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Sanskrit Domination: Defending Strategy of Kannada © 2021 IJKR Received: 01-11-2020 Dr International Journal of Kannada Research 2021; 7(1): 66-69 ISSN: 2454–5813 IJKR 2021; 7(1): 66-69 Sanskrit domination: Defending strategy of Kannada © 2021 IJKR www.kannadajournal.com Received: 01-11-2020 Dr. Radhakrishna N Bellur Accepted: 03-12-2020 Sanskrit was a ruling language once upon a time. When compared to the other Indian Dr. Radhakrishna N Bellur languages, it became evident that because of the abundant knowledge it contained, Sanskrit Assistant Professor, attained the ruling power. Now, English rules over other languages of this world. Before the Department of P.G. Studies and entry of English to India, Sanskrit nurtured the Indian languages other than Sanskrit under its Research in Kannada, leadership. Therefore there was no language which did not have the influence of Sanskrit on Government College, grammar, form or content. Kasaragod, Kerala, India Indian languages identified their growth in the background of the view that becoming classic meant conforming to the model of Sanskrit. Hence Sanskrit became the model for the classics as well as the literature of every Indian language. Other forms of art which grow along with language too conformed to the model of Sanskrit as a part of becoming classic. The quantity of being conformed to Sanskrit differs from language to language. North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, belong to the family of Indo-Aryan, while south Indian languages to the Dravidian family. The impact which a language has on other languages of the other family is more curious than it has on other languages of the same family. It is found that each Dravidian language has formed their own rules according to their nature in order to encounter Sanskrit. Kannada did not accept Sanskrit as much as Telugu and Malayalam did. Meanwhile, Tamil accepted it very less. The reason for such difference in acceptance should be traced out from the linguistic structure of every language. It does not mean that there were no external reasons. The language itself possesses an urge not to get affected on the natural strength and beauty of it due to the encounterance of Sanskrit. With a reference to the nature and the flaws of poetry Kaviraajamaarga, the first available literary work of Kannada speaks firstly of the relation of Kannada with Sanskrit. Kaviraajamaarga asserts that it is not fair to mix Sanskrit with Kannada excessively but with a limit. It decrees certain laws with regard to it. Developed or mature Kannada poetic language of before tenth century can be available in the edict while no poetry of the age has been found so far. But it is clear from Kaviraajamaarga that by that time itself there occurred, formation of rich poetry in Kannada. Kaviraajamaarga refers to many prosodic structures, forms of poetry and poets of Kannada. With an aim to the poetry of before tenth century it introduces certain features. While pointing out the defects of ancient poets, Kaviraajamaargakaara sternly opposed the Sanskrit-Kannada compound word-formation. Tatsama or Samasamskrita, equalizing Sanskrit word according to the nature of Kannada, could be accepted. It saves the strength and the purity of Kannada as well as the strength of expression. The process of making Samasamskrita is adapting alien words which have no relation with Kannada, to the family of Kannada. Its next stage is Tadbhaveekarana. If Sanskrit words are adapted to Kannada with a minor change, it will be called Samasamskrita. If they are adapted with a major change, it will be called Tadbhava. Behind these two processes, there is a tendency of thinking that Sanskrit is an alien language. The Sanskrit word samsthaa has entered Kannada directly by becoming samsthe. When it turned to be santhe, it became much nearer to Kannada. Sanskrit nouns or any foreign words when entered Kannada, make certain changes either in alien consonants or in themselves. This shows the certain gap, maintained with Corresponding Author: Dr. Radhakrishna N Bellur Sanskrit by Kannada. Assistant Professor, All the works on Kannada grammar including Kaviraajamaarga and Shabdamanidarpana Department of P.G. Studies and forbid the use of Kannada cases, combined with Sanskrit articles. It is not only the prohibition Research in Kannada, of grammar, but also not suitable to the nature of Kannada. There are no uses like Antharnalli Government College, and Bahirge in Kannada. Kasaragod, Kerala, India ~ 66 ~ International Journal of Kannada Research http://www.kannadajournal.com The practice prevalent in Kannada is the application of Veerashaiva literature. As a substitute to champu, the mixture compound words formed out of the combination of Sanskrit of prose and poetry, form of poetry like Vachana which nouns and Sanskrit articles. The Kannada cases like possesses the qualities of both prose and poetry was produced. Antharangadalli, Bahirangadalli etc. are for Kannada words. Even though the purpose of Vachanas is the expression of Sanskrit words acquire the eligibility of being blended with experience as well as emotion, the use of Sanskrit decreased Kannada cases only after they have been subjected to the considerably. The use of long vocabulary too disappeared process of Kannada’s purification. The acceptance of Sanskrit completely. pratathyaantha [Sanskrit words ending with Sanskrit cases] Major portion of Kannada literature, emerged during 10 or too is not allowed in Kannada. In Manipravaalam style 11th century A.D., is of Sanskrit dominated. The prosody, the Malayalam words cling to Sanskrit cases. In Kannada this will language as well as the attitude behind the use of language of never be possible. the age were motivated from Sanskrit. But, by that time, the The Halmidi edict which was established in the first half of 5th poeticians have strongly opposed the inconvenient mixture of century A.D. is the first available edict in Kannada. The Sanskrit like a heavy bag on the head of a child. As a result of language, used in it is Sanskrit dominated. But, the it, the blending becomes easy irrespective of Sanskrit’s great domination was limited only to Kannada nouns, not to work. It has emerged complementarily to the intension of Kannada grammar or identity. There, Kannada and Sanskrit poetry. Dharmaamritha, a champu work, written by words were blended lightly without affecting severely its Nayasena, belonging to the first half of the 12th century has acceptance. That means the Kannada writings, available so far been popularly known to be the first myth on Jainism. have not regarded Sanskrit as a ruler but a helper. Later, more Raghata of Prakrit language has become Ragale in Kannada, than 25000 edicts in Kannada have been available. More or according to scholars. Though it has its origin from prakrit, it less, all of them begin from Sanskrit shlokaas. But, in writing, has seen unique by attaining new form. It has made shaiva there is Kannada which is mixed lightly with Sanskrit. literature rich with its three main genres of groups of three, However, there are very less examples of Sanskrit’s linguistic four and five prosodical units. Later this prosody of ragale, attacks on Kannada. Kaviraajamaarga, the first book on having been influenced by English blank verse, turned to be poetics of Kannada, speaks clearly of the relation to be Sarala ragale which has been employed in Kannada epic observed and the gap to be maintained with Sanskrit by fragments -Khanda Kaavya. The use of Praakrit prosody in Kannada. Sanskrit is required, but it should be blended after place of Sanskrit shows the inclination to subside Sanskrit. making required changes. It should be mixed wherever and Ragale could provide a natural path with a little liberal bond however much it is required. In Kannada, Sanskrit need be of prosodical units, being involved mainly from rigid group of merged like beads are attached to gold in a chain, not like syllables. When compared to champu literature, Ragale butter milk, mixed with milk. By pointing out the mistake of literature too formed the least use of Sanskrit words and ancient poets, this work showed a path to existing and future vocabulary as well. poets. Thus, it stressed the necessity of maintaining the Raghavanka, the poet laureate of the same tradition choose uniqueness of Kannada along with the acceptance of Sanskrit hexameter- a pure Kannada prosody. There are six types of for the growth of Kannada. hexa meter. They are prosodic circles, containing six feet. The The first available form of poetry in Kannada is Champu. It is Vaishnava poets after Raghavaanka have made use of hexa a combination of poetry and prose. Particularly, Jain poets meter as sole prosody of the whole epic. Kumaravyasa, who made use of it. During the 10th and 11th century it reached its had been well known in the lands of Kannada, employed peak. Poets like Pampa, Ponna, Janna, Ranna, Nagavarma and Bhaamini Shatpadi for his epic. Both Bhaamini and many other poets created Loukika and Aaagamika poetry of Vaardhaka Shatpadi dominated the major portion of the the kind of Champu. This was the period in which Sanskrit Vaishnava literature. Here too, Sanskrit has not attacked had immense impact on Kannada. Even though there were Kannada crossing its limit. Except in descriptions and hymns poetical prohibitions, poets of this age made many ample use (sthothra), use of Sanskrit words is very less. Regarding the of Sanskrit’s long vocabulary. This choice of meters and degree in which Sanskrit words should be mixed with themes is that of Sanskrit. Most of the poets wrote two kinds Kannada, poeticians say `Karnam Pramaanam’. It should be of poetry each. One is Loukika or mundane, that is inclusive sonorous to hear, but should not be detrimental to linguistic of mythical themes, the other one is Aaagamika, which is nature of Kannada.
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