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Kannada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kannada /ˈkaːnədə/[7][8] ( kannaḍa, IPA: [ˈkʌnːəɖɑː]) or Canarese/Kanarese /kænəˈriːz/,[9] is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by in the South Indian state of Kannada , and by linguistic minorities in the states of , , , , , and . With roughly 40 million native speakers,[10] who are called Kannadigas (Kannaḍigaru), Kannada ranks 33rd in the list of most spoken languages in the world. It is one of the scheduled languages of and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.[11] Pronunciation [ˈkʌnnəɖɑː] Native to India The Kannada language is written using the , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script. Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and Region Karnataka and Goa, with border communities in neighboring states literary flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty[12] and during the 9th-century Ethnicity Kannadiga .[13][14] Kannada has an unbroken literary history of over a thousand 38 million (2007)[1] years.[15] Native speakers 11 million as a second language (2001 census)[2] Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry Language Dravidian of Culture, the Government of India designated Kannada a classical language of India.[16][17][18] In family July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Southern Tamil–Kannada[3] Institute of Indian Languages at to facilitate research related to the language.[19] Kannada–Badaga Kannada

Early forms Old Kannada Contents Kannada

Writing Kannada (Brahmic) 1 History system Kannada

2 Influence of and Official status 3 Early epigraphy Official India (Karnataka) language in 3.1 Coins Regulated by Various academies and the Government of 4 Literature Karnataka[4] 4.1 Old Kannada Language codes ISO 639-1 kn

4.2 Middle Kannada ISO 639-2 kan

4.3 Modern Kannada ISO 639-3 kan Glottolog nucl1305

5 Dialects (http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1305)[5]

6 Status 7

7.1 Obsolete Kannada letters

7.2 Kannada script evolution

7.3 Dictionary 7.4 Kannada script in computing

7.4.1 Transliteration

7.4.2 Unicode 8 Distribution of native Kannada speakers in India[6]

8.1 Compound bases

8.2

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

History

Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language, and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford Steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods; Old Kannada (halegannada) from 450–1200 A.D., Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) from 1200–1700 A.D., and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present.[20] Kannada is influenced to an appreciable extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other languages such as Prakrit and can also be found in Kannada language. The scholar Iravatham Mahadevan proved that Kannada was already a language of rich oral tradition earlier than 3rd century B.C., and based on the native Kannada found in Prakrit and Tamil inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a widespread and stable population.[21][22] The scholar K.V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language with lesser influence from other languages.[21]

Influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit

The sources of influence on literary appear to be three-fold; Pāṇini's grammar, non-Paninian schools of , particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar.[23] Literary Prakrit seemed to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. The vernacular Prakrit speaking people may have come in contact with the Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant influence of these languages.[23][24]

Some examples of naturalised (tadbhava) words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are: baṇṇa (color) derived from vaṇṇa, hunnime (new moon) from puṇṇivā. Examples of naturalized Sanskrit words in Kannada are: varṇa (color), arasu (king) from rajan, paurṇimā, and rāya from rāja (king).[25] Kannada has numerous borrowed (tatsama) words such as dina (day), kopa (anger), (sun), mukha (face), nimiṣa (minute) and anna (rice).[26]

Early epigraphy

Pre-old Kannada (or Purava HaleGannada) was the language of in the early Common Era, the Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years.[22][27][28][29] The rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada.[30]

A possibly more definite reference to Kannada is found in the 'Charition mime' of the 1st or 2nd century AD. The farce, written by an unknown author was discovered in the early 20th century at Oxyrynchus in .[31][32] The play is concerned with a Greek lady named Charition who has been stranded on the coast of a country bordering the Indian Ocean. The king of this region, and his countrymen, sometimes Old-Kannada inscription dated use their own language, and the sentences they spoke include Koncha madhu patrakke haki (lit having AD 578 ( Chalukya poured a little wine into the cup separately) and paanam beretti katti madhuvam ber ettuvenu (lit having dynasty) at Badami cave taken up the cup separately and having covered it, I shall take wine separately).[33] The language temple no.3 employed in the papyrus indicates that the play is set in one of the numerous small ports on the western coast of India, between Karwar and .[33] The inscription at Halmidi village, in The written tradition of Kannada begins in the early centuries of common era. The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language old-Kannada, is usually stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of proto-Kannada in Hale dated to AD 450 Kannada (lit Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, usually dated c. AD 450, indicating that Kannada had become (Kadamba Dynasty) an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about the history and culture of Karnataka.[34][35][36][37] The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 AD are further examples.[38][39][40] Recent reports indicate that the Old Kannada Nishadi Inscription discovered on the , , is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400.[41] The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Settar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma (c. 350–370) is also older than the Halmidi inscription.[42]

Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far.[43] Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script.[44][45]

The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to the early 8th century AD, are associated with Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem.[46] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala. It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada Old-Kannada Old-Kannada district.[47] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.[47] inscription of the 9th inscription of c. AD century (Rashtrakuta 726, discovered in Coins Dynasty) at Devi Talakad, from the rule temple in , of King Shivamara I or Karnataka Sripurusha (Western Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing the Kannada inscription Vira and were found in Satara Ganga Dynasty) collectorate.[48] A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (c. AD 390–420) in old Kannada exists.[49] A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, district.[50] Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning the rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Badami Chalukyas, the Alupas, the Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas, the Hoysalas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom, the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery.[51][52][53] The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and in triplicate,[54] a few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available.[55]

Literature

Old Kannada

The oldest existing record of in tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of AD 700.[56] by King The famous Atakur Nripatunga I (AD 850) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics inscription (AD 949) meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada from , a [57][58] works by early writers such as King of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the record of 636 AD. Since the classical Kannada earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary composition in two styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.[57][59] An early extant prose parts; a fight between a work, the Vaddaradhane by Shivakotiacharya of AD 900 provides an elaborate description of the life of of hound and a wild boar, Shravanabelagola.[60] and the victory of the Rashtrakutas over the Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient texts now considered extinct in the but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (AD 650) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—AD 650) by Srivaradhadeva, famous battle of also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (Tatwartha- Takkolam mahashastra).[61][62][63] Other sources date Chudamani to the 6th century or earlier.[64][65] The Karnateshwara Katha, a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka, a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II, belonged to the 8th century,[66] and the -purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early 9th century.[67] Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that must have flourished as early as the AD 4th century.[68]

The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi. The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of the early writers of this period are and , trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter.[69] A famous Jaina writer of the same period is , who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.[70]

The tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of , creed and . Some of the Old Kannada important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna, and .[71] inscription dated 1057 A.D. of Western Middle Kannada Chalukya King Someshvara I at During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, had a great influence on Middle Kannada (Nadugannada) language Kalleshwara Temple, and literature. Kumara , who wrote the Karnata Kathamanjari, was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this Hire Hadagali in period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the district .[72] During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.[73][74][75] During this period, several and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.[76]

Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa, Purandaradasa, Naraharitirtha, , Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha, Vijaya Dasa, , Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.[77] Kanakadasa's Ramadhanya Charite is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.[78] This period saw the advent of Sahitya (lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to literature and sowed the seeds of . is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music.[79][80][81]

Modern Kannada

The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Old-Kannada Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana inscription ascribed to whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat King VI Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. (Western Chalukya The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of Carey Empire), dated AD printed at Serampore in 1817, and the " in Canarese" of John Hands in 1820.[82] The first novel 1112, at the Mahadeva printed was John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs, The Temple in , Koppal Old-Kannada inscription of AD History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood, Christian Gottlob Barth's Bible Stories and district of Karnataka 1220 () at "a Canarese hymn book."[83] state Ishwara temple of Arasikere town in the Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya, Navya, Navyottara, Dalita and Bandaya. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as , Bendre, and V K . Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards,[84] the highest number awarded to any Indian language.[85]

Dialects

There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Nadavar-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka ), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in and Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, , ), Soliga, Kannada, Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background. Kannada inscription dated 1509 A.D., of Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga, Holiya and Urali. King ( Empire), Status at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi The Director of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Udaya Narayana Singh, submitted a report in 2006 to the Indian government describes his coronation arguing for Kannada to be made a classical language of India.[86] In 2008 the Indian government announced that Kannada was to be designated as one of the classical .[16]

Writing system

The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu ( – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu ( – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither nor – two letters: anusvara and visarga ). The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The Kannada script is almost perfectly phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The Kannada script is syllabic.

Obsolete Kannada letters

Kannada literary works employed the letters (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th Kannada inscription dated 1654 A.D., at centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with (ra) and (la) respectively.[87] Yelandur with exquisite Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. Likewise, this has its equivalent in Telugu, relief where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by (consonant n).

Kannada script evolution

The image below shows the evolution of Kannada script[88] from prehistoric times to the modern period. The Kannada script evolved in stages:

Proto-Kannada → Pre–Old Kannada → Old Kannada → Modern Kannada. Kannada billboards in India. The Proto-Kannada script has its root in ancient Brahmi and appeared around the 3rd century BC. The Pre-Old-Kannada script appeared around the 4th century AD. Old-Kannada script can be traced to around the 10th century AD, whereas Modern-Kannada script appeared around the 17th century AD.

Dictionary

Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet '' called 'Ranna Kanda' in 996 ACE. Other dictionaries are 'Abhidhana Vastukosha' by Nagavarma (1045 ACE), Historical 'Amarakoshada Teeku' by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398 ACE) and many more.[89] A Kannada–English form of [90] dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words was composed by . representing in Kannada G. Venkatasubbaiah edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the Kannada Sahitya script. Parishat. He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a kliṣtapadakōśa, a dictionary of difficult words.[91][92]

Kannada script in computing

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha[93] (based on ITRANS), Pada Software[94] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad[95] (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the 's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.

Unicode

Kannada[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf) (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+0C8x U+0C9x U+0CAx U+0CBx U+0CCx U+0CDx U+0CEx U+0CFx Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 8.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Grammar

The canonical order of Kannada is SOV (subject–object–) as is the case with . Kannada is a highly inflected language with three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The most authoritative known book on old Kannada grammar is Shabdhamanidarpana by Keshiraja. The first available Kannada book, a treatise on poetics, rhetoric and basic grammar is the Kavirajamarga from 850 C.E.

The most influential account of Kannada grammar is Keshiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (c. AD 1260).[96][97] The earlier grammatical works include portions of Kavirajamarga (a treatise on alańkāra) of the 9th century, and Kavyavalokana and Karnatakabhashabhushana (both authored by Nagavarma II in the first half of the 12th century).[97]

Compound bases

Compound bases, called samāsa in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together.[98] There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding. Examples: tangaaLi, hemmara, immadi.

Pronouns

In many ways the third-person is more like demonstratives than like the other pronouns. They are pluralized like , whereas the first- and second- person pronouns have different ways to distinguish number.[99]

See also

Kannada dialects Kannada flag of Karnataka Gokak agitation Kannada American Karnataka History Timeline Karnataka literature List of Indian languages by total speakers Hermann Mögling Siribhoovalaya Kuvempu

Notes

Garg, Ganga Ram (1992) [1992]. "Kannada literature". Encyclopaedia of World: A-Aj, Volume 1. : Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81- 7022-374-1. Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2011). ": Kannada". Understanding India-The . New York: Britannica educational Printing. ISBN 978-1- 61530-203-1. Steever, S. B. (1998). "Kannada". In Steever, S. B. (ed.). The Dravidian Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions). London: Routledge. Pp. 436. pp. 129–157. ISBN 0-415-10023-2. Kloss and McConnell, Heinz and Grant D. (1978). The Written languages of the world: a survey of the degree and modes of use-vol 2 part1. Université Laval. ISBN 2-7637-7186-6. Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0303-6. Narasimhacharya, R. (1934) History of Kannada Language (https://archive.org/details/HistoryKannadaLanguage). University of Mysore. Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0063-0. Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8. Kamath, Suryanath U. (2002) [2001]. A concise : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041. Various (1988) [1988]. Encyclopaedia of -vol 2. . ISBN 81-260-1194-7. Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8. Ramesh, K.V. (1984) [1984]. Chalukyas of Vatapi. New Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. Kittel, F (1993) [1993]. A Grammar of the Kannada Language Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (Ancient, Medieval and Modern). New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0056-8. Bhat, Thirumaleshwara (1993) [1993]. Govinda Pai. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-540-2. Zvelebil, Kamil (1973) [1973]. Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5. Shapiro and Schiffman, Michael C., Harold F. (1981) [1981]. Language And Society In South Asia. New Delhi: Publishers. ISBN 81-208- 2607-8. References

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Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2013. 17. Kuiper (2011), p.74 18. R Zydenbos in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition, p.767, Princeton University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-691- 15491-6 19. "IBNLive – CIIL to head Centre for classical Kannada study". Ibnlive.in.com. 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013. 20. Steever, S.B. (1998), p. 129 21. "Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada". Centre for classical Kannada. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Retrieved 28 August 2011. 22. Iravatham Mahadevan. "Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD". Harvard University Press. Retrieved 12 April 2007. 23. Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) (1985). The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 76. Mythic Society (Bangalore, India). pp. Pages_197–210. 24. B. K. Khadabadi, Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādamī (1997). Studies in Jainology, Prakrit literature, and languages: a collection of select 51 papers Volume 116 of Prakrit Bharti pushpa. Prakrit Bharati Academy,. pp. 444 pages. 25. Jha, Ganganatha (1976). Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Volume 32. Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha,. pp. see page 319. 26. Kulli, Jayavant S (1991). History of grammatical theories in Kannada. Internationial School of Dravidian Linguistics,. pp. 330 pages. 27. Kamath (2001), p. 5–6 28. Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490 29. Pai and Narasimhachar in Bhat (1993), p103 30. The word Isila found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the third century BC (Dr. D.L. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001, p5) 31. Suryanatha Kamath – Karnataka State Gazetteer – South Kanara (1973), Printed by the Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press 32. Manohar Laxman Varadpande – History of Indian theatre, Volume 3 (1987), Abhinav Publications, New Delhi. 33. D. R. Bhandarkar – Lectures on the of India on the Period From 650 To 320 B.C. (1919), University of Calcutta. 34. Ramesh (1984), p10 35. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2, Sahitya Akademi (1988), p1717, p 1474 36. A report on Halmidi inscription, Muralidhara Khajane (3 November 2003). "Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition". The Hindu (, India). Retrieved 25 November 2006. 37. Kamath (2001), p10 38. Narasimhacharya (1988), p6 39. Rice (1921), p13 40. Govinda Pai in Bhat (1993), p102 41. "Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008. 42. "HALMIDI INSCRIPTION". Centre for classical Kannada. Central Institute for Indian Languages. Retrieved 25 March 2012. 43. Sahitya Akademi (1988), p1717 44. Kamath (2001), p58 45. Azmathulla Shariff. "Badami: Chalukyans' magical transformation". . Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006. 46. Gururaj Bhat in Kamath (2001), p97 47. Mukerjee, Shruba (21 August 2005). "Preserving voices from the past". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2007. 48. The coins are preserved at the Archaeological Section, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, – Kundangar and Moraes in Moraes (1931), p382 49. The coin is preserved at the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in Moraes (1938), p 382 50. Dr Gopal, director, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History (6 February 2006). "5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi". Hindu, Monday, 6 February 2006 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). Retrieved 18 October 2007. 51. Kamath (2001), p12, p57 52. Govindaraya Prabhu, S. "Indian coins-Dynasties of South". Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage, 1 November 2001. Retrieved 27 November 2006. 53. Harihariah Oruganti-Vice-President, Madras Coin Society. "Vijayanagar Coins-Catalogue". Retrieved 27 November 2006. 54. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada – Moraes (1931), p384 55. Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas are preserved at the Royal Asiatic Society, Mumbai, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. Moraes (1931), p385 56. Kamath (2001), p67 57. Sastri (1955), p355 58. Kamath (2001), p90 59. Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature-I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006. 60. Sastri (1955), p356 61. The seventeenth-century Kannada grammarian Bhattakalanka wrote about the Chudamani as a milestone in the literature of the Kannada language (Sastri (1955), p355) 62. Jyotsna Kamat. "History of the Kannada Literature – I". Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 25 November 2006. 63. Narasimhacharya (1988), pp 4–5 64. Rice, B.L. (1897), p497 65. 6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced from the tip of his tongue, just as produced the from the tip of his top knot (Rice E.P., 1921, p27) 66. Kamath (2001), p50, p67 67. The author and his work were praised by the latter-day poet Durgasimha of AD 1025 (Narasimhacharya 1988, p18.) 68. Sri K. Appadurai. "The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture". Copyright INTAMM. 1997. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2006. 69. Sastri (1955), pp 361–2 70. Narasimhacharya (1988), p20 71. Sastri (1955), p361 72. Sastri (1955), p364 73. "Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309) 74. Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18 75. "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten 76. J. Bucher; Ferdinand Kittel (1899). A Kannaḍa-English school-dictionary: chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel. Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository. 77. Sastri (1955), pp 364–365 78. The writing exalts the grain Ragi above all other grains that form the staple foods of much of modern Karnataka (Sastri 1955, p365) 79. Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). Romance of the . Abinav publications. p. 67. ISBN 81-7017-382-5. 80. Iyer (2006), p93 81. Sastri (1955), p365 82. Report on the administration of Mysore – Page 90 Mysore – 1864 "There is no authentic record of the casting of the first Early Canarese printing. Canarese type, but a Canarese Grammar by Dr. Carey printed at Serampore in 1817 is extant. 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Kittel (1993), p. 3. 98. Ferdinand Kittel, pp. 30 99. Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 13–14

Further reading

Masica, Colin P. (1991) [1991]. The Indo- Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29944-6. Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. The Penguin History of Early India. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-302989-4. George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81- 206-0595-0 Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987) [1987]. History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-221-7.

External links

"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition, Muralidhara Khajane". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 3 November 2003. Wikimedia Commons Retrieved 25 November 2006. has media related to "Declare Kannada a classical language, Staff reporter". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 May 2005. Retrieved 25 November Kannada language. 2006. "The place of Kannada and Tamil in National Culture". Retrieved 25 November 2006. Kannada edition of "History of the Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat". Retrieved 25 November 2006. Wikipedia, the free "Records and revelations, Indira Parathasarathy". Retrieved 25 November 2006. encyclopedia "Ancient inscriptions unearthed, N. Havalaiah". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 24 January 2004. Retrieved 25 November 2006. "Indian inscriptions-South Indian inscriptions, Vol 20, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 9, Archaeological survey of India, What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd". "English to Kannada Dictionary".

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Categories: Classical Language in India Dravidian languages Kannada language Languages of Andhra Pradesh Languages of Karnataka Languages of Kerala Languages of Tamil Nadu Languages of Telangana Official languages of India

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