VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM DATA COLLECTION Chemistry Data Series
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MSDS for Retrotec Air Current Tester
Material Safety Data Sheet For use with Retrotec’s Air Current Tester Emergency Phone Number (24 hours) CHEMTREC (800-424-9300) Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective suit. Outside US: 703-527-3887 SECTION 1 SECTION 6 CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/PREPARATION ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES PRODUCT NAME: Titanium Tetrachloride Do not contact with water. Ventilate area. Wear protective equipment. Do not allow to enter COMMON NAME OR SYNONYMS: Titanium Chloride, Titanium (IV) Chloride drainage systems or water ways. Neutralize with soda ash, limestone etc. Wipe up and put into SPEX CATALOG NUMBER: VIL004 a sealed container for proper disposal. Wash spill site with water after material pick up is complete. Wear chemical resistant glasses, gloves and clothing. Manufacturer/Supplier SPEX CERTIPREP SECTION 7 203 Norcross Avenue HANDLING & STORAGE Metuchen, NJ 08840 Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at work place. Have an immediate availability of an eye SPEX CERTIPREP LTD wash in case of emergency. Store at room temperature. Keep the container tightly closed. 2 Dalston Gardens Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 1BQ SECTION 8 England EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION Tel: (0) 20 8204 6656 Wear goggles, protective apron and acid resistant gloves. Use under fume hood. In case of brief SECTION 2 exposure, use MSHA/NIOSH approved respirator. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS HAZERDOUS % TLV UNITS CAS # EINECS VOLUME SECTION 9 MATERIAL 3 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES TiCl4 ~100 0.5 mg/m [7550-45-0] 10ml Form: Liquid Appearance & odor: Transparent with acrid odor SECTION 3 % volatiles by vol. @ 21C: 100 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Solubility: Reacts violently with water pH: No information found Corrosive. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices. In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red “Caution Notes” within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices. The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein. -
162 Part 175—Indirect Food Addi
§ 174.6 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–19 Edition) (c) The existence in this subchapter B Subpart B—Substances for Use Only as of a regulation prescribing safe condi- Components of Adhesives tions for the use of a substance as an Sec. article or component of articles that 175.105 Adhesives. contact food shall not be construed as 175.125 Pressure-sensitive adhesives. implying that such substance may be safely used as a direct additive in food. Subpart C—Substances for Use as (d) Substances that under conditions Components of Coatings of good manufacturing practice may be 175.210 Acrylate ester copolymer coating. safely used as components of articles 175.230 Hot-melt strippable food coatings. that contact food include the fol- 175.250 Paraffin (synthetic). lowing, subject to any prescribed limi- 175.260 Partial phosphoric acid esters of pol- yester resins. tations: 175.270 Poly(vinyl fluoride) resins. (1) Substances generally recognized 175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings. as safe in or on food. 175.320 Resinous and polymeric coatings for (2) Substances generally recognized polyolefin films. as safe for their intended use in food 175.350 Vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copoly- mer. packaging. 175.360 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (3) Substances used in accordance ings for nylon film. with a prior sanction or approval. 175.365 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (4) Substances permitted for use by ings for polycarbonate film. 175.380 Xylene-formaldehyde resins con- regulations in this part and parts 175, densed with 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol- 176, 177, 178 and § 179.45 of this chapter. -
Chapter 3 Equations of State
Chapter 3 Equations of State The simplest way to derive the Helmholtz function of a fluid is to directly integrate the equation of state with respect to volume (Sadus, 1992a, 1994). An equation of state can be applied to either vapour-liquid or supercritical phenomena without any conceptual difficulties. Therefore, in addition to liquid-liquid and vapour -liquid properties, it is also possible to determine transitions between these phenomena from the same inputs. All of the physical properties of the fluid except ideal gas are also simultaneously calculated. Many equations of state have been proposed in the literature with either an empirical, semi- empirical or theoretical basis. Comprehensive reviews can be found in the works of Martin (1979), Gubbins (1983), Anderko (1990), Sandler (1994), Economou and Donohue (1996), Wei and Sadus (2000) and Sengers et al. (2000). The van der Waals equation of state (1873) was the first equation to predict vapour-liquid coexistence. Later, the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (Redlich and Kwong, 1949) improved the accuracy of the van der Waals equation by proposing a temperature dependence for the attractive term. Soave (1972) and Peng and Robinson (1976) proposed additional modifications of the Redlich-Kwong equation to more accurately predict the vapour pressure, liquid density, and equilibria ratios. Guggenheim (1965) and Carnahan and Starling (1969) modified the repulsive term of van der Waals equation of state and obtained more accurate expressions for hard sphere systems. Christoforakos and Franck (1986) modified both the attractive and repulsive terms of van der Waals equation of state. Boublik (1981) extended the Carnahan-Starling hard sphere term to obtain an accurate equation for hard convex geometries. -
Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology : a Guidebook
USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A Guidebook USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A GUIDEBOOK 2005 Edition The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PANAMA ALBANIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ALGERIA HAITI PERU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HONDURAS POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHAD LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. -
Heat of Formation of Titanium Tetrachloride Waiter H
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Vol. 62, No. 1, January 1959 Research Paper 2928 Heat of Formation of Titanium Tetrachloride WaIter H. Johnson, Raymond A. Nelson, and Edward 1. Prosen The heat of formation of gaseous titanium tetrachloride has been measured by the reaction of metallic titanium with gaseous chlorine in a calorimeter. The value for the heat of formation obtained in t his investigation corresponds to the reaction: Ti(c) + 2Clz( g) = TiCI4(g), ilHf °(25° C) =-763.2 ± 2.9 kj/ mole (- 182.4 ± O.7 kcal(mole) . Earlier data are discussed briefly. 1. Introduction The following results were obtained in volume per cent: H 2, 0.00; CO, 0.00; (N2 + 0 2 + A), 0.01. The This investigation is part of a program on the purity of a second sample was determined to be determination of the tJlermodynamic properties of 99.99 mole percent from cryoscopic measure~ncnts titanium compounds sponsored by the Office of by Gaylon S. Ross of the Pure Substances SectIOn of Naval Research; it is also a part of the work of the the Chemistry Division. thermochemical laboratory of the Bureau on the A sample of the helium, taken directly from the determination of the heats of formation of compounds cylinder, was found to contain less Lhan 0.01 percent of importance to science and industry .. of oxygen and nitrogen from an anal)'sis by Vemon The heat of formation of TiC14 may be obtained H. Dibclcr of the Mass Spectrometry Section of the by several different methods, each having certain Atomic and Radiation Physics Divisi on. -
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in a Binary System
Liquid-Vapor Equilibria in Binary Systems1 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to study a binary liquid-vapor equilibrium of chloroform and acetone. Measurements of liquid and vapor compositions will be made by refractometry. The data will be treated according to equilibrium thermodynamic considerations, which are developed in the theory section. Theory Consider a liquid-gas equilibrium involving more than one species. By definition, an ideal solution is one in which the vapor pressure of a particular component is proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the liquid phase over the entire range of mole fractions. Note that no distinction is made between solute and solvent. The proportionality constant is the vapor pressure of the pure material. Empirically it has been found that in very dilute solutions the vapor pressure of solvent (major component) is proportional to the mole fraction X of the solvent. The proportionality constant is the vapor pressure, po, of the pure solvent. This rule is called Raoult's law: o (1) psolvent = p solvent Xsolvent for Xsolvent = 1 For a truly ideal solution, this law should apply over the entire range of compositions. However, as Xsolvent decreases, a point will generally be reached where the vapor pressure no longer follows the ideal relationship. Similarly, if we consider the solute in an ideal solution, then Eq.(1) should be valid. Experimentally, it is generally found that for dilute real solutions the following relationship is obeyed: psolute=K Xsolute for Xsolute<< 1 (2) where K is a constant but not equal to the vapor pressure of pure solute. -
Study of Various Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Amine Blends for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Natural Gas
processes Article Study of Various Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Amine Blends for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Natural Gas Usman Shoukat , Diego D. D. Pinto and Hanna K. Knuutila * Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; [email protected] (U.S.); [email protected] (D.D.D.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 February 2019; Accepted: 8 March 2019; Published: 15 March 2019 Abstract: Various novel amine solutions both in aqueous and non-aqueous [monoethylene glycol (MEG)/triethylene glycol(TEG)] forms have been studied for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) absorption. The study was conducted in a custom build experimental setup at temperatures relevant to subsea operation conditions and atmospheric pressure. Liquid phase absorbed H2S, and amine concentrations were measured analytically to calculate H2S loading (mole of H2S/mole of amine). Maximum achieved H2S loadings as the function of pKa, gas partial pressure, temperature and amine concentration are presented. Effects of solvent type on absorbed H2S have also been discussed. Several new solvents showed higher H2S loading as compared to aqueous N-Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution which is the current industrial benchmark compound for selective H2S removal in natural gas sweetening process. Keywords: H2S absorption; amine solutions; glycols; desulfurization; aqueous and non-aqueous solutions 1. Introduction Natural gas is considered one of the cleanest forms of fossil fuel. Its usage in industrial processes and human activities is increasing worldwide, providing 23.4% of total world energy requirement in 2017 [1]. Natural gas is half of the price of crude oil and produces 29% less carbon dioxide than oil per unit of energy output [2]. -
"Fluorine Compounds, Organic," In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of
Article No : a11_349 Fluorine Compounds, Organic GU¨ NTER SIEGEMUND, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany WERNER SCHWERTFEGER, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany ANDREW FEIRING, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States BRUCE SMART, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States FRED BEHR, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States HERWARD VOGEL, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States BLAINE MCKUSICK, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States 1. Introduction....................... 444 8. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids and 2. Production Processes ................ 445 Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 470 2.1. Substitution of Hydrogen............. 445 8.1. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids ......... 470 2.2. Halogen – Fluorine Exchange ......... 446 8.1.1. Fluorinated Acetic Acids .............. 470 2.3. Synthesis from Fluorinated Synthons ... 447 8.1.2. Long-Chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids .... 470 2.4. Addition of Hydrogen Fluoride to 8.1.3. Fluorinated Dicarboxylic Acids ......... 472 Unsaturated Bonds ................. 447 8.1.4. Tetrafluoroethylene – Perfluorovinyl Ether 2.5. Miscellaneous Methods .............. 447 Copolymers with Carboxylic Acid Groups . 472 2.6. Purification and Analysis ............. 447 8.2. Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 472 3. Fluorinated Alkanes................. 448 8.2.1. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids -
United States Patent Office Patented July 1, 1969
3,453,337 United States Patent Office Patented July 1, 1969 1. 2 3,453,337 FLUORINATION OF HALOGENATED The presence in the reaction mixture of the two fluo ORGANIC COMPOUNDS rides, or the complex fluoride enables better yields of Royston Henry Bennett and David Walter Cottrell, Ayon highly fluorinated products to be obtained under less mouth, England, assignors to Imperial Smelting Cor severe reaction condions, markedly increases the amount poration (N.S.C.) Limited, London, England, a British of fluorination reagent reacted under otherwise similar company conditions and enables the fluorination reaction to be No brawing. Filed Feb. 19, 1965, Ser. No. 434,128 carried out (for the same yield of product) at a lower Claims priority, application Great Britain, Feb. 26, 1964, temperature with the consequent use of less costly ma 7,932/64 terials and techniques of reactor construction. The pres Int, C. C07c 25/04 10 ence of the fluorides enables the vapor phase reaction U.S. C. 260-650 2 Claims to be carried out (for the same yields) at lower pressure This invention relates to the fluorination of organic than the pressure involved in the reactions using only halogen compounds and more especially to a process the alkali metal fluorides as proposed hitherto. The fur for the production of highly fluorinated aromatic com ther possibility of using a continuous flow apparatus such pounds by the replacement of higher halogen atoms in 15 as a fluidised reactor will be apparent to those familiar halogeno-aromatic compounds by fluorine atoms. with the art. The presence of the two fluorides or com Aromatic halogenocarbons containing carbon and halo plex fluoride enables a lower temperature to be em gen atoms only can be reacted with alkali fluorides ployed than was hitherto believed to be necessary, with under various conditions to give yields of halofluoro a consequent reduction in the extent of thermal degrada aromatic compounds. -
Nitrosamines EMEA-H-A5(3)-1490
25 June 2020 EMA/369136/2020 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Assessment report Procedure under Article 5(3) of Regulation EC (No) 726/2004 Nitrosamine impurities in human medicinal products Procedure number: EMEA/H/A-5(3)/1490 Note: Assessment report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2020. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Table of contents ...................................................................................... 2 1. Information on the procedure ............................................................... 7 2. Scientific discussion .............................................................................. 7 2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Quality and safety aspects ..................................................................................... 7 2.2.1. Root causes for presence of N-nitrosamines in medicinal products and measures to mitigate them............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2. Presence and formation of N-nitrosamines