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The Geranium Family, Geraniaceae, and the Mallow Family, Malvaceae
THE GERANIUM FAMILY, GERANIACEAE, AND THE MALLOW FAMILY, MALVACEAE TWO SOMETIMES CONFUSED FAMILIES PROMINENT IN SOME MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE AREAS The Geraniaceae is a family of herbaceous plants or small shrubs, sometimes with succulent stems • The family is noted for its often palmately veined and lobed leaves, although some also have pinnately divided leaves • The leaves all have pairs of stipules at their base • The flowers may be regular and symmetrical or somewhat irregular • The floral plan is 5 separate sepals and petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and a superior ovary • The most distinctive feature is the beak of fused styles on top of the ovary Here you see a typical geranium flower This nonnative weedy geranium shows the styles forming a beak The geranium family is also noted for its seed dispersal • The styles either actively eject the seeds from each compartment of the ovary or… • They twist and embed themselves in clothing and fur to hitch a ride • The Geraniaceae is prominent in the Mediterranean Basin and the Cape Province of South Africa • It is also found in California but few species here are drought tolerant • California does have several introduced weedy members Here you see a geranium flinging the seeds from sections of the ovary when the styles curl up Three genera typify the Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium • Erodiums (common name filaree or clocks) typically have pinnately veined, sometimes dissected leaves; many species are weeds in California • Geraniums (that is, the true geraniums) typically have palmately veined leaves and perfectly symmetrical flowers. Most are herbaceous annuals or perennials • Pelargoniums (the so-called garden geraniums or storksbills) have asymmetrical flowers and range from perennials to succulents to shrubs The weedy filaree, Erodium cicutarium, produces small pink-purple flowers in California’s spring grasslands Here are the beaked unripe fruits of filaree Many of the perennial erodiums from the Mediterranean make well-behaved ground covers for California gardens Here are the flowers of the charming E. -
Diseases of Specific Florist Crops Geranium (Pelargonium Hortorum)
Diseases of Specific Florist Crops Keeping florist crops free of disease requires constant care and planning. Prevention is the basis of freedom from disease and should be an integral part of the general cultural program. The symptoms of the diseases of major florist crops are described individually by crop in a series of fact sheets. Geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) • Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii): Tiny (1/16 in. diameter) round brown leaf spots, often surrounded by a chlorotic zone. Spots form when bacteria have been splashed onto the leaf surface. Subsequent systemic invasion of the plant leads to the development of a yellow or tan wedge-shaped area at the leaf edge and then to wilting of the leaf. Further progression of the disease may lead to brown stem cankers at nodes, brown to black vascular discoloration inside the stem, and tip dieback or wilting of all or part of the plant. Roots usually remain healthy-looking. Disease symptoms develop most readily under warm (spring) greenhouse temperatures. Spread is rapid during the handling and overhead irrigation associated with propagation. Only geraniums are susceptible to bacterial blight. P. hortorum (zonal) and P. peltatum (ivy) both show symptoms; P. domesticum (Martha Washington or Regal) is less likely to show symptoms. Hardy Geranium species may also be a source of infection; these will show leaf spot but not wilt symptoms. Infested plants should be destroyed; there are no chemical controls. Although culture- indexing procedures should have eliminated this disease from modern geranium production, it remains all too common in the industry today, causing large financial losses to geranium growers. -
Restoration Fremontia Vol
VOL. 48, NO.1 NOVEMBER 2020 RESTORATION FREMONTIA VOL. 48, NO.1, NOVEMBER 2020 FROM THE EDITORS What kind of world do we want, and how do we get there? These are Protecting California’s native flora since the questions that drive restoration, the central theme of this issue. They 1965 are also the questions that have led the California Native Plant Society Our mission is to conserve California’s native leadership to initiate an important change to this publication, which will plants and their natural habitats, and increase take effect in the spring 2021 issue. understanding, appreciation, and horticultural The name of this publication, Fremontia, has been a point of concern use of native plants. and discussion since last winter, when members of the CNPS leader- ship learned some disturbing facts about John C. Frémont, from whom Copyright ©2020 dozens of North American plants, including the flannelbush plant California Native Plant Society Fremontodendron californicum, derive their names. According to multi- ISSN 0092-1793 (print) ple sources, including the State of California Native American Heritage ISSN 2572-6870 (online) Commission, Frémont was responsible for brutal massacres of Native Americans in the Sacramento Valley and Klamath Lake. As a consequence, The views expressed by the authors in this issue do not necessarily represent policy or proce- the CNPS board of directors voted unanimously to rename Fremontia, a dure of CNPS. process slated for completion by the end of 2020. The decision to rename Fremontia, a name that dates back to the ori- gins of the publication in 1973, is about the people who have been—and 2707 K Street, Suite 1 continue to be—systematically excluded from the conservation commu- Sacramento, CA 95816-5130 nity. -
Este Trabalho Não Teria Sido Possível Sem O Contributo De Algumas Pessoas Para As Quais Uma Palavra De Agradecimento É Insufi
AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem o contributo de algumas pessoas para as quais uma palavra de agradecimento é insuficiente para aquilo que representaram nesta tão importante etapa. O meu mais sincero obrigado, Ao Nuno e à minha filha Constança, pelo apoio, compreensão e estímulo que sempre me deram. Aos meus pais, Gaspar e Fátima, por toda a força e apoio. Aos meus orientadores da Dissertação de Mestrado, Professor Doutor António Xavier Pereira Coutinho e Doutora Catarina Schreck Reis, a quem eu agradeço todo o empenho, paciência, disponibilidade, compreensão e dedicação que por mim revelaram ao longo destes meses. À Doutora Palmira Carvalho, do Museu Nacional de História Natural/Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Lisboa por todo o apoio prestado na identificação e reconhecimento dos líquenes recolhidos na mata. Ao Senhor Arménio de Matos, funcionário do Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Coimbra, por todas as vezes que me ajudou na identificação de alguns espécimes vegetais. Aos meus colegas e amigos, pela troca de ideias, pelas explicações, pela força, apoio logístico, etc. I ÍNDICE RESUMO V ABSTRACT VI I. INTRODUÇÃO 1.1. Enquadramento 1 1.2. O clima mediterrânico e a vegetação 1 1.3. Origens da vegetação portuguesa 3 1.4. Objetivos da tese 6 1.5. Estrutura da tese 7 II. A SANTA CASA DA MISERICÓRDIA DE ARGANIL E A MATA DO HOSPITAL 2.1. Breve perspetiva histórica 8 2.2. A Mata do Hospital 8 2.2.1. Localização, limites e vias de acesso 8 2.2.2. Fatores Edafo-Climáticos-Hidrológicos 9 2.2.3. -
World Checklist Ofgeranium L.(Geraniaceae)
WORLD CHECKLIST OF GERANIUM L. (GERANIACEAE) by CARLOS AEDO, FÉLIX MUÑOZ GARMENDIA & FRANCISCO PANDO * Resumen AEDO, C, F. MUÑOZ GARMENDIA & F. PANDO (1998). Checklist mundial de Geranium L. (Geraniaceae). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 56(2): 211-252 (en inglés). Se presenta una "checklist" del género Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) en la que se aceptan 423 especies, repartidas en 3 subgéneros y 18 secciones. Seguimos la clasificación propuesta por Yeo, aunque reconocemos la sección Brasiliensia en el subg. Erodioidea, y las secciones Neurophyllodes, Paramensia y Azorelloida en el subg. Geranium. La sect. Azorelloida es propuesta como nombre nuevo para la sect. Petraea R. Knuth, nom. illeg. Asimismo se propone G. collae como nombre nuevo para G. intermedium Colla, nom. illeg. Se incluye una clave para la identificación de los subgéneros y secciones. Después de revisar la práctica totalidad de los nombres publicados en Geranium se da el nombre correcto, el lugar de publicación y el área de distribución de cada especie aceptada, así como las referencias bibliográficas más importantes para cada una de ellas. Para codificar las distribuciones geográficas, en los niveles de "región" y "país botánico", se han seguido las propuestas del International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases (TDWG). Palabras clave: Geranium, Geraniaceae, corología, checklist, clasificación seccional, nomenclatura. Abstract AEDO, C, F. MUÑOZ GARMENDIA & F. PANDO (1998). World checklist of Geranium L. (Geraniaceae). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 56(2): 211-252. A checklist of the genus Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) is presented. Four hundred and twenty three species are recognized in 3 subgenera and 18 sections. Our classification differs from Yeo's only in some aspects of subg. -
Geraniums Each Year the National Garden Bureau Selects One fl Ower and One Vegetable to Be Showcased
A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 17 Feb 2012 NGB’s Annual of the Year 2012: Geraniums Each year the National Garden Bureau selects one fl ower and one vegetable to be showcased. These crops are chosen because they are popular, easy-to-grow, widely adaptable, genetically diverse, and versatile. For 2012 they chose garden geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) Introduction and Nomenclature The bedding plants gardeners plant out in late spring and bring inside in autumn are commonly known as geraniums; but geraniums they are not. They are pelargoniums. True geraniums are the cranesbills, hardy North American and European herbaceous perennials; while pelargoniums are semi-tender or tender plants, mostly from South Africa, that have graced our gardens with their large fl owers for Geraniums are popluar bedding decades. plants. We have to remember that botany wasn’t an exact science in the 17th century when the fi rst geraniums and pelargoniums were introduced. So, based on the shape of their fruit, plant collectors generally lumped both together as “geranium.” To tackle the complex history of geranium or pelargonium, one has to confront the use of common names versus scientifi c ones. Scientifi c names give individuals a common language by which they could communicate with other people, no matter the country they are from or what their mother tongue might be. In 1753 the famous and infl uential Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, published his two-volume book called Species Pelargonium quercifolium fl ower (L) and leaf (R). Plantarum, in which he attempted to pull together the names and descriptions of all known plants. -
Pelargoniums an Herb Society of America Guide
Pelargoniums An Herb Society of America Guide The Herb Society of America 9019 Kirtland Chardon Rd. Kirtland, Ohio 44094 © 2006 The Herb Society of America Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………….…. 3 Contributors & Acknowledgements ……………………………………… 3 Description & Taxonomy ..………………………………………………... 8 Chemistry …………………………………………………………………. 10 Nutrition …………………………………………………………………... 10 History & Folklore ………………………………………………………… 10 Literature & Art …………………………………………………………… 12 Cultivation ………………………………………………………………… 13 Pests & Diseases …………………………………………………………... 19 Pruning & Harvesting ……………………………………………………… 20 Preserving & Storing ………………………………………………………. 21 Uses ………………………………………………………………………... 21 - Culinary Uses ………………………………………………… 21 - Recipes ………………………………………………… 23 - Craft Uses ……………………………………………………. 40 - Cosmetic Uses ……………………………………………….. 41 - Recipes ……………………………………………….. 42 - Medicinal & Ethnobotanical Uses & Aromatherapy ………... 43 - Garden Uses ………………………………………………….. 47 - Other Uses …………………………………………………... 48 Species Highlights …..……………………………………………………… 49 Cultivar Examples …………………………………………………………. 57 Literature Citations & References ………………………………………... 62 HSA Library Pelargonium Resources …...………………………………… 68 © The Herb Society of America - 9019 Kirtland Chardon Rd., Kirtland, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org 2 Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide Introduction Mission: The Herb Society of America is dedicated to promoting the knowledge, use and delight of -
Geranium Care for the Consumer
Geranium Care for the Consumer History Geraniums are originally from the mostly dry and hot regions of South Africa. Pelargonium peltatum, today’s commercial ivy types, were first introduced into Holland in 1700. Pelargonium x hortorum, today’s commercial upright zonal types, were first cultivated in England by the Duchess of Beaufort in 1710. Most of the early breeding was done in England and later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, in Germany. Most of the current commercial varieties are the result of breeding work done in Germany. Fischer GmbH & Co., Hillscheid, Germany, the world’s largest producer and breeder of geraniums, has over 110 geranium varieties on the worldwide market and is adding new varieties every year. Fischer USA, Inc. is the marketing and distribution arm for Fischer Germany in North America. These new modern varieties, all with better colors, bigger flowers, and improved growth habit, can be traced to around 20 natural species of Pelargonium. Why Geraniums? With 500 million geraniums produced in Europe and 200 million produced in North America, geraniums represent one of the most exciting commercial flower crops in the world. No other flowering plant has shown a greater rate of increase in dollar value to commercial floriculture and better performance to the purchasers during the last twenty years. Gardeners around the world love the overall beauty, toughness, and versatility of geraniums. Compared to many other plant species, geraniums can tolerate cold and hot conditions, can handle complete dryness, and are very resistant against pests. Their beautiful and long lasting flowers bloom continuously, from the last frost in the spring to the first frost in the fall. -
Geranium Robertianum L
WRITTEN FINDINGS OF THE WASHINGTON STATE NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL BOARD (NOVEMBER 1997) Scientific Name: Geranium robertianum L. Common Name: herb Robert, Robert geranium Family: Geraniaceae Legal Status: Class B (a) regions 3,4,6,7, 9,10 Description and Variation: Geranium robertianum is both a winter and a spring annual. The leaves are deeply dissected and light green in color. In late fall the foliage turns red. The stems fork, and are brittle at the joints, they are pubescent and under high light conditions are red and up to 25 cm in length. The roots are shallow. The pink flowers are perfect with five petals that are 7- 10 mm. The receptacle is enlongated into a structure called a “torus”. The fruit is a capsule. Seeds are brown and about 2 mm in length. Propagates by seed A distinguishing characteristic of the species is the pungent odor of the crushed leaves. Economic/environmental importance: Detrimental: Geranium robertianum poses a threat to forest understories and plant biodiversity by displacing native species, especially herbaceous species. In preliminary research in western Washington it was found that under 90% canopy cover it was possible to find 250 plants/m2. In a more open canopy (e.g., 50% - 60%) there were only 112 plants/m2 but these plants were larger and more vigorous. There are unsubstantiated reports that its strong odor may trigger asthma attacks (Tisch 1992). Beneficial: Herb Robert is an ornamental species and has been sold in nurseries in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. White flowered forms are also sold. It has a long history of medicinal use including relief from toothaches and nosebleeds (Bath and Jones 1994). -
Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum L.) February 2009
Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum L.) February 2009 Common Name: Herb Robert, Robert Geranium, Stinky Bob, Red Robin, Fox Geranium Family: Geraniaceae Findings of This Review and Assessment: Geranium robertianum L. has been determined to be an invasive plant within the category of a “B” listed noxious weed as defined by the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) Noxious Weed Policy and Classification System. This determination is based on two independent risk assessments following a literature review. Using a rating system adapted from United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Services, Plant Protection, and Quarantine (USDA APHIS PPQ) Weed Risk Assessment Guidelines, Geranium robertianum received a score of 25 out of a potential score of 47. Using the ODA Noxious Weed Rating system, Geranium robertianum received a score of 15 supporting a “B” listing. Introduction: Weedy geranium populations have expanded exponentially in the Pacific Northwest in the last ten years. Two species, Geranium robertianum, and Geranium lucidum have aggressively invaded habitats (oak and fir woodlands) only marginally impacted by serious weed invasion in the past. Today herb Robert is becoming one of the most common woodland invaders in Western Oregon. An annual weed with a high reproductive potential, it has barely begun to infest all potential acreage available to it. Regionally, the species has been dispersed mainly by human activities into many if not most watersheds in Western Oregon. Locally, it is spreading by water movement, wildlife, recreationalists, gardeners, and through land disturbance activities. It can develop into populations of high density, up to 250 plants per meter square, pushing out native flora and impacting domestic gardens and parklands (Written Findings WSWB 2007). -
Vascular Plants of Santa Cruz County, California
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST of the VASCULAR PLANTS of SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SECOND EDITION Dylan Neubauer Artwork by Tim Hyland & Maps by Ben Pease CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY, SANTA CRUZ COUNTY CHAPTER Copyright © 2013 by Dylan Neubauer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the author. Design & Production by Dylan Neubauer Artwork by Tim Hyland Maps by Ben Pease, Pease Press Cartography (peasepress.com) Cover photos (Eschscholzia californica & Big Willow Gulch, Swanton) by Dylan Neubauer California Native Plant Society Santa Cruz County Chapter P.O. Box 1622 Santa Cruz, CA 95061 To order, please go to www.cruzcps.org For other correspondence, write to Dylan Neubauer [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-615-85493-9 Printed on recycled paper by Community Printers, Santa Cruz, CA For Tim Forsell, who appreciates the tiny ones ... Nobody sees a flower, really— it is so small— we haven’t time, and to see takes time, like to have a friend takes time. —GEORGIA O’KEEFFE CONTENTS ~ u Acknowledgments / 1 u Santa Cruz County Map / 2–3 u Introduction / 4 u Checklist Conventions / 8 u Floristic Regions Map / 12 u Checklist Format, Checklist Symbols, & Region Codes / 13 u Checklist Lycophytes / 14 Ferns / 14 Gymnosperms / 15 Nymphaeales / 16 Magnoliids / 16 Ceratophyllales / 16 Eudicots / 16 Monocots / 61 u Appendices 1. Listed Taxa / 76 2. Endemic Taxa / 78 3. Taxa Extirpated in County / 79 4. Taxa Not Currently Recognized / 80 5. Undescribed Taxa / 82 6. Most Invasive Non-native Taxa / 83 7. Rejected Taxa / 84 8. Notes / 86 u References / 152 u Index to Families & Genera / 154 u Floristic Regions Map with USGS Quad Overlay / 166 “True science teaches, above all, to doubt and be ignorant.” —MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO 1 ~ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ~ ANY THANKS TO THE GENEROUS DONORS without whom this publication would not M have been possible—and to the numerous individuals, organizations, insti- tutions, and agencies that so willingly gave of their time and expertise. -
Geranium Sylvaticum L
Geranium sylvaticum L. Wood Crane’s-bill Geranium sylvaticum is a glandular-hairy plant with palmate, deeply divided leaves attached to petioles that become progressively shorter up the stem. The pinkish-purple flowers are white at the base and on pedicels that remain upright after flowering. It is a plant of moderately acid or neutral soils of low to intermediate fertility, and found in a variety of grassland habitats, including upland hay-meadows, roadside verges, streamsides and montane rock-ledges. It is widespread in northern England and Scotland, rare in Wales and the north of Ireland. It was assessed as of Least Concern in Great Britain as a whole, but as Near Threatened in England and Critically Endangered in Wales. ©Kevin Walker IDENTIFICATION as long as the sepal, and five obovate petals, the colour of which is variously described as pinkish-purple (Stace 2010) A glandular-hairy plant with tall (-80 cm), erect or ascending and purplish-violet (Sell & Murrell 2009; Yeo 2001) but pale green stems with alternate leaves, occasionally arranged almost always with white at the base. Petals (12-16 × 8-12 opposite each other near the top of the stem. Leaves are mm) have a rounded or slightly notched apex (Stace 2010), medium-green on the upper surface and paler beneath, and fruits are 17-21 mm with glandular-hairy mericarps (4 divided palmately up to four-fifths of the way to the base into mm) rounded at the base (Sell & Murrell 2009). seven or nine shallowly toothed lobes (Sell & Murrell 2009) which have ±acute teeth 1.5 - 2× longer than wide (Poland & Clement 2009).