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On Othering Migrants and Queers: Political Communication Strategies of Othering in Romania and the Republic of Moldova

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On Othering Migrants and Queers: Political Communication Strategies of Othering in Romania and the Republic of Moldova On Othering Migrants and Queers: Political Communication Strategies of Othering in Romania and the Republic of Moldova Ramona Dima International Migration and Ethnic Relations Master Thesis 30 credits Department of Global Political Studies Spring 2021: IM639L Supervisor: Maja Povrzanović Frykman Word count: 21,873 Table of contents List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter I 1. Introduction 1.1 Aim and motivation ............................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Research questions ............................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Delimitations....................................................................................................................... 11 Limitations of the study ......................................................................................................... 12 2. Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 12 3. Theoretical considerations ...................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Operationalization of concepts ........................................................................................... 16 Citizenship ............................................................................................................................. 16 Othering ................................................................................................................................ 17 Belonging and non-belonging ............................................................................................... 18 3.2 Theoretical framework........................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Positionality and philosophical considerations ................................................................. 21 4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 22 4.1 Methods............................................................................................................................... 22 4.2 Data selection ..................................................................................................................... 24 4.3 Notes on reliability and validity ......................................................................................... 25 4.4 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................ 26 4.5 Framework of analysis ....................................................................................................... 27 Chapter II 5. Research findings and analysis............................................................................................... 29 5.1 Context and background ..................................................................................................... 29 5.1.1 Republic of Moldova .................................................................................................... 29 2 5.1.2 Romania ....................................................................................................................... 32 5.2 The migrants and the queers as non-citizens ...................................................................... 35 5.2.1 Othering strategies for non-citizenship........................................................................ 36 5.2.2 Tradition and religion as othering grounds ................................................................. 41 5.2.3 A matter of rights ......................................................................................................... 49 6. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 59 7. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................. 62 7.1 Concluding remarks............................................................................................................ 62 7.2 Directions for further research ........................................................................................... 62 References .................................................................................................................................... 64 Appendix 1: List of analyzed materials ........................................................................................ 76 Appendix 2: Thematic analysis coding scheme ........................................................................... 81 Appendix 3: Qualitative content analysis coding scheme ............................................................ 83 3 List of abbreviations a.n. Author’s note a.t. Author’s translation AIE Alianța pentru Integrare Europeană (The Alliance for European Integration); the Republic of Moldova ALDE Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților (The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats); Romania AUR Alianța pentru Unirea Românilor (The Alliance for the Unity of Romanians) CEE Central and Eastern Europe DEMOS Partidul Democrației și Solidarității (The Democracy and Solidarity Party); Romania EPP European People's Party EU European Union LGBT+ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender; “+” stands for the inclusion of the other identities MEP Member of the European Parliament PAS Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate (Action and Solidarity Party); the Republic of Moldova PDL Partidul Democrat Liberal (The Democratic Liberal Party); Romania PL Partidul liberal (The Liberal Party); the Republic of Moldova PLDM Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova (The Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova) PLUS Partidul Libertate, Unitate și Solidaritate (The Party of Liberty, Unity and Solidarity); Romania PMP Partidul Mișcarea Populară (People's Movement Party); Romania PNL Partidul Național Liberal (The National Liberal Party); Romania PPCD Partidul Popular Creștin Democrat (Christian-Democratic People's Party); the Republic of Moldova PSD Partidul Social Democrat (The Social Democratic Party); Romania PSRM Partidul Socialiștilor din Republica Moldova (The Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova) SEE South East Europe UN United Nations USR Uniunea Salvați România (The Save Romania Union) 4 Abstract Research on migration often focuses on non-citizens such as migrants being excluded from the framework of citizenship. This study suggests a novel approach by focusing on non- citizens and citizens alike, while exploring the strategies of othering in relation to how citizenship is constructed. It discusses and comparatively analyses the ways in which migrants, as non-citizens, and LGBT+ individuals, as a particular category of citizens, are framed as not conforming to the norms proposed by nationalist and populist ideologies in South Eastern European (SEE) countries. Even if they are citizens, they are excluded from “national belonging” by populist political leaders in their communications. The study compares the category of LGBT+ persons to that of migrants and explores how both are framed in political communications using populist strategies of othering. It also shows that these two categories are placed at the outside of the nation state and of the notion of citizenship. Moreover, it highlights the multiple tropes that are employed in the process of othering and that refer to how nations are defined through their “traditional values”, “morality”, “religious views” and a strong opposition to what is considered to belong to the Western progressive values. The body of material comprises statements mostly made by highly positioned politicians such as Presidents, Ministers, Prime Ministers, etc. from Romania and the Republic of Moldova. These politicians shape the internal and foreign policies of the two countries and their communications have a great impact in different areas of the society. The analysis shows that the social dimension of citizenship is important in how a certain category of citizens is framed as not belonging to the nation state. The results based on the analysis of this less researched material are consistent with the trend of anti-gender movements and the increasing anti- immigration stances in other Eastern European countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Key words: citizenship, populism, national belonging, migrants, LGBT+, Romania, the Republic of Moldova. 5 Acknowledgements I very much enjoyed writing this thesis, mainly because of the diligent, helpful and professional supervision and support I have received along the way. I would like to thank my supervisor, Maja Povrzanović Frykman for her constant and careful feedback, comments and insights, as well as to my colleagues who acted as reviewers and offered their fresh views on the text during its different stages. I am also grateful to my partner, Simona Dumitriu for her support, discussions, editing and ideas, as well as to our cat who
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