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Evolution, Morphology, and Gene Expression of Functionally Specialized Zooids in Siphonophora

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Evolution, morphology, and gene expression of functionally specialized zooids in Siphonophora Catriona Munro A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of Brown University. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Providence, RI May 2019 ii Copyright ©Copyright 2019 by Catriona Munro. All rights reserved. iv This dissertation by Catriona Munro is accepted in its present form by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Casey W. Dunn, Advisor Date Recommended to the Graduate Council Erika Edwards, Reader Date David Rand, Reader Date James Kellner, Reader Date Approved by the Graduate Council Andrew G. Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School Date v vi Curriculum vitae Catriona Munro Education 2013–2019 PhD Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University Advisor: Casey W. Dunn 2012–2013 MRes Ocean Science, University of Southampton Advisors: Sven Thatje, Chris Hauton 2008–2011 BSc Biology, First Class Honours, University College London Peer-Reviewed Publications Munro C, Siebert S, Zapata F, Howison M, Damian-Serrano A, Church SH, Goetz FE, Pugh PR, Haddock SHD, Dunn CW (2018) Improved phylogenetic resolution within Siphonophora (Cnidaria) with implications for trait evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 823-833. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.030, bioRxiv preprint: doi:10.1101/251116 Brown, A, Thatje S, Oliphant A, Munro C, Smith KE (2018) Temperature effects on larval development in the lithodid crab Lithodes maja. Journal of Sea Research. 139:73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2018.06.009 Dunn CW, Zapata F, Munro C, Siebert S, Hejnol A (2018). Pairwise comparisons are problematic when analyzing functional genomic data across species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115(3):E409-E417 doi:10.1073/pnas.1707515115. bioRxiv preprint: doi:10.1101/107177 Dunn CW, Munro C (2016) Comparative genomics and the diversity of life. Zoologica Scripta. 45:5-13. doi:10.1111/zsc.12211 Munro C, Morris JP, Brown A, Hauton C, Thatje S (2015). The role of ontogeny in physiological toler- ance: decreasing hydrostatic pressure tolerance with development in the northern stone crab Lithodes maja. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 282(1809): 20150577 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0577 Shank TM, Baker ET, Embley RW, Hammond S, Holden JF, White S, Walker SL, Calderon M, Herrera S, Lin TJ, Munro C, Heyl T, Stewart L, Malik M, Lobecker M, Potter J (2012) GALREX 2011: Exploration of the Deep-Water Galapagos Region. Oceanography 25 Suppl.: 50-51. URL: http://tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-1_supplement.pdf vii Academic Awards and Scholarships June 2017– NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (award no. 1701272) $21,028 May 2018 May–June 2017 EMBRC-France funding (main PI: Casey Dunn) April–May 2016 EMBRC-France funding (main PI: Casey Dunn) March 2016 MBL Embryology Post-Course research $1484 2014–2015 RI-EPSCoR Graduate Student Fellowship (full tuition and stipend) May 2014 Travel Award, Evolution of the First Nervous Systems II Meeting 2012–2013 Society for Underwater Technology, Educational Support Fund (full Masters’ degree tuition) 2011 Dean’s List, UCL Lilian Clarke Prize, UCL 2008–2011 Harold and Olga Fox Scholarship, UCL 2009 Darwin Prize, UCL Research Positions 2012 Research Assistant Shank Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Summer Student Fellow, then Guest Student Shank Lab, Woods Hole Oceano- 2011–end 2011 graphic Institution Summer 2010 Volunteer Shank Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Conference Presentations †Oral, ‡Poster, presenting author †Munro C, S Siebert, F Zapata , CW Dunn (2018) Siphonophore Differential Gene Expression Patterns Analyzed within a Phylogenetic Context. SICB Meeting, San Francisco CA †‡Munro C, S Siebert, M Howison , F Zapata , CW Dunn (2016) Gene expression patterns in siphonophore zooids, Hydroidfest, Bodega CA ‡Munro C, S Siebert, M Howison , F Zapata , CW Dunn (2016) Exploring the evolution of functional specialization in siphonophores using RNAseq, SICB Meeting, Portland OR †Munro C, GW Luther III, RA Lutz, C Vetriani, TS Moore, S Herrera, TM Shank (2012) Temporal and spatial patterns of in situ community structure using time-lapse camera systems at a vent field on the East Pacific Rise, 13th International Deep-Sea Biology Symposium, Wellington New Zealand Teaching Graduate Teaching Assistant Brown University Invertebrate Zoology (Undergraduate level): Fall semester, 2014 Invertebrate Zoology (Undergraduate level): Fall semester, 2013 Guest Lecture, University of Rhode Island, BIO460 Pelagic Ecology, 6 August 2014 Mentoring Fall 2015 - Nicola Malakooti, undergraduate viii Scientific Expeditions R/V Western Flyer, ROV Doc Ricketts, Gulf of California, Mexico, March 8-16, 2015. Chief scientist: Steven Haddock R/V Western Flyer, ROV Doc Ricketts, Monterey Bay, U.S.A, September 16-22, 2014. Chief scientist: Steven Haddock R/V Endeavor, North East Atlantic, U.S.A, August 13-18, 2014. Chief scientist: Brad Seibel R/V Western Flyer, ROV Doc Ricketts, Monterey Bay, U.S.A, May 17-23, 2014. Chief scientist: Steven Haddock R/V Western Flyer, ROV Doc Ricketts, Monterey Bay, U.S.A, November 19-24, 2013. Chief scientist: Steven Haddock R/V Falkor, ROV Global Explorer MK3, Deep-Sea Coral Shakedown cruise, Gulf of Mexico U.S.A, August 26 - September 6, 2012. Chief scientist: Peter Etnoyer M/V Holiday Chouest, ROV UHD 34, HC3 Leg 1 and 2. October 2-26, 2011. Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. Chief scientists: Charles Fisher and Erik Cordes Science Outreach Volunteering Feb 2016 – Feb 2018, Hennessy Elementary School, Brown Junior Researchers Program (After-school science class, 5th grade students) Science Writing Munro, C. (2015) A day in the life of a siphonophore lab. http://thenode.biologists.com/a-day-in- the-life-of-a-siphonophore-lab/lablife/ Munro, C., S. Herrera, T. Heyl Muric (2011) Exploring the Paramount Seamounts. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1103/logs/july14/july14.html Munro, C. (2010) Volunteer Gets an Oceanful of Experience. Oceanus. http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=84128 Courses and Workshops Jun 7- Jul 18 MBL Embryology, Woods Hole MA 2015 ix x Dedication To my parents – for seeing a 9 year old who wanted to identify all the animals on the reef, and pointing this curiosity and passion towards science. And to Larry – for your love, support, and much needed sense of perspective: reminding me of my achieve- ments when I am dwelling my failures; and reminding me in my moments of extreme focus that there are other important things in life. xi xii Acknowledgements This work would not be possible without the support of so many people. My family has always been a constant source of support and love. I’m grateful to my parents for moving so much, and for exposing the three of us to new people, cultures, and countries. We were always free to explore and make mistakes. My parents encouraged and respected my strong sense of intellectual independence. I always let them know about my achievements, challenges, and failures on my own terms – and when I did, they were always there to support my dreams and soothe my fears. My brothers grew up to become accomplished, kind, and generous men, and I love seeing what wonderful fathers and husbands they have become; Tilly and Danielle are both amazing sisters-in-law. To me, my brothers will always be the kids cooking up some scheme to access the top floors of the Liang Ma so that we can race remote controlled cars, often to their own doom down a set of stairs. I followed my older brothers everywhere, even when it wasn’t the best idea – Lachlan, always the leader, and Iain, ever questioning authority. I can always count on them to bring me down to earth. Larry has been with me throughout the journey of this PhD. He dropped me off outside Walter Hall for my in-person interview with Casey, and picked me up at the end of the day, full of hope about how it went. His love and support has ranged from apples secretly stashed in coat pockets (“just in case you get hungry”) to agreeing to leave his comfort zone and family, and move to a new country for my next position as a postdoc. I am so lucky and grateful. We adopted Odin during the second year of my PhD, and he made our lives richer. He helped too, mostly by insisting that I take a break and go for a run or walk in the woods. I also want to thank Larry’s family and friends for fully embracing me as one of their own and cheering me on throughout this process. There are so many friends that have been there for me, good times and bad, too many to name them all. Henry Stanley and Charlotte Ballard have been there for me since UCL, and always make time to see me (even when “close by” simply means the same continent). Sarah Ye, my oldest friend, who I don’t see nearly enough, but who I have been lucky to see more of over the past few years. My grad student cohort in EEB (David Sleboda, David Boerma, Robbie Lamb, Kim Neil, Brooke Osborne, Priya Nakka, Adam Spierer, and Kara Pellowe), have all grown as scientists alongside me and continue to inspire me. In addition to those in my cohort, KC Cushman, Lindsay McCulloch, Nikole Bonacorsi, Jillian Oliver, and Morgan Moeglein, are all brilliant women scientists and good friends. The EEB astronauts, led by Adam, got me out of bed at 6 am on Tuesdays and Thursdays for exercise, and more importantly, good company. Book club provided a literary diet of modern, diverse authors and also all of the best gossip. I’ve been lucky to be in such a friendly, supportive environment for five years.
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  • First Record of Beaching Events for a Calycophoran Siphonophore: Abylopsis Tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of Gibraltar

    First Record of Beaching Events for a Calycophoran Siphonophore: Abylopsis Tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of Gibraltar

    Marine Biodiversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0926-1 SHORT COMMUNICATION First record of beaching events for a caLycophoran siphonophore: Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of GibraLtar Elena Guerrero1 & Karen Kienberger2 & Ana ViLLaescusa 3 & Josep-Maria GiLi1 & GabrieL Navarro2 & Laura Prieto 2 Received: 26 March 2018 / Revised: 2 August 2018 / Accepted: 8 October 2018 # Senckenberg GeseLLschaft für Naturforschung 2018 Abstract Two beaching events of the calycophoran siphonophore Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) were observed in two different areas of the Strait of Gibraltar during the cold season. The first was discovered on November 2014, on Getares Beach (Algeciras Bay, Mediterranean part of the Strait of Gibraltar), where more than 700 colonies were found deposited along the tideline. The second event was discovered on January 2015, on Paloma Baja Beach (Tarifa, Atlantic part of the Strait of Gibraltar) where an average density of 170 colonies m−2 was spread along the seashore. Both events seemed to be promoted by strong easterly winds, preceded by upwelling episodes that may have concentrated high densities of the siphonophore in superficial layers. This study represents the first report of a calycophoran siphonophore mass stranding. The records were made thanks to citizen science and jellyfish outreach at secondary schools (PERSEUS@school initiative), illustrating the importance of citizen science projects in observing natural phenomena. We consider the monitoring and recording of cnidarian stranding events especially important in highly productive and biologically active areas such as the Strait of Gibraltar. Keywords Mass stranding . Gelatinous zooplankton . Citizen science . Outreach . Secondary schools Introduction abundant epipelagic siphonophore inhabitant of temperate and warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indican oceans Siphonophores are long pelagic colonial hydrozoans and the Mediterranean Sea (Alvariño 1971; Mapstone 2014).