DOCSLIB.ORG

Kanarese Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kanarese Grammar KANARESE GRAMMAR With Graduated Exercises BY HAROLD SPENCER, B.A. REVISED BY W. PERSTON, B.D . MYSORE CTrY PRINTED AT THE WESLEY PRESS 1950 PREFACE The revision of `Spencer's Grammar' was undertaken some years ago at the request of the Rev. H. H. Newham, at that time General Superintendent of the Methodist Missionary Society in Mysore State, the Mission Press having published the original edition, as also its predecessor, the `Elementary Grammar' of the Rev. Thomas Hodson (1859). The work could not be taken up at once and has had to be done in oddments of time. When it was decided to make a revision, it was agreed to make it fairly thorough that it might reflect, to some extent at least, the changes which have taken place in written and spoken Kanarese as a result of the notable literary renascence of the period since this grammar was written. The year after l Mr. Spencer's book was published, that is, 1915, is commonly regarded as marking the appearance of a new interest in the history of Kanarese literature and a new effort to make the language an effective medium of expression in the, modern world. This was the year of the establishment of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, the Kanarese Literary Academy. As fruit of the labours of the founders of the Academy and their coadjutors great changes have been wrought in the language as popularly written and spoken. The movement represented a reaction away from a highly Sanskritized style of writing, a style of resounding compound words, ornate figures and labyrinthine sen- tences, and towards the natural idiom of Kannada as found in old ballads and folk tales. Its result is seen in substantial literary achievement of considerable variety. From the point of view of language the consequence has been to forge a fresh style for popular writing and journalism, as also for factual statements in history and branches of modern knowledge. Characteristic words and idioms have been restored to use which undeservedly had been allowed to lapse. No change has been made in the general form of Mr. Spencer's book. The features which distinguished the first edition are retained, namely, the graded exercises in translation and a certain amount of exposition . The transliteration of iv Kannada words in Roman letters which characterized the first edition throughout, has been abandoned after the first three lessons, except in the case of technical terms of grammar. A chapter has been added on the forms of Kanarese correspondence CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS as an aid to those who take the language examinations appointed Page 6, col. 2, third letter, read "i" for " 1". for missionaries . 10, footnote 1, for r read r. Of the colleagues whose opinion Mr. Spencer was able to 13, third line from bottom, read ri fore. obtain during the composition of his book none remains in the 16, right hand column, read ihri for jhri and ri throughout the column . country. Mr. Spencer was good enough to send from England 17, left hand column ; read thri for Fhri and ri throughout the column . a series of notes he had made. The opinion of the colleagues 18, in jnipaka long a has got detached from tvs ; the form should be who have taken the place of those whose names were quoted WV ; cf. the footnote. in the original preface has been elicited from time to time on 48, small type pare, after "plural", read comma for stop and the small various points. Pandit K. Hanumanta Rao has been consulted letter for the capital in "If". on doubtful matters. 56, footnote, read "samiaya rupa" for "samia yarupa." As in the composition of this_work, so in its revision, the old 121, line 11, the subscript s` in dam Qt has got broken. and standard grammars have been used, Dr. Kittel's edition of 126, footnote one, add "For other exceptions, see p. 300." Sabdamanidarpana, his own grammar based on that, the 145, add to the paragraph ins mall type: "See further on this subject Hosagannadanudigannadi of Krishnamaehirya (1838) together footnote on p. 338." with Dr. Kittel's monumental dictionary. So also more recent 154, Vocabulary, under +d,Aoti ; for "pron. and", read "and pron." books such as the University of Mysore Kannada Keipidi, the 161, footnote 5, for (n.) read (1 n.). Silivyikarana of the Basel Mission Press, Sabdidar§a, the 165, footnote 1, last line, for the semicolon read a comma. Madhyama Vyikarana of Mr. T. N. Srikantaiya, and others, 166, footnote 8, remove the stop after "Past". have been consulted. An occasional illustrative example has 223, footnote 4, read "INS true, truth (1 n.)". been taken from these works. It is hoped that no breach of 227, 9th line from bottom of page, after "rat) he is not" read rights or etiquette has taken place which may not be met by "(35'2d), yes, he is)". In the following line after "no" read grateful acknowledgment. "not ours (ad''Llo yes, - ours)" . Acknowledgments are due to my assistants in the Diocesan 230, small type pars, delete "etc.", at end. Office for clerical and other help, as also to our Kannada 246, footnote 6, for "n." read "m. ". Literature Department and the management of the Wesley 248, sixth line from bottom, read 8 for t. Press for exemplary patience. 285, footnote 3, read "see" for "sec". W. P. 347, footnote 2 to be read thus : edom pitiable ; iddun (Kan . vthta) Bangalore, pity ; delete footnote 12. April, 1950 ABBREVIATIONS A (in 3A) for the 3A declension interj ., interjection CONTENT'S acc ., accusative case interr., interrog .,interrogative adj ., adjective irreg., irregular INTRODUCTION PAGES adjctvl ., adjectival Kan., Kanarese adv., adverb loc., locative case advbl., adverbl ., adverbial m., masculine CHAPTER I alt., alternative n., neut., neuter LESSON I. THE ALPHABET-Vowels-Consonants- B (in 313), the 313 declension neg., negative c. (cum), with nom., nominative case Combination of Vowels with Consonants cf., compare p., page EXERCISE I. ... ... ... ... 6-17 conj., conjugation partc., ptc ., ptcp., participle LESSON II . THE ALPHABET (contd.)-Combination of conjunction ptcpl., participial Consonants with Consonants-ExERctsE II cont., contingent pf., perf., perfect -Semi-Vowels, or Semi-Consonants-Ex. dat ., dative case pers ., person decl ., declension plu ., plural ERCISE III. ... ... ... ... 18-25 e.g., for example postp., postposition LESSON III . MUTATIONAL COMBINATION OF LETTERS ex., example pref., prefix (4oq~ sandhi)-EXERCISE IV. ... .. 26-30 emph., emphatic pres., present f., feminine pro., pron., pronoun fut., future redupl ., reduplication CHAPTER II gen., genitive case rel., relative LESSON IV . CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS-Classification honfc., honorific a., sing., singular according to Origin-Classification accor- i.e., that is Sk. (Skt .), Sanskrit ding to Grammatical Use-DECLENSioNs impv ., imperat., imperv.,imperative tad ., tdb., tadbhava AND CONJUGATIONs-The Three Declen- mood tr., transitive (verb) inf., infin., infinitive mood vbl ., verbal sions-Gender-Number-Case-Person- inatr., instrumental case voc., vocative case TheTwo Conjugations-Moods, Tense and intr., intrans., intransitive (verb) Voice. ... ... .. ... 31-39 LESSON V. THE FIRST DECLENSION-Masculine-THE FIRST CONJUGATION-Imperative-Present Tense-SYNTAX-The Present Tense-De- monstrative Adjectives-The Sentence EXERCISE V. ... ... .. ... 40-45 LESSON VI . THE FIRST DECLENSION (contd.)-Feminine -Personal Pronouns of the Third Person- THE FIRST CONJUGATION (contd.)-Future Tense-SYNTAX-The F u t u re Tense- Translation o£ `And '-EXERCISE VI. ... 46-49 LESSON VII. THE FIRST DECLENSION (contd.)-Neuter- THE FIRST CONJUGATION (contd.)-Past viii ix VERBAL Tense--SYNTAX-The Past Tense-The PAGES LESSON XVI . USE of PARTICIPL99---Coatotnpo- PAGRi Crude Form of Nouns compounded with raneous or Successive Actions-Manner, Means, Cause-Verbal Participles followed Verbs-The Word de ddj dJvaru, God- EXERCISE VII. .. ... ... ... 50-53 by a Negative Verb-Participles followed LESSON VIII. THE SECOND DECLENSION-MaSCUline-THE by a Finite Verb having a different Subject FIRST CONJUGATION (contd.)-Contingent -EXERCISE XVI ... ... ... 106-114 Form-SYNTAX-The Contingent Form- LESSON XVII. NOUNS OF RELATIONSHIP-PRONOUNS-First Interrogative Sentences-ExsRcxsE VIII- ... 54-60 Person-Second Person-SPECIAL USES OF LESSON IX. THESECOND DECLENSION (co. ;td.)-Feminine THE PLURAL-Honorific Plural Dvandva- -The FIRST CONJUGATION (contd.)-Im- sam4sa-TaE IRREGULAR VERB 'A perative Mood-SYNTAX-Personal Pro- Continuative Forms of Verbs-Perfect nouns of the Third Person-Postpositions- Forms of Verbs-The Verb %d) with the The irregular verbs, mW, tad), ;kJ, -#ALSJ, Dative Case-ExERCI8E XVII. ... .. 115-125 azda, fact)-EXERCISE IX. .. ... 61-65 LESSON XVIII. PRoNouNs(contd.)-Emphatic and Reflexive LESSON X. THE SECOND DECLENSION (contd .)-Neuter Pronoun aaida tdnu-Third Person Neuter -THE FIRST C O NJ UG A T I O N (contd.)- Pronoun-THE I N'S T R UME NTAL CASE-- Negative Mood-ExERcisE X. ... .. 66-69 EXERCISE XVIII .. ... ... 126--132 LESSON XI. THE THIRD DECLENSION-The Third (A) LESSON XIX . VERBS ENDING IN '44o im, ETC.-THE Declension -- THE FIRST CONJUGATION IRREGULAR VERB foa hoqu- EXERCISE (contd.)-Participial and Infinitive Forms- XX. ... ... ... ... 133-141 (contd.)-Interrogative Pro- The Verbal Noun in emda-EXERCISE XI. 70-78 LESSON XX. PRONOUNS LESSON XII . THETHIRD DECLENSION (contd.)-The Third nouns oipdgi yavanu, 44~) e-Repetition (B) Declension-THE FIRST CONJUGATION of Pronouns, em-WORDS OF NUMBER- OF (contd .)-Negative Forms-The irregular WORDS OF QUANTITY-THE DATIVE THE POINT OF XX. ... ... verbs, oda, agat ria, ejria-EXERCISE XII. 79-85 TIME-EXERCISE 142-155 OF LESSON XIII. REcAPITULATORY-Conspectus of Regular LESSON XXI. WORDS MANNER-PRONOMINAL ENDINGS Declensions-Construction ofFinite Verbal ATTACHED To GENITIVE CASE - USE OF Forms-Paradigm of First Conjugation INTERROGATIVE WoRDs-THE LOCATIVE Verb-SYNTAX-Use of Crude Form of CASE-ExERcisz XXI. ... .. ... 156-164 UNINFLECTED WORDS Ozaia avyaya-Used Nouns-Emphatic " Affix enra - EXERCISE LESSON XXII. as Postpositions, along with Relative Parti- XIII .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Third Declension, That Is, Consonant-Stem Nouns; Patterns I
    Chapter 7: Third-Declension Nouns Chapter 7 covers the following: third declension, that is, consonant-stem nouns; patterns in the formation of the nominative singular of third declension; and the agreement between third- declension nouns and first/second-declension adjectives. At the end of the lesson, we’ll review the vocabulary which you should memorize in this chapter. There is only one important rule to remember here: the genitive singular ending in third declension is -is . We’ve already encountered first- and second-declension nouns. Now we’ll address the third. A fair question to ask, and one which some of you may be asking, is why is there a third declension at all? Third declension is Latin’s “catch-all” category for nouns. Into it have been put all nouns whose bases end with consonants ─ any consonant! That makes third declension very different from first and second declension. First declension, as you’ll remember, is dominated by a-stem nouns like femina and cura . Second declension is dominated by o- or u-stem nouns like amicus or oculus . Those vowels give those declensions a certain consistency, but the same is not true of third declension where one form, the nominative singular, is affected by the fact that its ending -s runs into the wide variety of consonants found at the ends of the bases of third-declension nouns, and the collision of those consonants causes irregular forms to appear in the nominative singular. That’s the bad news. The good news is that only one case and number is affected by this, the nominative singular.
    [Show full text]
  • Nouns the Third Declension Is Generally Considered to Be A
    CHAPTER 7 Third Declension : Nouns The third declension is generally considered to be a "pons asinorum" of Latin grammar. But I disagree. The third declension, aside for presenting you a new list of case endings to memorize, really involves no new grammatical principles you've haven't already been working with. I'll take you through it slowly, but most of this guide is actually going to be review. CASE ENDINGS The third declension has nouns of all three genders in it. Unlike the first and second declensions, where the majority of nouns are either feminine or masculine, the genders of the third declension are equally divided. So you really must pay attention to the gender markings in the dictionary entries for third declension nouns. The case endings for masculine and feminine nouns are identical. The case endings for neuter nouns are also of the same type as the feminine and masculine nouns, except for where neuter nouns follow their peculiar rules: (1) the nominative and the accusative forms are always the same, and (2) the nominative and accusative plural case endings are short "-a-". You may remember that the second declension neuter nouns have forms that are almost the same as the masculine nouns - except for these two rules. In other words, there is really only one pattern of endings for third declension nouns, whether the nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. It's just that neuter nouns have a peculiarity about them. So here are the third declension case endings. Notice that the separate column for neuter nouns is not really necessary, if you remember the rules of neuter nouns.
    [Show full text]
  • Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds
    Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds Their Diachronic Development Within the Greek Compound System Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS ISBN 978-3-11-041576-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-041582-7 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-041586-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Umschlagabbildung: Paul Klee: Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht …, 1918, 17. Aquarell, Feder und Bleistit auf Papier auf Karton. 22,6 x 15,8 cm. Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern. Typesetting: Dr. Rainer Ostermann, München Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS This book is for Arturo, who has waited so long. Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Preface and Acknowledgements Preface and Acknowledgements I have always been ὀψιανθής, a ‘late-bloomer’, and this book is a testament to it.
    [Show full text]
  • Request to Change Glyphs of Kannada Letters Vocalic L and Vocalic LL and Their Vowel Signs
    Request to change glyphs of Kannada letters Vocalic L and Vocalic LL and their vowel signs Srinidhi A and Sridatta A Tumakuru, India [email protected], [email protected] January 22, 2017 This document requests to change the representative glyphs of four Kannada characters. Presently these are provided in the code charts as follows: 0C8C ಌ KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC L 0CE1 ೡ KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC LL 0CE2 ◌ KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L ೢ 0CE3 ◌ೣ KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL However after examining the original texts, grammatical works and other sources in Kannada we could not get any attestations of above characters using existing glyphs. With reference to the vowel signs Vocalic L, Vocalic LL L2/04-364 proposed these signs based on non- native secondary sources where upturned vowels O and OO are used, evidently due to lack of proper glyph support at that time and these cannot be considered as correct glyph for these characters. The proposed forms are evolutionarily associated with Southern Brahmi-derived scripts ഌ of Malayalam, ഌ of Grantha, of Balinese and of Khmer. ᬍ ឭ Thus, it is requested that the glyphs given in this document which are original and unique to Kannada based on native texts be used for above four characters in the Code chart. Proposed glyphs 0C8C KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC L 0CE1 KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC LL 1 0CE2 KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L 0CE3 KANNADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL References Campbell, C. Elements of Canarese Grammar, Bangalore.1854 Fleet, J. F. Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions.The Indian Antiquary, Vol.VI.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)
    Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) LGR Version: 3.0 Date: 2019-03-06 Document version: 2.6 Authors: Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel [NBGP] 1. General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Kannada LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document: proposal-kannada-lgr-06mar19-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document: kannada-test-labels-06mar19-en.txt 2. Script for which the LGR is Proposed ISO 15924 Code: Knda ISO 15924 N°: 345 ISO 15924 English Name: Kannada Latin transliteration of the native script name: Native name of the script: ಕನ#ಡ Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-4 Some languages using the script and their ISO 639-3 codes: Kannada (kan), Tulu (tcy), Beary, Konkani (kok), Havyaka, Kodava (kfa) 1 Proposal for a Kannada Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR) 3. Background on Script and Principal Languages Using It 3.1 Kannada language Kannada is one of the scheduled languages of India. It is spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka State of India. It is one of the major languages among the Dravidian languages. Kannada is also spoken by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • New Latin Grammar
    NEW LATIN GRAMMAR BY CHARLES E. BENNETT Goldwin Smith Professor of Latin in Cornell University Quicquid praecipies, esto brevis, ut cito dicta Percipiant animi dociles teneantque fideles: Omne supervacuum pleno de pectore manat. —HORACE, Ars Poetica. COPYRIGHT, 1895; 1908; 1918 BY CHARLES E. BENNETT PREFACE. The present work is a revision of that published in 1908. No radical alterations have been introduced, although a number of minor changes will be noted. I have added an Introduction on the origin and development of the Latin language, which it is hoped will prove interesting and instructive to the more ambitious pupil. At the end of the book will be found an Index to the Sources of the Illustrative Examples cited in the Syntax. C.E.B. ITHACA, NEW YORK, May 4, 1918 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The present book is a revision of my Latin Grammar originally published in 1895. Wherever greater accuracy or precision of statement seemed possible, I have endeavored to secure this. The rules for syllable division have been changed and made to conform to the prevailing practice of the Romans themselves. In the Perfect Subjunctive Active, the endings -īs, -īmus, -ītis are now marked long. The theory of vowel length before the suffixes -gnus, -gna, -gnum, and also before j, has been discarded. In the Syntax I have recognized a special category of Ablative of Association, and have abandoned the original doctrine as to the force of tenses in the Prohibitive. Apart from the foregoing, only minor and unessential modifications have been introduced. In its main lines the work remains unchanged.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthography of Names and Epithets: Latinization of Personal Names Author(S): Dan H
    Orthography of Names and Epithets: Latinization of Personal Names Author(s): Dan H. Nicolson Source: Taxon, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Aug., 1974), pp. 549-561 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1218779 . Accessed: 13/04/2014 09:02 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 212.238.43.46 on Sun, 13 Apr 2014 09:02:03 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TAXON 23(4): 549-561. AUGUST 1974 ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS:LATINIZATION OF PERSONAL NAMES Dan H. Nicolson* Summary There are two steps to the latinization of personal names: adding -i- to the stem of most names ending in consonants (stem augmentation) and determining the appropriate case ending to be added (inflection). A review of Roman personal nomenclature shows that Romans formed surnames from given names by stem augmentation (adding -i-) before inflection. Latinization of modern names with stem augmentation honors a person by according his name the same treatment originally accorded only to the surnames of patrician and noble Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Metathesis in Ancient Greek
    Quantitative Metathesis in Ancient Greek Anita Brown Bryn Mawr College December 2017 Abstract This paper explores the phenomenon known as 'quantitative metathesis' in Ancient Greek. Historically this change, an apparent metathesis of vowel length, has been considered to be true metathesis by classicists, but recent scholarship has cast suspicion on this notion, not least because metathesis of vowel length is not a known change in any other language. In this paper, I present a review of previous scholarship on Greek quantitative metathesis, in addition to a cross-linguistic survey of general metathesis, with special attention to autosegmental theory. I conclude that Greek quantitative metathesis is not true metathesis, but rather a retention and reassociation of abstract timing units through the two individual (and well-attested) processes of antevocalic shortening and compensatory lengthening. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction to Ancient Greek 5 1.2 Introduction to Quantitative Metathesis 6 1.2.1 A-stem 6 1.2.2 Athematic stems 7 1.3 Introduction to Autosegmental Phonology 8 2 Greek meter and accent 9 2.1 Meter 9 2.2 Accent 11 3 Overview of metathesis 12 3.1 CV metathesis in Rotuman 13 3.1.1 As deletion and reattachment (Besnier 1987) 13 3.1.2 As compensatory metathesis (Blevins & Garrett 1998) 13 3.2 CV metathesis in Kwara'ae ............... 14 3.3 Compensatory lengthening from CV metathesis in Leti . 15 3.4 VV metathesis .. 16 3.5 Syllabic metathesis 17 4 Analyses of quantitative metathesis 18 4.1 QM as timing-slot transfer ..... 18 4.2 QM as CL/preservation of quantity.
    [Show full text]
  • 471 Iaq 'Adj;SNJ1 (- 1=9E3) I Am Here at Present. the Conjunction
    48 KANARESE GRAMMAR EXERCISE VI 49 in the jog waterfall the water descends from a height; 471 IaQ person, the verb is second person plural . When a subject consists of a number of words of differing genders in the third person, the verb has the gender of 'adJ;SNJ1 (- 1=9e3) I am here at present. the last word in the subject . Translation of the Conjunction 'And' EXERCISE VI (a) Translate into English : and is represented in all cases, except the The conjunction 1. e~z~~o3JFNJ . e» to the b"~vitd 3se ~NJ 2. e3dvJ of ~Jr~Jr~d genitive and the vocative, by attaching the syllable $ J. La~NJo~S 3. w~ dJ `vJoejdNad aJdJi d~ ~JJe,~~J~dJ. 4. 'Adii13 final syllable of each of the words or phrases to be joined together. a ~so3JFNNsa orJNNsa ~sei J~~ . 5. bk ?e~Vz3se4)NJ. In the nominative and accusative cases final tN is elided before 6. ;;~SFads vJdJ2Jds Y~dNJ~ La ;~Jod.OJ. 7. 2.2J~ =~Je~ NJ dj;,;9 enn as, zspJZ6ESN,s JNJ; the addition of the affix esd ~Z~Jv~c_y c3i ejgNj~~ ;~~;~on;Jdq. 8. Z%t3 the Brahman and the Sudra are speaking. 9. a~~JNs - ;3d~Na esd~NNad zsaJ~~ ~oi~~J~dJ. In the dative case, final ) is elided; as, ?e ;~-U`gns d~ oNsa. 10. J d*`*A Z-za~ dJ7~Ns 2.~za~ ~Jti s z~pd.l 11. aa~Jra s~J~NJ,$ I a salary to the manservant NozJ ~Nas shall give e5~~~ 2Jdz;e-~J. z~s~tl2 "' e~7J.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Philology: from Norm-Bound Practice to Practice-Bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History
    A New Philology: From Norm-bound Practice to Practice-bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History Sheldon Pollock A number of regional languages in premodern South Asia possess philological traditions—whereby I refer to commentarial work as well as grammatical, metrical, rhetorical, and related disciplines—that constitute a vast, important, and scarcely examined domain. The Tamil embodiment of this tradition, thanks to the work of François Gros and scholars like him—though there are few like him—has actually been reasonably well served. For the history of Kannada philology, however, the situation is radically different. Modern scholarship written in Kannada itself is stunning; men such as R. Narasimhachar, D. L. Narasimhachar, B. M. Srikantia, M. V. Seetha Ramiah, M. Timmappaya, and M. G. Pai, and most recently T. V. Venkatachala Sastry, are the equal of any known to me from elsewhere, scholars endowed with authentic philological sensibilities, deep historical understanding, and keen critical intelligence. But almost nothing on the subject has been written outside of Kannada. Faced with what is virtually a blank slate for western readers, I aim here to present some brief reflections on several of the principal texts and persons of early Kannada philology; on what I believe was a crucial, but rarely noted conceptual revolution with great consequences for the history of consciousness and culture in South Asia, and to which that philology contributed importantly; and on the significance of all this intellectual activity for the political sphere of premodern Karnataka. I. The Kaviràjamàrga (c. 850) had already gone some way in establishing the groundwork for a systematic reflection on and disciplinary organization of literary Kannada.1 The philologization we find in the Màrga, which was to develop uninterruptedly for another four centuries or more, is not only precocious but, with respect to its relationship with other literary cultures of southern India, both autonomous and uncommon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comprehension of Derivational Morphemes in Early Childhood: an Experimental Study for Lithuanian
    doi:10.5128/ERYa6.03 THE COMPREHENSION OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR LITHUANIAN Ineta Dabašinskienė Abstract. This paper presents the results of an experiment that explores children’s tolerance for word form variation, specifically, it compares preschool-age children’s tolerance of word form variants, 6, 43–50 EESTI RAKENDUSLINGVISTIKA ÜHINGU AASTARAAMAT such as suffixes and prefixes in Lithuanian. The stimuli used in this study were pictures of familiar and unfamiliar animals. It appears that Lithuanian children show great tolerance of word form variation, in particular, children are more tolerant of variation in word endings than onsets. This fact suggests that exposure to a richly inflected language, such as Lithuanian, impacts on children’s word-learning strategies. Keywords: language acquisition, morphology, word formation, Lithuanian 1. Introduction Most children, by the time they have reached primary school age, have become highly efficient word learners, and have acquired a number of word learning strategies that help them in finding the possible referents or meanings of new words (Golinkoff et al. 1992). It was observed that children associate novel word forms with unfamiliar categories of objects. This tendency has been called the principle of contrast (Clark 1993, 1995) or the mutual exclusivity (Markman et al. 2003) and states that a child relates the difference in meaning to the difference in form or the unfamiliar object to the new word. Our study tries to explain to which extent the use of this word learning strategy is influenced by the typology of the language the child is acquiring. In Baltic and Slavic languages, children are exposed to word form modifications since early childhood.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 14 Dharwad Is the Cultural Capital of North Karnataka. Ancient
    Literature and Culture 637 CHAPTER 14 LITERATURE AND CULTURE harwad is the cultural capital of North Karnataka. Ancient temples, Mutts and Agraharas in the D district encouraged the spread of education here and paved the way for the growth of literature and folk arts as well. Pampa was born in Annigeri. It has a tradition of poets starting with Kumara Vyasa, Kanakadasa and Sarvajna down to Shishunala Sharief and Bendre. Institutions like the Training College, Basel Mission, Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Karnatak University and All India Radio Station have in different ways helped the spread of scholarship and creativity. It was here that Aalur Venkata Rao convened the first writers conference in Karnataka. In the field of literature, it was here that the friends circle which developed around Bendre was formed and nurtured. Dharwad is known all over India as a major centre of Hindustani music. Mallikarjuna Mansur hails from here. In theatre too, it was in this district that Sriranga tried his experiments with amateur troupes and professionals like Shirahatti Venkoba Rao, Vamanarao Master and Garud Sadashiva Rao carried on their theatre activities. Professional theatre has received constant support in Hubli city. Many of the theatre artistes from here have made it to the cinema as well. Literature and theatre of the region have played a unique role in national awakening. Temples and fairs of the region have been a fountain of inspiration for the folk arts. In the field of journalism too, many successful experiments have been tried out in Hubli and Dharwad. It was from here that a writer like Galaganath used his pen to awaken nationalist sentiments.
    [Show full text]