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History and Culture of Regal Pelargonium

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History and Culture of Regal Pelargonium curred in The Netherlands, Germany, als, as well as shrubs and shrublets. Over History and England and France. This breeding 200 Pelargonium species are native to Culture of Regal activity occurred after the introduc- South Africa (van der Walt, 1993). Eigh- tion of the hooded-leaf pelargonium teen species occur in the rest of Africa, Pelargonium (P. cucullatum), which is thought to and eight on Australasia; there are also be the primary progenitor of regals two on Madagascar, two in the Near (Bailey, 1901; Clifford, 1970; van der East, and one each on the islands of St. Marietta M. Loehrlein1 and Walt and Ward-Hilhorst, 1977), to Helena and Tristan de Cunha (van der Europe from South Africa in 1690. The Walt, 1993). Richard Craig2 most complete records of these hybrid- izations are documented in the five Origin volumes of Sweet’s Geraniaceae (Sweet, Regals do not occur in the wild, ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. martha 1820–26). but are only known in cultivation. As washington geranium, Pelargonium The regal pelargonium has been many as nine species (see Genetics and ×domesticum referred to as the regal as early as the Cultivar Development section) have 1870s. They were also called royal pel- been identified as possible contributors argoniums in the late 1800s. Clifford to the development of the regal. All nine egal pelargoniums (Pelar- (1970) reports that a cultivar Royal or are indigenous to South Africa, and are gonium ×domesticum) are Regal was available in 1833. In the found primarily in the western and south- R one of the lesser-known rela- 1830s regals were called pelargoniums, western coastal regions and near the tives of the ever-popular zonal gera- and thus were distinguished from the Cape of Good Hope (Riley, 1963). The nium (P. ×hortorum). Other relatives other cultivated plants of the genus, primary progenitor is thought to be the of both the regals and zonals are the ivy which were referred to as geraniums. In hooded-leaf pelargonium, originally geraniums (P. peltatum) and the North America, regals were commonly described as Geranium cucullatum by scented geraniums (Pelargonium sp.). named martha washington or lady Linnaeus in 1753. The hooded-leaf All the geraniums mentioned here are washington geranium, show-, fancy-, or pelargonium is indigenous to the coastal actually pelargoniums, and all have pansy-flowered geranium, and summer region of the southwestern cape of South their origins in South Africa. Regals azalea (Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Africa. An illustration of a plant identi- are not as well known as zonals, per- 1976). In Germany, regals were re- fied as G. cucullatum was included in a haps because of their poorer garden ferred to as edelpelargonien (German catalogue published in 1687. The pub- performance, yet they have persisted edel = royal), while in Belgium in the lisher, Paul Hermann, included 10 ge- in the commercial trade for centuries. 1880s they were called Pelargonium raniums (later classified as Pelargonium) This is a tribute, primarily, to their grandiflorum. Species names which were which had been introduced from the splendid flowers (Fig. 1). For centu- unsubstantiated by taxonomic descrip- cape of South Africa. All ten were grown ries regals have been a much-admired, tions, and therefore did not gain wide in the Leyden Botanic Garden in Hol- if difficult to produce, potted plant usage, include P. ×hortulanorum, by land (Webb, 1984). The hooded-leaf with outstanding flowers. Their story Victor Lemoine in France, and the En- pelargonium was introduced to Kew begins with the Dutch trade in South glish P. speciosum (Clifford, 1970). Gardens in England in 1690 by Bentick Africa and travels around the globe and into the modern day realms of Botanical classification molecular research. The Family Geraniaceae, a mem- ber of the Order Geraniales, Subclass Nomenclature Rosidae (Cronquist, 1988), is comprised Bailey (1901) first definitively de- of five genera and 700 species (van der scribed the complex hybrid group of Walt, 1979). Genera in this family are cultivated plants known as regals. Cul- united most notably by the beak-like tivars within this group resulted from capsular fruit. The largest genera (also interspecific hybridization that oc- the first ones identified) are Geranium, Erodium, and Pelargonium. Thus the Department of Agriculture, Western Illinois Univer- respective common names refer to the sity, Macomb, IL. 61455. fruit shape: cranesbill (Greek geranos = This work was supported in part by funding from the crane), storksbill (Greek erodios = stork), Fred C. Gloeckner Foundation and the Pennsylvania State University Intercollege Graduate Program in and heronsbill (Greek pelargos = heron). Genetics. From a dissertation submitted by M.M. The two other cultivated Geraniaceae Loehrlein in partial fulfillment for the Ph.D. degree in are Sarcocaulon and Monsonia (Liberty genetics. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal Hyde Bailey Hortorium, 1976). regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked The feature which distinguishes advertisement solely to indicate this fact. Pelargonium, with 250 species, from 1Current address: Assistant professor of horticulture, the other genera is the presence of a spur Department of Agriculture, Western Illinois Univer- sity, Macomb, IL 61455. which is fused to the petiole and the Fig. 1. Regals are known for their outstand- 2J. Franklin Styer Professor of Horticultural Botany, uppermost sepal (Cronquist, 1988). ing floral display. (‘Aristo Cherry’ photo Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State Pelargonium is comprised of herba- courtesy of Elsner PAC Jungpflanzen, University, University Park, Pa. 16802. ceous annuals, perennials and bienni- Dresden, Germany). (van der Walt and Ward-Hilhorst, 1977). 3,5-diglucosides and 3-glucoside-5- tion in England since 1786 (Harvey, Harvey (1860) reports its cultivation as (6-acetyl)glucosides of pelargonidin, 1860). an ornamental hedgerow plant, making cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, Other species that may have con- it the first pelargonium on record to be petunidin, and malvidin. Pigment varia- tributed to the genetic composition of used in this manner (van der Walt and tion in the petals was due to types and regal cultivars are the rose-scented pel- Ward-Hilhorst, 1977). levels of the anthocyanins present. Where argonium (P. capitatum), the heart- inner petals had more intense pigmen- leaved pelargonium (P. cordifolium), Anatomy tation (blotches), the level of pigmenta- and the celandine-leaved pelargonium In cultivation regals are used as a tion was 5 to 10 times that of the outer, (Clifford, 1970); the apricot geranium short-lived flowering potted plant. Un- less intense portion of the petal (Mitch- (P. scabrum), the rose geranium (P. der cool, frost-free environmental con- ell et al., 1998). Anthocyanins in the graveolens) (Knicely and Walker, 1966); ditions it can grow into a large, shrubby, inner petals in these cases were pre- and P. angulosum (Bailey, 1901; Jack- semi-woody plant. Leaves are usually dominantly delphinidin, petunidin and son, 1977; Langton and Runger, 1985; simple, alternate, petiolate, obscurely malvidin. Riley, 1963). Pelargonium angulosum, lobed or denticulate, but may be pal- REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. The sometimes referred to as the maple-leaf mate and divided. Various sizes and androecium of regals consists of five to geranium (P. acerifolium) has more re- shapes of trichomes are present. Leaves, seven stamens with filaments united at cently been assigned as P. cucullatum as well as inflorescences are subtended the base. Both genotype and environ- subspecies strigifolium (Volschenk et by stipules. mental conditions can affect pollen fer- al., 1982). Walters (1985) used the FLOWERS. The zygormorphic flow- tility. Some genotypes consistently pro- orange geranium (P. citrosum), the ers are borne in a compound umbel. duce sterile stamens, while others may lemon geranium (P. crispum) and the Flowers, measuring 1.2 to 2.4 inches (3 produce sterile stamens when tempera- oak-leaved geranium (P. quercifolium) to 6 cm) across, are perfect and com- tures are too warm or irradiance is too in development of the Romany, Royal plete. The flower bud is usually enclosed low. (sold as royalty series in the United by five sepals. Flowers commonly have The gynoecium is a compound States) and Tudor regals in the late five petals, with the upper two occasion- pistil having a five-lobed stigma, fused 1900s in England. ally larger than the lower three. While nectar tubes, and five united carpels According to van der Walt’s classi- six, seven, or eight petals are not un- with five locules. Each locule contains fication (1993), the section Pelargo- common, the superfluous petals lay flat, two tandem ovules, at least one of which nium, sometimes erroneously called so that a doubling effect is absent. Petals is sterile. Placentation is exile and the Pelargium (van der Walt and Vorster, may be ruffled and often have ovary is superior. Each seed is contained 1981), includes the birch-leaf pelargo- dark-pigmented blotches or feathering, in a papery mericarp that is attached to nium, the rose-scented geranium, the especially along the veins, which may be the style along its length. Fruit capsules lemon-scented geranium, the heart- found on either the upper, the lower, or contain five mericarps and are usually leaved pelargonium, the hooded-leaf all petals. Many cultivars have bicolored one-seeded. When seeds are ripe and geranium, and the rose geranium. The flowers in which the upper two petals fruit begins to dehisce, the mericarp large-flowered geranium (syn. P. are of a different color or hue than the recurves spirally from the base while saniculaefolium) belongs to the section lower petals. adhering to the tip of the style. The Glaucophyllum (van der Walt and Ward- Regal flowers are known for their inside surface of the mericarp is plu- Hilhorst, 1977) and the celandine- vivid coloration. Colors range from white mose, allowing easy wind dispersal.
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