Resource Book

NOUNS, , AND ADJECTIVES

KMHS Chapter 1

NOUNS

Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabulary entry. includes the nominative singular form, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is unusual or specific to that .

Nouns are grouped into five . Each is identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each declension has its own group of endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular. SECTION 1

The Latin Noun

Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabu- lary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the geni- tive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is un- usual or specific to that noun.

Examples: puer, puerī, m. boy urbs, urbis, genitive plural urbium, f. city vis, ---, f. strength, force, power, violence canis, canis, m./f. dog

Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension is identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each declension has its own group of endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular.

2 SECTION 2

The

The first declension is identified by the -ae ending on the Example: femina, feminae, f. woman stem: femin- genitive singular form. Most, but not all, first declension nouns are feminine. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. femina feminae

SINGULAR PLURAL Gen. feminae feminārum Nom. -a -ae Dat. feminae feminīs Gen. -ae -ārum Acc. feminam feminās Dat. -ae -īs Abl. feminā feminīs Acc. -am -ās Voc. femina feminae Abl. -ā -īs Voc. -a -ae

3 SECTION 3

The

The second declension is identified by the ending -ī on the ** When a second declension noun has a nominative form genitive singular form. Most second declension nouns are ei- that ends in -us, the vocative ending is -e. When it has a vari- ther masculine or neuter. Masculine and neuter second de- able form, the vocative ending is identical to the nominative. clension nouns have their own endings. For second declension nouns that have an -i- before the -us ending, that ending contracts with the -e, giving a vocative SINGULAR PLURAL ending of -ī. Nom. -us (---) * -ī Masculine Gen. -ī -ōrum Example: servus, -ī, m. stem: serv- Dat. -ō -īs SINGULAR PLURAL Acc. -um -ōs Nom. servus servī Abl. -ō -īs Gen. servī servōrum Voc. -e (---)** -ī Dat. servō servīs Acc. servum servōs * Most second declension nouns have a nominative singular Abl. servō servīs form that ends in -us. Some have a variable form, often end- ing in an er. Voc. serve servī

4 Example: raedarius, -ī, m. stem: raedari- Feminine

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. raedarius raedariī Nom. hortus hortī Gen. raedariī raedariōrum Gen. hortī hortōrum Dat. raedariō raedariīs Dat. hortō hortīs Acc. raedarium raedariōs Acc. hortum hortōs Abl. raedariō raedariīs Abl. hortō hortīs Voc. raedarī raedariī Voc. horte hortī

SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. puer puerī Gen. puerī puerōrum Dat. puerō puerīs Acc. puerum puerōs Abl. puerō puerīs Voc. puer puerī

5 Neuter Example: baculum, -ī, n. - stick stem: bacul- Neuter nouns of the second declension use slightly differ- ent endings from those of masculine and feminine nouns.

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -um -a Nom. baculum bacula Gen. -ī -ōrum Gen. baculī baculōrum Dat. -ō -īs Dat. baculō baculīs Acc. -um -a Acc. baculum bacula Abl. -ō -īs Abl. baculō baculīs Voc. -um -a Voc. baculum bacula There are two helpful hints to remember with neuter nouns: 1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative endings are al- ways the same. 2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative plural endings always end with -a, regardless of the declension.

6 SECTION 4

The

Third declension nouns are nouns that share an -is ending in Masculine and Feminine the genitive singular. All genders share this -is ending in the genitive singular. When declining a third declension noun, SINGULAR PLURAL the same endings are used for masculine and feminine nouns. Nom./Voc. --- -ēs As with the second declension, a slightly different paradigm is Gen. -is -um used for the neuter gender. Dat. -ī -ibus

In the third declension, the nominative and vocative forms Acc. -em -ēs are always identical. Abl. -e -ibus

Example: pater, patris, m. stem: patr- There is no consistent ending for the nominative singular form. The nominative singular for third declension should be SINGULAR PLURAL memorized as a variable. Nom./Voc. pater patrēs Gen. patris patrum Dat. patrī patribus Acc. patrem patrēs Abl. patre patribus

7 Neuter Third Declension I-stem Nouns Neuter nouns differ from masculine and feminine nouns in There is a subcategory of third declension nouns called I- two ways. In the accusative singular, instead of having the stem nouns. These nouns have slightly different endings. -em ending, once again have the variable. In the nomina- They actually resemble the endings of third declension adjec- tive and accusative plural endings, they have an -a instead of tives. These nouns will be identified by the vocabulary entry. -ēs. Dictionaries and books will include either (-ium) or the full genitive plural form written out. SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom./Voc. ---- -a SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Gen. -is -um Nom./Voc. ---- -ēs (-ia) Dat. -ī -ibus Gen. -is -ium Acc. -em -a Dat. -ī -ibus Abl. -e -ibus Acc. -em -ēs (-ia) Abl. -e (ī) -ibus Example: tempus, tempōris, n. stem: tempōr- Example: glis, gliris, (-ium) m. stem: glir-

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. tempus tempōra Nom./Voc. glis glirēs Gen. tempōris tempōrum Gen. gliris glirium Dat. tempōrī tempōribus Dat. glirī gliribus Acc. tempus tempōra Acc. glirem glirēs Abl. tempōre tempōribus Abl. glire gliribus

8 Example: mare, maris, (-ium) n. stem: mar-

SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. mare maria Gen. maris marium Dat. marī maribus Acc. mare maria Abl. marī maribus

9 SECTION 5

The Fourth Declension

Fourth Declension nouns can be identified by the -ūs ending Example: manus, manūs, f. stem: man- on the genitive singular form. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. manus manūs There are two sets of endings for the fourth declension: one for masculine and feminine nouns and one for neuter nouns. Gen. manūs manuum Masculine and Feminine Dat. manuī manibus

SINGULAR PLURAL Acc. manum manūs Nom./Voc. -us -ūs Abl. manūs manibus Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -uī -ibus Acc. -um -ūs Abl. -ūs -ibus

10 Neuter There are three neuter fourth declension nouns: cornū, cornūs, n. - horn genū, genūs, n. - knee verū, verūs, n. - broiling spit There is a separate set of endings for these three words.

SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. -ū -ua Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -ū -ibus Acc. -ū -ua Abl. -ū -ibus

Example: genū, genūs, n. stem: gen-

SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. genū genua Gen. genūs genuum Dat. genū genibus Acc. genū genua Abl. genū genibus

11 SECTION 6

The Fifth Declension

The fifth declension is identified by the -ei ending on the geni- Example: res, rei, f. thing, matter, situation stem: r- tive singular form. Most, but not all, fifth declension nouns are feminine. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. rēs rēs Gen. reī rērum

SINGULAR PLURAL Dat. reī rēbus Nom./Voc. -ēs -ēs Acc. rem rēs Gen. -ei -ērum Abl. re rēbus Dat. -ei -ebus Acc. -em -ēs Abl. -e -ebus

12 Chapter 2

PRONOUNS SECTION 1

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns are pronouns that replace a previously First Person mentioned noun in a sentence. In English the personal pro- nouns are I, , , , , it, and they. These words are SINGULAR PLURAL some of the few examples that we have of words that decline Nominative ego nōs in English. Genitive meī nostrī/nostrum SINGULAR Dative mihi nōbīs 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Accusative mē nōs Subjective I you he/she/it Ablative mē nōbīs my/mine your/yours his/her/its Second Person Objective me you him/her/it SINGULAR PLURAL PLURAL Nominative tū vōs

1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Genitive tuī vestrī/vestrum Subjective we you they Dative tibi vōbīs Possessive our/ours your/yours their/theirs Accusative tē vōs Objective us you them Ablative tē vōbīs

14 Third Person

SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative is ea id Genitive eius eius eius Dative eī eī eī Accusative eum eam id Ablative eō eā eō

SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative eī eae ea Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum Dative eīs eīs eīs Accusative eōs eās ea Ablative eīs eīs eīs

15 SECTION 2

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used when an in the First Person Reflexive Pronouns refers to the same person or thing as the . SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative ------In the first and second person, the uses the same forms as the , except that it does not Genitive meī nostrī exist in the . Dative mihi nōbīs Accusative mē nōs Ablative mē nōbīs Second Person Reflexive Pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative ------Genitive tuī vestrī Dative tibi vōbīs Accusative tē vōs Ablative tē vōbīs

16 Third Person Reflexive Pronouns In the third person, a different set of forms is used. The same forms are used for all three genders in both the singular and plural. The gender and number of the object can be deter- mined by the gender and the number of the subject.

Nominative --- Genitive suī Dative sibi Accusative sē Ablative sē

17 SECTION 3

Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives

A demonstrative is something that indicates, or points out a SINGULAR particular item or person. It can be used as an adjective, in which case it modifies a noun and agrees with it in gender, M. F. N. number, and case. It can also be used as a pronoun. As a pro- Nominative hic haec hoc noun it would agree in gender and number with its antece- dent, which is the noun that it replaces. Genitive huius huius huius Dative huic huic huic Hic, Haec, Hoc and Ille, Illa, Illud Accusative hunc hanc hoc Hic, haec, hoc means “this,” or in the plural, “these.” Ille, Ablative hōc hāc hōc illa, illud means “that”, or in the plural, “those.” SINGULAR

Hic is used to point out a noun that is nearby. Ille is used to M. F. N. point out a noun that is far away or distant. They can also be Nominative hī hae haec translated as “the latter” and “the former.” Genitive hōrum hārum hōrum Dative hīs hīs hīs Accusative hōs hās haec Ablative hīs hīs hīs

18 Iste, Ista, Istud SINGULAR Iste also means “that” or “those”, but it has an additional M. F. N. meaning of “that thing of yours”, “that thing near you”. It Nominative ille illa illud sometimes carries a negative connotation.

Genitive illius illius illius SINGULAR Dative illī illī illī M. F. N. Accusative illum illam illud Nominative iste ista istud Ablative illō illā illō Genitive istius istius istius Dative istī istī istī

PLURAL Accusative istum istam istud M. F. N. Ablative istō istā istō Nominative illī illae illa PLURAL Genitive illōrum illārum illōrum M. F. N. Dative illīs illīs illīs Nominative istī istae ista Accusative illōs illās illa Genitive istōrum istārum istōrum Ablative illīs illīs illīs Dative istīs istīs istīs Accusative istōs istās ista Ablative istīs istīs istīss

19 Is, Ea, Id In addition to being the forms of the third person personal pronoun, is, ea, id can also be used as a demonstrative adjec- tive. In that case it is translated as “that” or “those.” You can identify this use because it will agree with an accompanying noun in gender, number, and case.

20 SECTION 4

The Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun is used to begin a relative, or adjective, clause. The relative pronoun in all cases whether singular or PLURAL plural is translated as “,” “which,” or “that.” In the geni- M. F. N. tive the relative pronoun is translated as “whose” or “of Nominative quī quae quae which/whom.” In the dative it is translated as “to/for which/ whom.” Some of the forms of the relative pronoun are simi- Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum lar to those of the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc. Dative quibus quibus quibus The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gen- Accusative quōs quās quae der and number, but not necessarily case. Ablative quibus quibus quibus Qui, Quae, Quod

SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative quī quae quod Genitive cuius cuius cuius Dative cui cui cui Accusative quem quam quod Ablative quō quā quō

21 SECTION 5

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives

Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question. PLURAL It is translated as “who, whom, or what.” The vocabulary en- try for the interrogative adjective is quis, quis, quid. Many of M. F. N. the singular forms of the interrogative pronoun are similar to Nominative quī quae quae those of the relative pronoun, qui, quae, quod. In the plural Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum quis and quī are indentical. Dative quibus quibus quibus Accusative quōs quās quae SINGULAR Ablative quibus quibus quibus M. F. N. Nominative quis quis quid Interrogative Adjectives Genitive cuius cuius cuius An interrogative adjective is an adjective that asks a question. Dative cui cui cui It is translated as “which” or “what.” As an adjective, it Accusative quem quem quid agrees with a noun in gender, number, and case. Ablative quō quō quō The forms are identical to those of the relative pronoun, qui, quae, quod.

22 Chapter 3

ADJECTIVES SECTION 1

The Latin Adjective

Latin adjectives are declined in a very similar way to Latin nouns. Like nouns there are different categories of adjectives, each with different endings for the six cases. Unlike nouns, each word has different forms for the three different genders.

A Latin adjective must agree with the noun in modifies in gender, number, and case. It does not need to agree in declen- sion.

24 SECTION 2

First-Second Declension Adjectives

First-second declension adjectives, sometimes called 2-1-2 ad- jectives, follow the same paradigm as first and second declen- SINGULAR sion nouns. Masculine adjectives use the endings of second M. F. N. declension masculine nouns, feminine adjectives use the first Nominative -us/--- -a -um declension endings, and neuter ones use the endings of sec- ond declension neuter adjectives. Genitive -ī -ae -ī Dative -ō -ae -ō

First-second declension adjectives can be identified by the -a Accusative -um -am -um ending on the feminine nominative singular. This ending is Ablative -ō -ā -ō removed to form the stem used for declining the adjective. Vocative -e/--- -a -um

PLURAL Most first-second declension adjectives have masculine nomi- native singular forms that end in -us, like bonus, a, um, M. F. N. “good.” There are some, like miser, misera, miserum, “un- Nominative -ī -ae -a happy, miserable,” that have a variable ending for the mascu- Genitive -ōrum -ārum -ōrum line nominative singular instead. Dative -īs -īs -īs Accusative -ōs -ās -a Ablative -īs -īs -īs

25 Example: bonus, a, um, good stem: bon Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful

SINGULAR stem: pulchr- M. F. N. SINGULAR Nominative bonus bona bonum M. F. N. Genitive bonī bonae bonī Nominative pulcher pulchra pulchrum Dative bonō bonae bonō Genitive pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī Accusative bonum bonam bonum Dative pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō Ablative bonō bonā bonō Accusative pulchrum pulchram pulchrum Vocative bone bona bonum Ablative pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō Vocative pulcher pulchra pulchrum PLURAL M. F. N. PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative bonī bonae bona Nominative pulchr pulchr pulchr Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum ī ae a Genitive pulchr pulchr pulchr Dative bonīs bonīs bonīs ōrum ārum ōrum Dative pulchr pulchr pulchr Accusative bonōs bonās bona īs īs īs Accusative pulchr pulchr pulchr Ablative bonīs bonīs bonīs ōs ās a Ablative pulchr pulchr pulchr Vocative bonī bonae bona īs īs īs Vocative pulchrī pulchrae pulchra

26 SECTION 3

Third Declension Adjectives

Third declension adjectives are adjectives that use third de- Third Declension Adjectives of Two Terminations clension noun endings. There are three types of vocabulary These adjective share nominative singular endings between entries for third declension adjectives. the masculine and feminine genders, with a separate ending for the neuter. The stem for these adjectives can be found by Third Declension Adjectives of Three Terminations dropping the -is from either the masculine or feminine nomi- native singular form. These adjectives have different nominative singular forms for each gender. The stem can be found by dropping the -is end- ing from the feminine nominative singular. Examples: incolumis, incolumis, incolume unhurt, safe and sound Examples: omnis, omnis, omne all, the whole, every, each celer, celeris, celere swift, fast celeber, celebris, celebre famous Because the stem stays the same for all three genders, the vo- cabulary entries for these adjectives may be abbreviated as fol- lows: incolumis, -is, -e omnis, -is, -e

27 Third Declension Adjectives of One Termination SINGULAR These adjectives use the same nominative singular form for M. F. N. all three genders. The vocabulary entry for these adjectives includes the nominative and genitive singular forms, like a Nominative ---/-is ---/-is ---/-e noun. The stem is found by removing the -is ending from the Genitive -is -is -is genitive singular form. Dative -ī -ī -ī Accusative -em -em ---/-e Examples: Ablative -ī -ī -ī ingens, ingentis huge audax, audacis bold PLURAL M. F. N. The third declension adjective endings are almost identical to the third declension noun endings. There are a few excep- Nominative -ēs -ēs -ia tions: Genitive -ium -ium -ium Dative -ibus -ibus -ibus 1. The blative singular of 3rd declension ends in letter -i (not Accusative -ēs -ēs -ia e). Ablative -ibus -ibus -ibus 2. The genitive plural of 3rd declension adjectives ends in -ium. 3. The neuter nominative and accusative plural end in -ia.

28 Example: incolumis, incolumis, incolume unhurt, safe stem = incolum- Example: ingēns, ingentis, huge stem: ingent-

SINGULAR SINGULAR M. F. N. M. F. N. Nominative incolumis incolumis incolume Nominative ingēns ingēns ingēns Genitive incolumis incolumis incolumis Genitive ingentis ingentis ingentis Dative incolumī incolumī incolumī Dative ingentī ingentī ingentī Accusative incolumem incolumem incolume Accusative ingentem ingentem ingēns Ablative incolumī incolumī incolumī Ablative ingentī ingentī ingentī

PLURAL PLURAL M. F. N. M. F. N. Nominative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Nominative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia Genitive incolumium incolumium incolumium Genitive ingentium ingentium ingentium Dative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Dative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus Accusative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Accusative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia Ablative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Ablative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus

29 Example: celer, celeris, celere, swift stem: celer-

SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative celer celeris celere Genitive celeris celeris celeris Dative celerī celerī celerī Accusative celerem celerem celere Ablative celerī celerī celerī

PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative celerēs celerēs celeria Genitive celerium celerium celerium Dative celeribus celeribus celeribus Accusative celerēs celerēs celeria Ablative celeribus celeribus celeribus

30 SECTION 4

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

As in English, Latin adjectives are found in 3 different de- Comparative Degree grees: positive (stultus- silly), comparative (stultior- sillier), The comparative degree of an adjective is formed from the and superlative (stultissimus- silliest). The positive degree is positive adjective. the base form (happy, interesting, fun, etc.). The comparative degree considers two nouns (happier, more interesting, rather fun, somewhat boring, etc.); the superlative degree compares The same stem used to decline an adjective is also used to three or more nouns (happiest, most interesting, very fun, change its degree. For first-second declension adjectives, this etc.). is done by dropping the -a ending from the nominative singu- The positive degree form of the adjective is found in the dic- lar form. For third declension adjectives this is done either by tionary entry of the word, but the comparative and superla- dropping the -is from the feminine nominative singular form, tive degree words are formed from the positive form. or from the genitive singular form.

Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchr- stultus, -a, -um stult- celeber, celebris, celebre celebr- fortis, -is, -e fort- audax, audacis audac-

31 To form the vocabulary entry for the comparative adjective, The comparative form of any adjective is declined like a add -ior to the stem for the masculine and feminine nomina- third declension noun, using the following endings: tive ending and add -ius to the stem for the neuter. SINGULAR M. F. N. pulcher, pulchra, pulcrum pulchrior, pulchrius prettier Nominative ------stultus, -a, -um stultior, stultius more foolish Genitive -is -is -is celeber, celebris, celebre celebrior, celebrius more famous Dative -ī -ī -ī fortis, -is, -e fortior, fortius braver Accusative -em -em --- audax, audacis audacior, audacius bolder Ablative -e -e -e

The stem for the comparative form is the masculine and femi- nine nominative singular form. Except in the neuter nomina- PLURAL tive and accusative singular, the endings are added directly to M. F. N. this form. Nominative -ēs -ēs -a Genitive -um -um -um Dative -ibus -ibus -ibus Accusative -ēs -ēs -a Ablative -ibus -ibus -ibus

32 Example: stultior, stultius Superlative Degree To form the vocabulary entry for a superlative adjective, find the same stem from the positive adjective that you used to SINGULAR form the comparative degree, then add -issimus, a, um. M. F. N.

Nominative stultior stultior stultius Examples: Genitive stultioris stultioris stultioris stultus, -a, -um stultissimus, -a, -um most foolish Dative stultiorī stultiorī stultiorī fortis, -is, -e fortissimus, -a, -um bravest Accusative stultiorem stultiorem stultius audax, audacis audacissimus, -a, -um boldest Ablative stultiore stultiore stultiore

PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative stultiorēs stultiorēs stultiora Genitive stultiorum stultiorum stultiorum Dative stultioribus stultioribus stultioribus Accusative stultiorēs stultiorēs stultiora Ablative stultioribus stultioribus stultioribus

33 The superlative form of any adjective is declined like a first & Exceptions second declension adjective. There are a few groups of positive adjectives that do not fol- Example: stultissimus, -a, -um low the regular rules for the formation of the superlative vo- cabulary entry. These adjectives fall into two different catego- SINGULAR ries. Once the vocabulary entry is formed, these adjective use M. F. N. the same first-second declension adjective endings. Nominative stultissimus stultissima stultissimum Genitive stultissimī stultissimae stultissimī “Er” Adjectives Dative stultissimō stultissimae stultissimō All adjectives that end in -er in the masculine nominative sin- gular of the positive degree follow a different rule for form- Accusative stultissimum stultissimam stultissimum ing the superlative. Ablative stultissimō stultiore stultissimō

Instead of using the stem found from the feminine nomina- PLURAL tive singular, the masculine nominative singular will be used as the stem. The endings –rimus, a, um to that form to cre- M. F. N. ate the superlative vocabulary entry. Nominative stultissimī stultissimae stultissima Genitive stultissimōrum stultissimārum stultissimōrum Ex: Dative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulcherrimus, -a, -um prettiest Accusative stultissimōs stultissimās stultissima miser, misera, miserum miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappy Ablative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs celer, celeris, celere celerrimus, -a, -um swiftest celeber, celebris, celebre celeberrimus, -a, -um most famous

34 “Lis” Adjectives Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives There are six third declension adjectives that end in –lis that have a special superlative: The following is a list of adjectives that do not follow any par- ticular pattern for the formation of comparative and superla- facilis (easy) facillimus, a, um tive adjectives. These forms must be memorized. difficilis (difficult) difficillimus, a, um similis (similar) simillimus, a, um POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE dissimilis (different, dissimilar) dissimillimus, a, um magnus, a, um maior, maius maximus, a, um big, great bigger biggest gracilis (thin, slender) gracillimus, a, um parvus, a, um minor, minus minimus, a, um humilis (humble) humillimus, a, um small smaller smallest bonus, a, um melior, melioris optimus, a, um Note that these six adjectives are the only “lis” adjectives that good better best form their superlatives in this way. Words like fidelis and nobi- lis that are not on this list follow the regular pattern. malus, a, um peior, peius pessimus, a, um bad worse worst multus, a, um plus* plurimus, a, um Example: much more most nobilis, -is, -e nobilissimus, -a, -um multi, ae, a plures, plura plurimī, ae, a fidelis, -is, -e fidelissimus, -a, -um many more most

*plus does not decline but is followed by a noun in the parti- tive genitive.

35 SECTION 5

Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives

Aliqui, Aliqua, Aliquod PLURAL The indefinite adjective aliqui, aliqua, aliquod is translated M. F. N. “some” or “any.” Nominative aliquī aliquae aliqua SINGULAR Genitive aliquōrum aliquārum aliquōrum M. F. N. Dative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Nominative aliquī aliqua aliquod Accusative aliquōs aliquās aliqua Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius Ablative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Dative alicui alicui alicui Accusative aliquem aliquam aliquod Ablative aliquō aliquā aliquō

36 Aliquis, Alqiuis, Aliquid Quīcumque, Quaecumque, Quodcumque The indefinite pronoun aliquis, aliquis, aliquid means “some- The indefinite adjective quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcum- one, anyone” or “something, anything.” It is the prefix “ali” que is translated “whichever, whatever.” plus the interrogative adjective quis, quis, quid. SINGULAR SINGULAR M. F. N. M. F. N. Nominative quīcumque quaecumque quodcumque Nominative aliquis aliquis aliquid Genitive cuiuscumque cuiuscumque cuiuscumque Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius Dative cuicumque cuicumque cuicumque Dative alicui alicui alicui Accusative quemcumque quamcumque quodcumque Accusative aliquem aliquem aliquid Ablative quōcumque quācumque quōcumque Ablative aliquō aliquō aliquō PLURAL PLURAL M. F. N. M. F. N. Nominative quīcumque quaecumque quaecumque

Nominative aliquī aliquae aliqua Genitive quōrumcumque quārumcumque quōrumcumque

Genitive aliquōrum aliquārum aliquōrum Dative quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque

Dative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Accusative quōscumque quāscumque quaecumque Accusative aliquōs aliquās aliqua Ablative quibuscumque quibuscumque quibuscumque Ablative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus When a form of aliquis or aliqui is preceded by the words si, nisi, or ne, the prefix “ali” is dropped, leaving only a form of qui, quae, quod or quis, quis, quid. It is still translated as an indefinite adjective or pronoun.

37 Quīdam, Quaedam, Quoddam Quisquam, Quisquam, Quidquam The indefinite adjective “quidam, quaedam, quoddam” is Like aliquis, quisquam means “someone, anyone” or “some- translated “someone, a certain person, something, a certain thing, anything,” but it is used in negative sentences, for ex- thing, some, certain.” ample those that begin include nisi, ne, non, or the ne- gare. It is declined like the forms of quis, quis, quid with the SINGULAR suffix “quam” M. F. N. SINGULAR Nominative quīdam quaedam quoddam M. F. N. Genitive cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam quidquam Nominative quisquam quisquam Dative cuidam cuidam cuidam (quicquam) Accusative quendam quandam quoddam Genitive cuiusquam cuiusquam cuiusquam Ablative quōdam quādam quōdam Dative cuiquam cuiquam cuiquam quidquam Accusative quemquam quemquam (quicquam) PLURAL Ablative quōquam quāquam quōquam M. F. N. PLURAL Nominative quīdam quaedam quaedam M. F. N. Genitive quōrundam quārundam quōrundam Nominative quīquam quaequam quaequam Dative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Genitive quōrumquam quārumquam quōrumquam Accusative quōsdam quāsdam quaedam Dative quibusquam quibusquam quibusquam Ablative quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Accusative quōsquam quāsquam quaequam Ablative quibusquam quibusquam quibusquam

38 Quisque, Quisque, Quicque Quīque, Quaeque, Quodque The pronoun quisque, quisque, quicque is translated “each The adjective quīque, quaeque, quodque means “each” or one, every one” or “each thing, every thing.” The forms for “every.” The forms of this adjective are those of qui, quae, this pronoun are quis, quis, quid with the suffix “que.” quod with the suffix “que.”

SINGULAR SINGULAR M. F. N. M. F. N. quicque Nominative quīque quaeque quodque Nominative quisque quisque (quidque) Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Dative cuique cuique cuique Dative cuique cuique cuique Accusative quemque quamque quodque quicque Accusative quemque quemque Ablative quōque quāque quōque (quidque) Ablative quōque quōque quōque PLURAL M. F. N. PLURAL Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque M. F. N. Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque

39 SECTION 6

Special “-ius”Adjectives

There is a category of nine irregular adjectives that generally SINGULAR follow the rules of the first-second declension adjectives with a few exceptions. These nine words are: M. F. N. unus, -a, -um - one Nominative unus una unum nullus, -a, -um - no, none Genitive unius unius unius ullus, -a, -um - any Dative unī unī unī solus, -a, -um - only, alone Accusative unum unam unum neuter, neutra, neutrum - neither Ablative unō unā unō alius, alia, aliud - another, other PLURAL uter, utra, utrum - either, which (of two) M. F. N. totus, -a, -um - the whole, all, entire alter, altera, alterum - the other (of two) Nominative unī unae una Genitive unōrum unārum unōrum These words are declined as follows: Dative unīs unīs unīs Accusative unōs unās una Ablative unīs unīs unīs

40 One exception to be aware of is the word alius, alia, aliud. This adjective does not have a genitive singular form of its own and therefore uses the genitive singular form of alter, al- tera, alterum. Everywhere else this word declines normally like unus.

SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative alius alia aliud Genitive alterius alterius alterius Dative aliī aliī aliī Accusative alium aliam aliud Ablative aliō aliā aliō

41 Chapter 4

ADVERBS SECTION 1

Positive Adverbs

Latin adverbs come in three different degrees, just like adjec- Positive Adverbs from Third Declension Adjectives tives: positive, comparative, and superlative. Many positive ad- An adverb can be formed from a third declension adjective come from positive adjectives, although some do not. by finding the stem and adding “-iter.”

Positive Adverbs from First-Second Declension Adjectives Examples: An adverb can be formed from a first-second declension ad- fortis, fortis, forte brave fortiter bravely jective by finding the stem and adding to it “-ē.” celer, celeris, celere swift celeriter swiftly brevis, brevis, breve brief breviter briefly Examples: gravis, gravis, grave serious graviter seriously stultus, -a, -um foolish stultē foolishly miser, misera, miserum unhappy miserē unhappily When the stem of a third declension adjective ends in “nt” lentus, -a, -um slow lentē slowly only an “-er” is added for change it from an adjective to an laetus, -a, -um happy laetē happily adverb.

Example: prudens, prudentis wise prudenter wisely

43 SECTION 2

Comparative Adverbs

Comparative adverbs are formed from comparative adjec- tives. The comparative adverb is identical to the neuter nomi- native singular of the comparative adjective. Context is essen- tial to determining whether the word is being used as a com- parative adjective or adverb. An adjective will modify a noun with which it agrees in gender, number, and case. An adverbs will modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It does not decline.

Examples: laetior, laetius happier laetius more happily stultior, stultius more foolish stultius more foolishly lentior, lentius slower lentius more slowly gravior, gravius more serious gravius more seriously

44 SECTION 3

Superlative Adverbs

Superlative adverbs are formed from superlative adjectives. Superlative adjectives are first-second declension adjectives, so they follow the same rules for the formation of adverbs. The stem is found by dropping the -a from the feminine nominative singular and “-ē” is added.

Examples: stultissimus, -a, -um stultissimē most foolish most foolishly laetissimus, -a, -um laetissimē happiest most happily fortissimus, -a, -um fortissimē bravest most bravely

45 SECTION 4

Irregular Adverbs

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE There are some adverbs that do not follow the regular rules. diu diutius diutissimē These are often the same words that are formed irregularly for a long time for a longer time for the longest time for comparative and superlative adjectives. It is important to memorize the following chart. saepe saepius saepissimē often more often most often sērō sērius sērissimē late later latest bene melius optimē well better best male peius pessimē badly worse worst facile facilius facillimē easily more easily most easily magnopere magis maximē greatly more most, very much paulum minus minimē little less least multum plūs plūrimum much more most

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