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Exploration and Production of Oceanic Natural Gas Hydrate Michael D. Max Arthur H. Johnson Exploration and Production of Oceanic Natural Gas Hydrate Critical Factors for Commercialization Second Edition Exploration and Production of Oceanic Natural Gas Hydrate Michael D. Max • Arthur H. Johnson Exploration and Production of Oceanic Natural Gas Hydrate Critical Factors for Commercialization Second Edition 123 Dr. Michael D. Max Arthur H. Johnson (Deceased) Marine and Petroleum Geology Research Group (Natural Gas Hydrate) iCRAG, School of Earth Sciences University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin, Ireland ISBN 978-3-030-00400-2 ISBN 978-3-030-00401-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00401-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954854 1st edition: © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 2nd edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Recovering oceanic natural gas hydrate at in situ temperatures and pressures is essential to preserve this ephemeral diagenetic material in its natural geological form. Geotek Coring has developed engineering systems for acquiring, handling and analysing natural gas-hydrate-bearing formations for many years. The picture shows multiple pressurised storage chambers containing rich gas-hydrate-bearing cores that can be shipped to specialist laboratories for advanced geological and geotechnical analysis whilst being maintained at in situ temperatures and pressures (Courtesy of Geotek Ltd.). Disclaimer: The facts and opinions expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the publisher. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Bill Dillon and I would like to dedicate this second edition to our great friend and colleague Art Johnson. We corresponded on natural gas hydrate in our separate institutions and jobs since the late 1980s until we brought our separate activities and interests (Art, teaching), Max, research including establishing and operating an advanced chemical laboratory) (Bill, USGS emeritus activities and editing) under the umbrella of HEI. In 1999, the three of us established Hydrate Energy International (HEI) when Bill retired from the U.S. Geological Survey and Art retired from Chevron, while I left the Naval Research Laboratory to establish a separate small R&D company, Marine Desalination Systems that investigated using gas hydrate for industrial separation purposes (seawater desalination, industrial water treatment & gas separation) until 2011. Art also was a Lay Methodist Minister, which allowed him to hone his lecture technique. He was also active in the Northern Ireland Peace initiative and through a consortium of New Orleans churches did great work during the hurricane Katrina recovery. He was always eager to chat to young geologists or to anyone about geology and gas hydrate and to have a beer while doing so. He was an unforgettable partner. Preface to the Second Edition The first edition of Exploration and Production of Oceanic Natural Gas Hydrate was being been written while the hydrocarbon energy industry was undergoing substantial downsizing and the prices of both gas and oil were dropping. Since then industry has largely learned to live with lower prices although prices appear to be slowly rising. Also, production of shale oil and gas in the United States has reached record levels and is still increasing, making the country one of the top producers in the world. The energy picture in the world and especially the United States has changed considerably in the last two and a half years. There appears to be sufficient supply for current and near-term demand, but this does not mean that the NGH resource development is not needed. We feel that the suggestions that we make for lowering the cost of exploration and production for the environmentally very low risk and pure produced gas and water from NGH may be very competitive with conventional hydrocarbon energy. The NGH resource is also available to the deep importing countries (Chap. 3) to whom availability may be important than strict price competitiveness. This second edition more deeply explores the development of the potentially huge natural gas hydrate (NGH) resource. The term NGH is synonymous with “methane hydrate” and “gas hydrate” and “clathrate” when used to reference the resource. The term NGH also includes compound hydrate which can be composed of two or more hydrocarbons, which can produce natural gas liquids and other gases in addition to methane. Hydrocarbon gases produced from the hydrate resource are essentially the same as the natural gas used by consumers the world over. The NGH resource is a potentially very large gas resource that is approaching the tipping point of commercialization. This book is written as a resource for deepwater (includes ultra-deepwater) NGH exploration and production activities. It is intended for scientists, students, engi- neers, company administrators, regulators, and policy makers, but specifically for those interested in developing new technology, responding to opportunities arising from the special attributes of NGH. This book builds on three earlier books. This second edition adds considerable information from drilling expeditions, production tests, and new equipment development. It is assumed that the reader has a vii viii Preface to the Second Edition background in NGH, marine technology, and at least a general familiarity in the energy industry, including conventional and unconventional fuel sources. We propose that of all the hydrocarbon fuels, natural gas provides the best option for a high-quality combustible energy resource for base load and peak power demands in an otherwise carbon-free energy supply scenario, while replacing coal and oil-based power in the nearer term. Natural gas is an ideal base load and peak (spiker) on-demand energy source in an otherwise largely renewable energy future. Our focus is on natural gas, and particularly the potentially great oceanic NGH resource. We anticipate that natural gas will be the backbone on-demand fuel of the future and that as the most environmentally friendly of all natural gas resources, NGH has the potential to provide natural gas far into the future. This book also considers implications of the development of the renewable energy paradigm wherein increasing amounts of renewable, non-combustible energy will eventually dominate energy production. Replacement of oil and espe- cially coal by gas-fired power generation will have the effect of lowering CO2 emissions. Many of the recent references that are relevant to potential commercialization of the NGH resource are not published in traditional books and journals because it is too new and the technology is only in development. We do reference industry standard publications, which are almost entirely website references that may have a limited longevity compared with hardcopy and formal electronic publications. These include, but are not limited to, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Chemical & Engineering News, Currents (Marine Technology Society), DW Monday (Douglas Westwood), Drilling Contractor, EOS (American Geophysical Union), Fuel Fix, GEOExPro, (The) Fuze (http://energyfuse.org), InnovOil/Newsbase (http://www.innovoil.co.uk), Marine Technology Society, Maritime Reporter and Engineering News, OilOnline, OilVoice, OilPro (went offline 2 Aug 17 but was very useful), Oil & Gas Journal & Oil, Gas & PetroChem Equipment (PennWell Corp.), Offshore Magazine (PennWell Corp.), PennEnergy Daily Petroleum Update (PennWell Corp), Petro Global News, Power (Official publication of ‘Electric Power), Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Sea Technology (Compass Publications), DutilityDive (https://www.utilitydive.com), Xinhua (China) daily news, and also other blogs and other energy-related publications of professional organizations and news sources worldwide. Disclaimer: Throughout this book, we have referenced specific companies, processes, equipment, and developments, among other things to provide examples to assist readers without familiarity of all the subjects and as a way to help them further research topics. Neither the authors, the publisher, nor anyone associated with this book infers any particular support
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