef- 1992) and chromosome number (for references see Harley fective in improving lectin detection whilst keeping them and Heywood 1992). Knowledge regarding constituents soluble (Fernández-Alonso et al. 2003). such as proteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids remains vir- Erythrocyte agglutination has been by far the most tually a “no man’s land”. widely used method for lectin detection; however, most Amongst the proteins, lectins represent a group whose Lamiaceae lectins recognise, among naturally-occurring definition has evolved from purely factual criteria, such as human red blood cells (RBCs), those cells present in indivi- “…a sugar-binding protein or glycoprotein of non-immune duals suffering from the “polyagglutinability syndrome” origin which agglutinates cells and/or precipitates glyco- which is very rare; this severe restriction may be overcome conjugates,” (Goldstein et al. 1980) to structural/functional by enzymatically treating A-type erythrocytes (Hirohashi et criteria defining them as being, “…proteins possessing at al. 1985) or rabbit erythrocytes (Peumans et al. 1996), least one non-catalytic domain, which binds reversibly to a thereby exposing the Tn antigen (GalNAc Ser/Thr) which specific mono- or oligosaccharide” (Peumans and van Dam-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Morphological and Anatomical Properties of Salvia Argentea L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey
    Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(6): 725-733, 2008 © 2008, INSInet Publication The Morphological and Anatomical Properties of Salvia argentea L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey Pelin Baran, Cânan Özdemir and Kâmuran Aktaş Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, Manisa/Turkey. Abstract: In this study, the morphological and anatomical properties of Salvia argentea L. (Lamiaceae) have been investigated. S. argentea has a perennial taproot. The stem is erect and quadrangular. Leaves are simple. Inflorescense is verticillate cyme. The upper lip of corolla is white, tinged light lilac at the top. The lower lip is cream. In our research, the cross-sections of root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla are indicated. The anatomical features are discussed. Results are presented with photographs, drawings and tables. Key words: Anatomy, Lamiaceae, Morphology, Salvia, Salvia argentea, Turkey INTRODUCTION and anatomical characters, except a few species[6,17,7,20,21,5,19,2]. Any morphological and anatomical Many species of Lamiaceae are aromatic and often study in detail, has not been found in the literature, used as herbs, spices, folk medicines, and a source of except the main morphological knowledge of S. fragrance[25]. Salvia, the largest genus of the family argentea in “Flora of Turkey”[15]. In this study, we Lamiaceae, represents an enormous and cosmopolitan aimed to introduce morphological and anatomical assemblage of nearly 1000 species displaying a characters of Salvia argentea in detail. remarkable range of variation. The genus comprises 500 spp. in Central and South America, 250 spp. in MATERIALS AND METHODS Central Asia/Mediterranean, and 90 spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketplace Plants Used in Ceremonial Cleansing Among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Marshall University Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2007 Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador Sushma Shrestha Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Folklore Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Shrestha, Sushma, "Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador" (2007). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1275. https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1275 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Marketplace plants used in ceremonial cleansing among Andean Qechuans of Ecuador Thesis submitted to The Graduate School of Marshall University In partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Sushma Shrestha Dr. Dan K. Evans, Ph.D., Chairperson Dr. Charles Somerville, Ph.D. Dr. Tom Pauley, Ph.D. Marshall University 2007 ii TO MY FAMILY and INDIGINOUS PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to Dr. Evans for further igniting my interest in plant and indigenous people. I appreciate all your help in Ecuador and here during the research and beyond with both academic and financial support for the work. You are a wonderful professor, advisor and a travel companion.
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterrane Mediterranean Sage
    Asotin County Noxious Weed Control Board P.O. Box 881 Asotin, WA 99402 (509) 243-2098 Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis L. Description: This aromatic biennial member of the mint family can grow 2 to 3 feet in height. The first year of growth produces a distinctive, large showy rosette of grayish/bluish wooly leaves. During the second season, the plant produces multiple branches with stems ending in clusters of white flowers. The lower leaves have petioles and are coarsely toothed. Upper leaves are smaller and clasp the stem. As the plant matures, the pubescence will shed off and show the green leaf beneath. Thousands of seeds are dispersed as the dry plant breaks off from its base and tumbles with the wind. Habitat: Mediterranean sage is unpalatable to grazing animals and degrades rangeland by redu cing forb and grass production. It will invade shrub steppe rangelands as well as the adjoining understory of ponderosa pine forests. It favors disturbed sites initially, but can spread into other areas after establishment. Mediterranean sage rarely gro ws in crop lands but is generally found in pastures, roadsides, and rangelands. Mechanical: Plants cut 2-3” below the crown prevent resprouting. Mowing is effective only if repeated many times throughout the season. Biological: Phrydiuchus tau , a root feeding weevil, was introduced in 1969. The larvae feed on the root crown thus reducing or even preventing flower production. This weevil, in addition to planting competitive vegetation, has reduced populations of Mediterranean sage in Oregon and I daho. Fire: Unknown Cultural control: Tillage is an effective tool in fields and pastures.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytogeography of Glechoma Hederacea Subsp. Grandis (Labiatae) in Japan
    © 2010 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 75(3): 255–260, 2010 Cytogeography of Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis (Labiatae) in Japan Norihito Miura and Yoshikane Iwatsubo* Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930–8555, Japan Received February 26, 2010; accepted August 28, 2010 Summary In this study, we examined the chromosomal number for Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis in a total of 1,030 specimens collected from different distribution areas in Japan. We found that G. hederacea subsp. grandis could be categorized into 3 cytotypes with 2nϭ36 (tetraploid), 2nϭ45 (pentaploid) and 2nϭ54 (hexaploid) chromosomes. Tetraploid plants were found throughout different areas in Japan; however, hexaploid plants were mainly distributed in central Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Likewise, pentaploid plant distribution was found to overlap with hexaploid plant distribution areas. The pentaploid plant group appeared only in regions common to both tetraploid and hexaploid plants. All 3 cytotypes were found to have karyotypes which could be represented by the following equations: A) 6Mϩ4mϩ18smϩ8st for tetraploids, B) 6Mϩ15mϩ19smϩ5st for pentaploids, and C) 6Mϩ26mϩ20smϩ2st for hexaploids. Pentaploid specimen karyotypes had half the tetraploid and half the hexaploid chromosomal set, indicating that this specimen was a hybrid between tetraploid and hexaploid plants. Key words Geographic distribution, Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis, Hybrid, Karyotype, Polyploidy. Glechoma L. (Labiatae), distributed across north temperate zones in Eurasia, is a small genus with 4 to 8 species (Budantsev 2004). One of its species, G. hederacea L., has a wide distribution range occurring spontaneously throughout Eurasia. Furthermore, this species can be divided into subsp. hederacea distributed in Europe, and subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales Newsletter
    LAMIALES NEWSLETTER LAMIALES Issue number 4 February 1996 ISSN 1358-2305 EDITORIAL CONTENTS R.M. Harley & A. Paton Editorial 1 Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK The Lavender Bag 1 Welcome to the fourth Lamiales Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Newsletter. As usual, we still Mexico D.F. Mexico. Tel: Lamiaceae research in require articles for inclusion in the +5256224448. Fax: +525616 22 17. Hungary 1 next edition. If you would like to e-mail: [email protected] receive this or future Newsletters and T.P. Ramamoorthy, 412 Heart- Alien Salvia in Ethiopia 3 and are not already on our mailing wood Dr., Austin, TX 78745, USA. list, or wish to contribute an article, They are anxious to hear from any- Pollination ecology of please do not hesitate to contact us. one willing to help organise the con- Labiatae in Mediterranean 4 The editors’ e-mail addresses are: ference or who have ideas for sym- [email protected] or posium content. Studies on the genus Thymus 6 [email protected]. As reported in the last Newsletter the This edition of the Newsletter and Relationships of Subfamily Instituto de Quimica (UNAM, Mexi- the third edition (October 1994) will Pogostemonoideae 8 co City) have agreed to sponsor the shortly be available on the world Controversies over the next Lamiales conference. Due to wide web (http://www.rbgkew.org. Satureja complex 10 the current economic conditions in uk/science/lamiales). Mexico and to allow potential partici- This also gives a summary of what Obituary - Silvia Botta pants to plan ahead, it has been the Lamiales are and some of their de Miconi 11 decided to delay the conference until uses, details of Lamiales research at November 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal, Nutritional and Industrial Applications of Salvia Species: a Revisit
    Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 43(2), March - April 2017; Article No. 06, Pages: 27-37 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Medicinal, Nutritional and Industrial Applications of Salvia species: A Revisit Anita Yadav*1, Anuja Joshi1, S.L. Kothari2, Sumita Kachhwaha3, Smita Purohit1 1 The IIS University, 2Amity University Rajasthan, 3University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 31-01-2017; Revised: 18-03-2017; Accepted: 05-04-2017. ABSTRACT Salvia species have been used for culinary, medicinal, nutritional and pharmacological purposes. In recent years, studies have highlighted the effect of Salvia plants in preventing and controlling various diseases naturally in a more safe manner. They have many biologically active compounds like essential oils and polyphenolics, which have been found to possess antimicrobial, anti- mutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase properties. Currently, the demand for these plants and their derivatives has increased in food and pharmaceutical industries because they are recognized as safe products. This review summarizes the nutritional, medicinal and industrial applications of genus Salvia. Keywords: Salvia species, Essential oil, Polyphenolic compounds, Medicinal applications. INTRODUCTION flavonoids and phenolic acids3. Essential oils are mixture of several hundred constituents, which can be alvia, a member of the mint family ‘Lamiaceae’ categorized into monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated comprises the largest genus
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Andean People of Canta, Lima, Peru
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266388116 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Andean people of Canta, Lima, Peru Article in Journal of Ethnopharmacology · June 2007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.018 CITATIONS READS 38 30 3 authors, including: Percy Amilcar Pollito University of São Paulo 56 PUBLICATIONS 136 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Percy Amilcar Pollito on 14 November 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 284–294 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Andean people of Canta, Lima, Peru Horacio De-la-Cruz a,∗, Graciela Vilcapoma b, Percy A. Zevallos c a Facultad de Ciencias Biol´ogicas, Universidad Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Peru b Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru c Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru Received 14 June 2006; received in revised form 15 November 2006; accepted 19 November 2006 Available online 2 December 2006 Abstract A survey aiming to document medicinal plant uses was performed in Canta Province Lima Department, in the Peruvians Andes of Peru. Hundred and fifty people were interviewed. Enquiries and informal personal conversations were used to obtain information. Informants were men and women over 30 years old, who work in subsistence agriculture and cattle farming, as well as herbalist.
    [Show full text]
  • Palynological Evolutionary Trends Within the Tribe Mentheae with Special Emphasis on Subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae)
    Plant Syst Evol (2008) 275:93–108 DOI 10.1007/s00606-008-0042-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Palynological evolutionary trends within the tribe Mentheae with special emphasis on subtribe Menthinae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae) Hye-Kyoung Moon Æ Stefan Vinckier Æ Erik Smets Æ Suzy Huysmans Received: 13 December 2007 / Accepted: 28 March 2008 / Published online: 10 September 2008 Ó Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract The pollen morphology of subtribe Menthinae Keywords Bireticulum Á Mentheae Á Menthinae Á sensu Harley et al. [In: The families and genera of vascular Nepetoideae Á Palynology Á Phylogeny Á plants VII. Flowering plantsÁdicotyledons: Lamiales (except Exine ornamentation Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin, pp 167–275, 2004] and two genera of uncertain subtribal affinities (Heterolamium and Melissa) are documented in Introduction order to complete our palynological overview of the tribe Mentheae. Menthinae pollen is small to medium in size The pollen morphology of Lamiaceae has proven to be (13–43 lm), oblate to prolate in shape and mostly hexacol- systematically valuable since Erdtman (1945) used the pate (sometimes pentacolpate). Perforate, microreticulate or number of nuclei and the aperture number to divide the bireticulate exine ornamentation types were observed. The family into two subfamilies (i.e. Lamioideae: bi-nucleate exine ornamentation of Menthinae is systematically highly and tricolpate pollen, Nepetoideae: tri-nucleate and hexa- informative particularly at generic level. The exine stratifi- colpate pollen). While the
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Sage Fact Sheet
    Mediterranean Sage Fact Sheet Salvia aethiopis Lamiaceae Family Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org Steve Hurst, USDA NRCS PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org Lloyd Andres, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org DistinguishingEric Coombs, Oregon Features : Department Flowers of: FlowersAgriculture, appear in clusters and are white to yellowish-white. They are 2-lobed. Bugwood.org Seeds: Seeds are housed in the flowering stems, which break off in fall to act as tumbleweeds, Ericdispersing Coombs, Oregon thousands of seeds. Department Leaves: of Leaves Agriculture, are greyish-green and covered in wooly hairs. Stem leaves alternate and are Bugwood.orgsmaller than rosette leaves. They release a pungent sage-like smell when crushed. Flowering Time: Mediterranean Sage flowers bloom between June and July. Seeds are produced in late summer and fall. Life cycle: Mediterranean Sage is a biennial that produces a rosette on its first year before flowering and producing seeds during its second. Impacts: ➢ Mediterranean Sage rapidly takes over any habitat it is introduced to, forming dense monocultures that crowd out native plants and decrease biodiversity. ➢ While not particularly toxic, Mediterranean Sage is unpalatable to most grazing animals. ➢ Mediterranean Sage goes dormant during periods of drought, allowing young plants to survive until moisture is adequate for growth. Control: L.L. Berry, Bugwood.org ➢ Mechanical control methods (pulling, cultivation, etc.) are effective on small infestations, before seed is set. Ensure complete removal of the root system, or at the very least, cut off the taproot 2-3 inches below the soil. ➢ Biological control in the form of the root-crown weevil Phrydiuchus tau has proven somewhat effective in suppressing this plant’s further spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Landscape Plants in Arkansas
    Invasive Landscape Plants in Arkansas Janet B. Carson Extension Horticulture Specialist Not all Landscape Plants are invasive Invasive plants are not all equally invasive. An invasive plant has the ability to thrive and spread aggressively outside its natural range. Top 10 Arkansas Landscape Invasives Alphabetically 1. Bamboo Phyllostachys species 2. Bradford Pears Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ They are coming up everywhere! 3. English Ivy Hedera helix 4. Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica 5. Kudzu Pueraria montana 6. Mimosa Albizia julibrissin 7. Privet Ligustrum sinense Privet is the most invasive plant in Arkansas! 8. Running Monkey Grass Liriope spicata 9. Large leaf vinca Vinca major 10. Wisteria Wisteria floribunda Other Invasive Landscape Plants The following plants have been invasive in some landscape situations, and should be used with caution. They are more invasive under certain soil and weather conditions. Bishop’s Weed Aegopodium podagraria Ajuga Ajuga reptans Garlic Chives Allium tuberosum Devil’s Walking Stick Aralia spinosa Ardisia Ardisia japonica Artemesia Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia absinthium 'Oriental Limelight' Trumpet Creeper Campsis radicans Sweet Autumn Clematis Clematis terniflora Mexican Hydrangea Clereodendron bungei Wild Ageratum Conoclinium coelestinum Queen Ann’s Lace Daucus carota Russian Olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Horsetail - Scouring Rush Equisetum hyemale Wintercreeper Euonymus Euonymus fortunei Carolina Jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens Ground Ivy Glechoma hederacea Chameleon Plant Houttuynia cordata
    [Show full text]