Resource Book I NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES KMHS LATIN Chapter 1 NOUNS Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabulary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is unusual or specific to that noun. Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension is identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each declension has its own group of endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular. SECTION 1 The Latin Noun Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabu- lary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the geni- tive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is un- usual or specific to that noun. Examples: puer, puerī, m. boy urbs, urbis, genitive plural urbium, f. city vis, ---, f. strength, force, power, violence canis, canis, m./f. dog Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension is identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each declension has its own group of endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular. 2 SECTION 2 The First Declension The first declension is identified by the -ae ending on the Example: femina, feminae, f. woman stem: femin- genitive singular form. Most, but not all, first declension nouns are feminine. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. femina feminae SINGULAR PLURAL Gen. feminae feminārum Nom. -a -ae Dat. feminae feminīs Gen. -ae -ārum Acc. feminam feminās Dat. -ae -īs Abl. feminā feminīs Acc. -am -ās Voc. femina feminae Abl. -ā -īs Voc. -a -ae 3 SECTION 3 The Second Declension The second declension is identified by the ending -ī on the ** When a second declension noun has a nominative form genitive singular form. Most second declension nouns are ei- that ends in -us, the vocative ending is -e. When it has a vari- ther masculine or neuter. Masculine and neuter second de- able form, the vocative ending is identical to the nominative. clension nouns have their own endings. For second declension nouns that have an -i- before the -us ending, that ending contracts with the -e, giving a vocative SINGULAR PLURAL ending of -ī. Nom. -us (---) * -ī Masculine Gen. -ī -ōrum Example: servus, -ī, m. stem: serv- Dat. -ō -īs SINGULAR PLURAL Acc. -um -ōs Nom. servus servī Abl. -ō -īs Gen. servī servōrum Voc. -e (---)** -ī Dat. servō servīs Acc. servum servōs * Most second declension nouns have a nominative singular Abl. servō servīs form that ends in -us. Some have a variable form, often end- ing in an er. Voc. serve servī 4 Example: raedarius, -ī, m. stem: raedari- Feminine SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. raedarius raedariī Nom. hortus hortī Gen. raedariī raedariōrum Gen. hortī hortōrum Dat. raedariō raedariīs Dat. hortō hortīs Acc. raedarium raedariōs Acc. hortum hortōs Abl. raedariō raedariīs Abl. hortō hortīs Voc. raedarī raedariī Voc. horte hortī SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. puer puerī Gen. puerī puerōrum Dat. puerō puerīs Acc. puerum puerōs Abl. puerō puerīs Voc. puer puerī 5 Neuter Example: baculum, -ī, n. - stick stem: bacul- Neuter nouns of the second declension use slightly differ- ent endings from those of masculine and feminine nouns. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -um -a Nom. baculum bacula Gen. -ī -ōrum Gen. baculī baculōrum Dat. -ō -īs Dat. baculō baculīs Acc. -um -a Acc. baculum bacula Abl. -ō -īs Abl. baculō baculīs Voc. -um -a Voc. baculum bacula There are two helpful hints to remember with neuter nouns: 1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative endings are al- ways the same. 2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative plural endings always end with -a, regardless of the declension. 6 SECTION 4 The Third Declension Third declension nouns are nouns that share an -is ending in Masculine and Feminine the genitive singular. All genders share this -is ending in the genitive singular. When declining a third declension noun, SINGULAR PLURAL the same endings are used for masculine and feminine nouns. Nom./Voc. --- -ēs As with the second declension, a slightly different paradigm is Gen. -is -um used for the neuter gender. Dat. -ī -ibus In the third declension, the nominative and vocative forms Acc. -em -ēs are always identical. Abl. -e -ibus Example: pater, patris, m. stem: patr- There is no one consistent ending for the nominative singular form. The nominative singular for third declension should be SINGULAR PLURAL memorized as a variable. Nom./Voc. pater patrēs Gen. patris patrum Dat. patrī patribus Acc. patrem patrēs Abl. patre patribus 7 Neuter Third Declension I-stem Nouns Neuter nouns differ from masculine and feminine nouns in There is a subcategory of third declension nouns called I- two ways. In the accusative singular, instead of having the stem nouns. These nouns have slightly different endings. -em ending, they once again have the variable. In the nomina- They actually resemble the endings of third declension adjec- tive and accusative plural endings, they have an -a instead of tives. These nouns will be identified by the vocabulary entry. -ēs. Dictionaries and books will include either (-ium) or the full genitive plural form written out. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. ---- -a SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Gen. -is -um Nom./Voc. ---- -ēs (-ia) Dat. -ī -ibus Gen. -is -ium Acc. -em -a Dat. -ī -ibus Abl. -e -ibus Acc. -em -ēs (-ia) Abl. -e (ī) -ibus Example: tempus, tempōris, n. stem: tempōr- Example: glis, gliris, (-ium) m. stem: glir- SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. tempus tempōra Nom./Voc. glis glirēs Gen. tempōris tempōrum Gen. gliris glirium Dat. tempōrī tempōribus Dat. glirī gliribus Acc. tempus tempōra Acc. glirem glirēs Abl. tempōre tempōribus Abl. glire gliribus 8 Example: mare, maris, (-ium) n. stem: mar- SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. mare maria Gen. maris marium Dat. marī maribus Acc. mare maria Abl. marī maribus 9 SECTION 5 The Fourth Declension Fourth Declension nouns can be identified by the -ūs ending Example: manus, manūs, f. stem: man- on the genitive singular form. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. manus manūs There are two sets of endings for the fourth declension: one for masculine and feminine nouns and one for neuter nouns. Gen. manūs manuum Masculine and Feminine Dat. manuī manibus SINGULAR PLURAL Acc. manum manūs Nom./Voc. -us -ūs Abl. manūs manibus Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -uī -ibus Acc. -um -ūs Abl. -ūs -ibus 10 Neuter There are three neuter fourth declension nouns: cornū, cornūs, n. - horn genū, genūs, n. - knee verū, verūs, n. - broiling spit There is a separate set of endings for these three words. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. -ū -ua Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -ū -ibus Acc. -ū -ua Abl. -ū -ibus Example: genū, genūs, n. stem: gen- SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. genū genua Gen. genūs genuum Dat. genū genibus Acc. genū genua Abl. genū genibus 11 SECTION 6 The Fifth Declension The fifth declension is identified by the -ei ending on the geni- Example: res, rei, f. thing, matter, situation stem: r- tive singular form. Most, but not all, fifth declension nouns are feminine. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. rēs rēs Gen. reī rērum SINGULAR PLURAL Dat. reī rēbus Nom./Voc. -ēs -ēs Acc. rem rēs Gen. -ei -ērum Abl. re rēbus Dat. -ei -ebus Acc. -em -ēs Abl. -e -ebus 12 Chapter 2 PRONOUNS SECTION 1 Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns are pronouns that replace a previously First Person mentioned noun in a sentence. In English the personal pro- nouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, and they. These words are SINGULAR PLURAL some of the few examples that we have of words that decline Nominative ego nōs in English. Genitive meī nostrī/nostrum SINGULAR Dative mihi nōbīs 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Accusative mē nōs Subjective I you he/she/it Ablative mē nōbīs Possessive my/mine your/yours his/her/its Second Person Objective me you him/her/it SINGULAR PLURAL PLURAL Nominative tū vōs 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Genitive tuī vestrī/vestrum Subjective we you they Dative tibi vōbīs Possessive our/ours your/yours their/theirs Accusative tē vōs Objective us you them Ablative tē vōbīs 14 Third Person SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative is ea id Genitive eius eius eius Dative eī eī eī Accusative eum eam id Ablative eō eā eō SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative eī eae ea Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum Dative eīs eīs eīs Accusative eōs eās ea Ablative eīs eīs eīs 15 SECTION 2 Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used when an object in the predicate First Person Reflexive Pronouns refers to the same person or thing as the subject. SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative --- --- In the first and second person, the reflexive pronoun uses the same forms as the personal pronoun, except that it does not Genitive meī nostrī exist in the nominative case. Dative mihi nōbīs Accusative mē nōs Ablative mē nōbīs Second Person Reflexive Pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative --- --- Genitive tuī vestrī Dative tibi vōbīs Accusative tē vōs Ablative tē vōbīs 16 Third Person Reflexive Pronouns In the third person, a different set of forms is used. The same forms are used for all three genders in both the singular and plural. The gender and number of the object can be deter- mined by the gender and the number of the subject. Nominative --- Genitive suī Dative sibi Accusative sē Ablative sē 17 SECTION 3 Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives A demonstrative is something that indicates, or points out a SINGULAR particular item or person. It can be used as an adjective, in which case it modifies a noun and agrees with it in gender, M.