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A Manual of Modern Kannada A Manual of Modern Kannada ROBERT J. ZYDENBOS ROBERT J. ZYDENBOS J. ROBERT A Manual of Modern Kannada A Manual of Modern Kannada Robert J. Zydenbos Robert Zydenbos is professor of Indology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Germany. His main areas of research and teaching are Indian philosophy and religions, Kannada, and Sanskrit. He has been working with Kannada-language materials for over 40 years. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. This book is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0). The cover is subject to the Creative Commons License CC-BY-ND 4.0. Published by CrossAsia-eBooks, Heidelberg University Library 2020. The electronic open access version of this work is permanently available on the website of CrossAsia-eBooks: https://crossasia-books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/xasia URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-xabooks-736-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/xabooks.736 Text © 2020 by Robert J. Zydenbos Cover illustration: Ferdinand Kittel, A Kannaḍa-English dictionary. Mangalore, 1894. Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, shelf mark Ci XIV 80 a. https://doi.org/10.20345/digitue.12651 ISBN 978-3-946742-82-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-3-946742-84-5 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-3-946742-83-8 (Softcover) Contents page Preface ix What this book is – What this book is not – The Kannada language (The linguistic significance of the Kannada language – The literary significance of the Kannada language – The historical significance ofthe Kannada language – The contemporary social significance of the Kannada language – The oldest Kannada literature – Dialects of Kannada – Kannada script – The Dravidian languages – Kannada and Sanskrit) – Some concluding remarks How to Use This Book xxiii Preliminary Overview xxix Pronunciation: the phonemic system of Kannada – vocabulary – grammar – the most important rule of all for the learner Lesson 1 1 The nominal (copulative or equative) sentence – the main categories of words – nouns and pronoun – grammatical gender of nouns and pronouns – first and second person pronouns – the third person –the honorific plural – ‘trio words’ – grammatical cases – noun classes– writing compound words conjointly or separately Lesson 2 23 A note on punctuation marks – sandhi – how to ask questions – ‘yes’ and ‘no’ – the inclusive suffix ū – expressions of comprehensive negation – the verb iru (to be) – social ritual Lesson 3 43 Plural suffixes Lesson 4 49 Grammatical cases: nominative, genitive vi A Manual of Modern Kannada Lesson 5 61 Verb classes – the three tenses of the finite verb – negation Lesson 6 79 Demonstratives – the accusative case – the imperative (hortative) mood Lesson 7 87 Grammatical case: dative Lesson 8 97 Grammatical cases: ablative / instrumental, locative – the use of postpositions Lesson 9 111 Finite and non-finite verb forms – defective verbs Lesson 10 119 Other question markers: -ēnu, -ē, -ō – adjectives and adjectival expressions Lesson 11 133 Pronominalization – comparatives and superlatives of adjectival expressions; ‘very’ and ‘too’ Lesson 12 147 The vocative case – gerund – perfect mode – the adverbializing suffix -āgi Lesson 13 159 The present participle – continuous mode – the suffix -isu Lesson 14 165 The relative participle – interrogatives as relative words Lesson 15 179 Verbal nouns – the infinitive – the use of the infinitive with defective verbs – negation – how to express identity in an explicit tense Lesson 16 195 The quotative verb ಎನು· ennu – expressions with ೊತು³ gottu Contents vii Lesson 17 205 How to indicate possession – the negative mood – the potential mood Lesson 18 217 Impersonal and ‘passive’ verbal constructions – the conditional – the concessional – verbal expressions of time – verbal expressions of mode – verbal expressions of place Lesson 19 233 ella ‘all’ – the ‘aloof’ personal pronouns ātanu / ītanu and āke / īke – the reflexive pronoun tānu / tāvu – auxiliary verbs – other defective verbs and idiomatic usages – possibility Sandhi 253 Numerals 261 Cardinal numbers – ordinal numbers – numerals and persons – fractions – inclusive expressions – ‘hundreds of’ Strong or ‘Irregular’ Verbs 271 Colloquialisms 279 The Phonemic System and Script of Kannada 285 Key to the Exercises 301 Bibliography 309 General Vocabulary 313 Technical Note 331 Index 333 Preface Sign at Bangalore airport. Note that while the official spelling of ‘Bengaluru’ is used in the lower right-hand corner, the older, better-known spelling is used in the main message What this book is – What this book is not – The Kannada language (The linguistic significance of the Kannada language – The literary significance of the Kannada language – The historical significance of the Kannada lan- guage – The contemporary social significance of the Kannada language – The oldest Kannada literature – Dialects of Kannada – Kannada script – The Dravidian languages – Kannada and Sanskrit) – Some concluding re- marks What this book is This book is an introductory learner’s manual of modern written Kan- nada: a language of the Dravidian family of languages with a literary history that reaches back at least until the ninth century CE,1 and the official language of the modern state of Karnataka in southern India.2 The book has developed out of materials which the author wrote for his own use, teaching Kannada in the Ludwig-Maximilians-Univer- sität München (commonly known as the ‘LMU’, and in the English- speaking world as the University of Munich), Germany. Experience has shown that with four hours of teaching per week, the material in this book can be learnt in three to four months, depending on the aptitude of the students. Although it was designed for classroom use, it can also be used for self-study. x A Manual of Modern Kannada After studying the contents of this book, the learner should be able to read modern non-belletristic texts as well as much modern narrative prose literature with the aid of a dictionary. Some belletristic authors use bits of regional dialect, and poets, especially, like to use linguistic archaisms to achieve special effects; the discussion of such features belongs to an advanced level, and not all of these are mentioned and explained in this book. What this book is not As an introductory manual, this book is not an exhaustive study of the whole of Kannada grammar. Although it will occasionally refer to earlier stages in the historical development of the language in order to explain certain peculiarities, it focusses on the standard modern written language.3 Therefore, it does not cover all stages of develop- ment of the extremely rich Kannada language in detail, nor does it deal with peculiarities of regional or social spoken dialects in detail (although occasionally brief remarks about widespread colloquialisms and widely known features of prominent dialects will be made). Simi- larly, the reader should not expect this book to explain each and every detail of idiomatic usage in this old and rich language (although some common idiomatic expressions are treated here). Neither is it a phrase book or a manual of conversational Kannada (although a few samples of conver sa tionallanguage are given). On the other hand, it should be noted that modern written Kan- nada is also a spoken language, and differences between this writ- ten, literary norm and most of the spoken dialects are not great.4 The written or literary language is spoken in formal situations and also in all such situations where the target audience is supra-regional (for instance, in broad casting). When one has mastered the written lan- guage, one can speak it throughout the entire Kannada-speaking region of India and be understood without making an awkward impression.5 Nowadays there is a tendency to produce teaching manuals (not only for Kannada, but also for other Indian languages) that supposedly teach a generally spoken, colloquial language. These ‘spoken languages’, in my experience, are usually little more than fictions.6 The production of such manuals is not only didactically flawed, but in my opinion also shows a strangely limited and also disrespectful view of why one should want to learn an Indian language: as if no serious literature Preface xi has been produced in those languages that is worth reading, or as if the only function of those languages can be to prattle a bit with peo- ple who are too uneducated to understand simple everyday statements (because that is what such manuals teach) in English, which is de facto the one modern language that is spoken throughout the whole of India. If a tourist is interested only in communicating light banalities in India, then some knowledge of broken English is usually enough.7 One needs to learn an Indian language in order to understand and to communicate beyond the level of the merely trivial, and the only sensible course of action is to begin with the written standard form of the language. The present book explains Kannada according to its generally ac- cepted modern written norm, but also includes a chapter on the more widely spread colloquialisms. The only way to learn how to speak any Indian language is to spend much time with speakers of the language, and this means that one will learn the regional and social variety of the language of those speakers. By learning normative written Kannada, one gains a deeper understanding of the grammatical
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