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Redalyc.Crecimiento De Nueve Especies De Palmas Ornamentales Agronomía Costarricense ISSN: 0377-9424 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Gutiérrez, Marco V.; Jiménez, Kenneth Crecimiento de nueve especies de palmas ornamentales cultivadas bajo un gradiente de sombra Agronomía Costarricense, vol. 31, núm. 1, 2007, pp. 9-19 Universidad de Costa Rica San José, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=43631102 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Agronomía Costarricense 31(1): 9-19. ISSN:0377-9424 / 2007 www.mag.go.cr/rev agr/inicio.htm www.cia.ucr.ac.cr CRECIMIENTO DE NUEVE ESPECIES DE PALMAS ORNAMENTALES CULTIVADAS BAJO UN GRADIENTE DE SOMBRA Marco V. Gutiérrez1/*, Kenneth Jiménez* Palabras clave: ambientes protegidos, Arecaceae, casas de mallas, luz, microclima, trópicos. Keywords: Arecaceae, light, sheltered environments, microclimate, palms, shadehouses, tropics. Recibido: 07/04/06 Aceptado: 31/10/06 RESUMEN ABSTRACT Se evaluó el crecimiento de 9 especies de Growth of nine ornamental palm palmas cultivadas bajo un gradiente de sombra species cultivated under a shade gradient. producido por mallas de polipropileno negro de We evaluated the growth of 9 ornamental palm 40, 50, 60, 70 y 80% de sombra, más un trata- species kept under a shade gradient created by miento de malla aluminizada de 70%, y uno con black polypropylene screens that yielded 40, 50 , plantas a pleno sol. Las especies evaluadas fue- 60 , 70 and 80% shade, plus a 70% aluminized- ron Caryota mitis (cola de pez), Chamaedorea net shade treatment and a control consisting costaricana (pacaya), Chamaedorea tepejilote of plants grown under full sun. The species (tepejilote), Dypsis lutescens (areca), Licuala evaluated were Caryota mitis, Chamaedorea elegans (licuala), Phoenix roebelenii (fénix), costaricana, Chamaedorea tepejilote, Dypsis Ptychosperma macarthurii (palma macarthur), lutescens, Lícuala elegans, Phoenix roebelenii, Roystonea regia (palma real), y Veitchia merri- Ptychosperma macarthurii, Roystonea regia, llii (navideña). Se midió la altura de las plantas, and Veitchia merrillii. Plant height, length of la longitud de las hojas maduras, y el número the youngest fully expanded leaf, and number de hojas cosechadas, durante 5 cosechas por 2 of leaves per plant were measured during a two- años. En general, la altura de las plantas y la year period. In general, plant height and leaf longitud de las hojas fueron menores a 0-40% length were lower under 0-40% shade, increased de sombra, se incrementaron a 50-70%, y decre- under 50-70%, and declined under 80%. C. cieron a 80%. C. mitis, C. tepejilote, L. elegans tepejilote, C. mitis, L. elegans y P. macarthurii y P. macarthurii, se comportaron como especies behaved as obligate shade plants and did not obligadas de sombra y no sobrevivieron a pleno survive under full sun. C. costaricana and D. sol. C. costaricana y D. lutescens sobrevivieron lutescens survived full sun exposure, but their a plena exposición solar, y su crecimiento alcan- growth reached highest values under 50-60%. zó valores máximos a 50-60%. P. roebelenii, R. P. roebelenii, R. regia and V. merrillii showed regia, y V. merrillii mostraron un crecimiento reduced growth at 0-40%, but growth improved reducido a 0-40%, pero éste mejoró bajo los under all other shade levels employed. In general, demás niveles de sombra a lo largo del gradiente. 1-2 years are appropriate for nursering fast- En general, 1-2 años es un periodo apropiado growing palms (Chamedorea spp, D. lutescens, para el cultivo de palmas de crecimiento rápido R. regia) in tropical shade houses. Slow-growing (R. regia, Chamedorea spp., D. lutescens) en palms (L. elegans) may be kept for 3-5 years in casas de mallas. Palmas de lento crecimiento (L. a shade house. Strategies for the use of shade 1/ Autor para correspondencia. Correo electrónico: * Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit M., [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica. Alajuela, Costa Rica. 10 AGRONOMÍA COSTARRICENSE elegans) pueden permanecer 3-5 años en una casa gradients in time and space, according to the de sombra. Se discute estrategias para el uso de requirements and economic uses of palm species, gradientes de sombra en el tiempo y en el espacio, market requirements, and plant production cycles, según la utilidad y los requerimientos de las espe- are discussed. cies, los requisitos establecidos por el mercado, y el ciclo de producción del material vegetal. INTRODUCCIÓN condiciones topográficas (Kessler 2000) y edá- ficas (Henderson et al. 1995, Clark et al. 1995) La familia Arecaceae (palmas) se distin- parecen controlar la distribución actual de estas gue por su gran abundancia y su alta diversidad especies en diferentes ambientes. En estos sitios, morfológica y funcional. Hay aproximadamente los miembros de la familia Arecaceae experi- 200 géneros con 1500 especies de palmas en el mentan condiciones contrastantes de luz, tempe- mundo, de los cuales 67 géneros con 550 especies ratura y humedad del aire, velocidad del viento, se encuentran naturalmente en América tropical. de propiedades topográficas y edáficas (Kessler La región centroamericana es rica en palmas 2000, Svenning 2001). Este alto potencial de y contiene aproximadamente 25 géneros y 150 adaptación y aclimatación a diversos ambientes especies. Los géneros Chamaedorea, Bactris y puede ser explotado en los intentos de utilización Geonoma, que contienen un tercio de todas las de palmas nativas e introducidas como materiales especies de palmas del Neo-trópico, poseen el ornamentales, tanto en condiciones de interior mayor número de especies identificadas en Costa como en exteriores, entre las que los niveles de Rica (Grayum 2003). luz y otras variables ambientales pueden variar La importancia etno-botánica de las palmas sustancialmente. es también innegable. Las culturas Amerindias y Sin embargo, la transferencia de plantas las sociedades modernas han dependido de ellas silvestres a ambientes agrícolas, ecológicamente como fuente de materias primas, pues incluyen modificados, es usualmente acompañada por especies comestibles, productoras de aceite y el desarrollo de diversos tipos de estrés tanto fibras, de uso industrial, medicinal y ornamental. abiótico (debido a factores físico-químicos del Los frutos de las palmas y las semillas son una ambiente) como biótico (plagas y enfermedades). fuente de alimento importante para una gran Por lo tanto, un requisito para el cultivo apropiado diversidad de animales silvestres y domésticos. de estas plantas es la medición y el control de las En Costa Rica, las palmas son un componente variables ambientales en los sitios de producción, importante del creciente sector agro-exportador y la determinación de la manera en que estas se de plantas ornamentales y follajes, de prominen- relacionan con el estado fisiológico de las plan- cia económica durante los últimos 5 años (≅ $135 tas, su crecimiento, y los problemas sanitarios millones en el 2005), solo inferior a los productos encontrados bajo producción intensiva. Muchas agrícolas tradicionalmente exportados (banano, especies de palmas deben ser expuestas a altos piña, café y melón) (Procomer 2005). niveles de luz para expresar su potencial de creci- La distribución de las palmas está restrin- miento, aunque en su ambiente natural atraviesan gida casi exclusivamente a los trópicos, donde se su juvenilidad (2-3 primeros años de vida) cre- han diversificado para ocupar una gran variedad ciendo bajo condiciones de luz parcial. Muchas de habitats y desempeñar importantes funciones palmas son cultivadas bajo luz parcial, donde el en los ecosistemas (Svenning 2001). La precipi- crecimiento es menor pero la apariencia de las tación (Corner 1966, Bjorholm et al. 2005) y las plantas y la calidad de las hojas pueden mejorar. Agronomía Costarricense 31(1): 9-19. ISSN:0377-9424 / 2007 GUTIÉRREZ Y JIMÉNEZ: Crecimiento de palmas ornamentales bajo sombra 11 Aclimatizadas adecuadamente, un gran número 70% de sombra producido por malla aluminizada de especies de palmas son capaces de residir de Aluminet® (70%A), y un tratamiento control en ambientes con muy poca luz durante largos compuesto por plantas cultivadas a plena expo- períodos. Estas condiciones se pueden obtener sición solar (0%). Se determinó el crecimiento mediante el uso de sombra natural en sistemas de las plantas mediante evaluaciones periódicas agro-forestales, o a través de la construcción de de la altura de las plantas, el número de hojas, ambientes modificados como invernaderos y y la longitud de las hojas. Se realizó 5 cosechas casas de mallas. separadas de hojas, por un intervalo de aproxi- El objetivo de esta investigación fue com- madamente 6 meses (Dic. 1996, Junio 1997, Nov. parar el efecto de 7 niveles de sombra, producidos 1997, Junio 1998, Nov. 1998). mediante el uso de mallas, sobre el crecimiento y Se evaluó 9 especies de palmas (Cuadro la producción de hojas de 9 especies de palmas 1): Caryota mitis (cola de pez), Chamaedorea ornamentales. costaricana (pacaya), Chamaedorea tepejilote (tepejilote), Dypsis lutescens (areca), Licuala elegans (licuala), Phoenix roebelenii (fénix), MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Ptychosperma macarthurii (palma macarthur), Roystonea regia (palma real), y Veitchia merrillii Localización del experimento (navideña). Las plantas fueron producidas a partir de semillas que germinaron en un enraizador. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Las plántulas se sembraron en bolsas plásticas Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno de color negro de 20 cm. de alto y 10 cm. de de la Universidad de Costa Rica, localizada en diámetro. Se dispuso de una planta por bolsa, el Barrio San José de Alajuela, a 10°1′ N y 84° excepto en los casos de las “palmeras múltiples” 16′O, y a 840 msnm. de elevación. El estudio C. lutescens que se mantuvo con 5 tallos por se realizó de diciembre de 1996 a noviembre bolsa y C.
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