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Adam Krawiec* POMERANIA and the BALTIC SEA in the IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHY of the POLISH MIDDLE AGES from the END of the 10Th CENT

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Adam Krawiec* POMERANIA and the BALTIC SEA in the IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHY of the POLISH MIDDLE AGES from the END of the 10Th CENT POMERANIA AND THE BALTIC SEA IN THE IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHY… Studia Maritima, vol. XXXI (2018) ISSN 0137-3587 DOI: 10.18276/sm.2018.31-06 Adam Krawiec* POMERANIA AND THE BALTIC SEA IN THE IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE POLISH MIDDLE AGES FROM THE END OF THE 10th CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 13th CENTURY Keywords: history of Poland, history of Pomerania, Polish medieval chronicles, imaginative geography, Gallus Anonymus, Wincenty Kadłubek. Summary The paper deals with the problem of the place of Pomerania in imaginative geography of the inhabitants of the Polish lands since the rule of Mieszko I until beginning of the 13th century. The choice of the final date is justified by the political changes taking place at that time in Poland and in Pomerania itself, as well as the changes in imaginative geog- raphy, i.e. in the system of images of particular territories functioning in a community, in the case in question among the inhabitants of the Polish lands. The possibilities of reconstructing the images of Pomerania and the Baltic are limited because of the scar- city of sources, especially with reference to the earliest period. The article contains an analysis of the circumstances of creating and introducing into the written sources the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’. The picture of Pomerania in Gallus Anonymus’ chronicle has been extensively discussed, which results from the special position of that region in the spatial concept in that text. The paper indicates the main ways of the con- ceptualisation of the Pomeranian territory and its inhabitants by Gallus in the context of the contemporary system of learned geographical images, crusade ideology and political * dr hab. Adam Krawiec prof UAM, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Histo- rii, [email protected]. ORCID: 0000-0002-3936-5037. 110 Adam Krawiec conditions of the textmaking and presenting the events. There is also a characterisation of the later mentions about Pomerania as a geographical space in the Polish sources of the beginning of the 13th century, among which the predominant place occupies Master Win- centy Kadłubek’s chronicle. The article shows how Master Wincenty Kadłubek presents Pomerania in various parts of his chronicle, especially in his narrative about the begin- nings of the Polish state and nation, with possible causes and sources of the description. Finally, the article signals the changes which indicate that the period from the 13th to the 15th centuries should be regarded as a separate stage in the history of the Polish imagery of the Baltic and Pomerania. The questions concerning the image of Pomerania in the Polish medieval sources have long been attracting the attention of researchers. Yet, historiography has rather concentrated on events, i.e. on how political, religious, social and other pro- cesses, which took place in Pomerania and in the Baltic Sea Basin, were perceived and presented in Poland; another question that has been explored is the position of these territories in Polish political theory and practice. Much less attention was paid to constructing images of Pomerania and the Baltic Sea as a space and their place in a wider picture of the physical world. Observations and insights concern- ing this subject are quite often valuable, but they are scattered, on the margins of publications devoted to other questions, and they do not present a comprehensive picture. This article is supposed to fill in this gap. At the beginning I should explain the key terms that I use in the article. Imag- inative geography is a set of geographic images which function in a community and are regarded as real, at least by the majority of the members of the community in question, and which are confirmed by the authorities accepted in the commu- nity. Spatial images of particular people are their maps or mental geographies; whereas the way of presenting space in a text of culture (a written source, a map) is called a spatial concept of that text. The spatial concept in a source text corre- sponds mainly to the mental geography of the author, but those two concepts can- not be used interchangeably. The author might have included in his text elements he did not identify with, e.g. under outside pressure. In most cases researchers cannot verify that. They have access only to the concept of space of source texts, whereas all the rest – mental and imaginative geographies – can only be (re)con- structed. Pomerania and the Baltic Sea in the Imaginative Geography… 111 The beginnings of the presence of Pomerania and the Baltic Sea in Polish imaginative geography are poorly documented. But undoubtedly that area played a much more significant role in the images of the world cherished by the Polish elite of the time of Mieszko I and Bolesław the Brave (Chrobry), than it appears from the Polish available written sources. It is proved by – documented in the Saxon sources – Mieszko’s activity at the estuary of the Oder and, according to the Scandinavian sources, by his contacts with Eric the Victorious, the king of Sweden, sealed by the marriage between Eric and Mieszko’s daughter, probably at the beginning of the 980s1. There is a commonly accepted assumption in the historiography, that it was just the period when in the milieu of the Polish ruler, in relation with his Northwest expansion, there appeared an idea of conceptualizing of the area situated south of the Baltic between the Vistula and the Oder as one region called Pomerania, and not as a group of small tribal territories or an empty space without a name2. It is, however, only a conjecture, and available sources don’t allow us to explain the details of the whole process in a clear-cut way. For example, it is not known which was the first to appear: the endonym or the name of the region. Neither is it clear whether – as most researchers assume – the name ‘Pomerania’ originally had a character of exonym3, or since the very beginning it had been used the Pomeranians themselves. Another unclear question is whether the name originally included the whole area or only some part of it. The area denominated as Pomerania might have been expanding in the course of time, as new territories were subdue to the control of the Piast dynasty. On the other hand, 1 Cf.: L. Leciejewicz, “U źródeł konfliktu Pomorzan z państwem Piastów w X–XI wieku”, Archeologia Historica Polona 8 (2000): 39 ff, 46 ff; G. Labuda, “Wpływ powstania państwa polskiego na rozwój dziejowy Pomorza”, in: Początki państwa polskiego. Księga Tysiąclecia, vol. 2, ed. K. Tymieniecki, G. Labuda, H. Łowmiański, ed. 2 (Poznań 2002), 272 ff; Mieszko I (Wrocław 2002), 126 ff. 2 S. Rosik, Conversio gentis Pomeranorum. Studium świadectwa o wydarzeniu (XII wiek) (Wrocław 2010), 103, note 318 (where older literature is to be found). It has been a view commonly accepted in historiography for a long time. A different opinion was expressed by e.g. S. Zajączkowski, who dated the origin of the name ‘Pomerania’ at about the mid-11th century, S. Zajączkowski, “Podziały plemienne Polski w okresie powstawania państwa. Geografia plemienna ziem polskich”, in: The Be- ginnings of the Polish State. The Millennium Book, vol. 1, eds. K. Tymieniecki, G. Labuda, H. Łow- miański, ed. 2, Poznań 2002, p. 89. On different historiographic views on the date and circumstances of the origin of the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’ cf.: J. Spors, “O domniemanej jedności plemiennej i państwowej Pomorza we wczesnym średniowieczu”, in: Społeczeństwo Polski średnio- wiecznej, vol. 6, ed. S. Kuczyński (Warsaw 1994), 23 ff. 3 E.g. Leciejewicz, “U źródeł”, 39: ‘…in a geographical sense it [the name of ‘Pomeranians’] expres- sed the Polish point of view’. J. Spors proposed a compromise according to which the name ‘Pome- rania’ originally had been an endonym of the inhabitants of the territories situated directly south of the Baltic and later it was extended by the Polans to cover the whole area between their state and the Sea; Spors, “O domniemanej jedności”, 28. 112 Adam Krawiec the Piast expansion might have enhanced the common collective identity of the people who lived in the region which was later to become Pomerania; those peo- ple might have cooperated in their common fight against the invaders, and this struggle contributed to crystallizing and consolidating the name ‘Pomeranians’ as an endonym4. Contrary to the circumstances of coming into being the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’ south of the Baltic, their etymology is clear and well attested since the Middle Ages. As common nouns they denote an area situated close to the sea shore (old-Polish: ‘po-morzu’), and the inhabitants of such an area. In literature concerning that question the words of Herbord of Michelsberg from the mid-12th century are quite oftenquoted, ‘Pomerania […] id est iuxta vel circa mare sita’5. It should be also noted that such names as ‘Pomerania’ are commonly used in all the areas where the Slavs had lived, which were situated near a sea. In addition to Pomerania south of the Baltic, other regions bearing the same name may be easily indicated: Pomorie in Northern Russia on the White Sea, Primorie in the Far East of Russia on the Pacific, the town and district of Primorie in Bul- garia on the Black Sea, Primorje/Pomorje, a historical part of Serbia, and a few seaside districts in Croatia, e.g. Dubrovačko Primorje. In written records, the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’ appeared rela- tively late. They are not to be found in Thietmar of Merseburg, who otherwise was well aware of what the situation in the eastern borderlands of the Ottonian Empire at the end of the 10th was like.
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