DOCSLIB.ORG

An Overview on Phytopharmacology of Pelargonium Graveolens L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 14(4), October 2015, pp. 558-563 An overview on phytopharmacology of Pelargonium graveolens L. Jinous Asgarpanah1,2* & Fereshteh Ramezanloo2 1Young Researchers and Elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Received 30 October 2014, revised 12 August 2015 Since ancient, Pelargonium graveolens L. is well organized for its therapeutic values. Only recently, its new medicinal aspects have been award by scientists. Regarding new multi-functional properties of P. graveolens and valuable ongoing reports we were prompted to update phytochemistry and pharmacology of it. Data were collected using of journals, articles, scientific books and websites such as Scopus and PubMed. P. graveolens extracts and essential oil are important in drug development with many pharmacologic properties in China and Middle East especially in Egypt and Morocco. P. graveolens has been used in traditional medicine for the relief of hemorrhoids, dysentery, inflammation and cancer, as well as in the perfumery, cosmetic and aromatherapy industries all over the world. P. graveolens has recently been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activities and acaricidal effects. The valuable therapeutic aspects of P. graveolens are mostly correlated to the existence of volatile constituents, terpenoids and flavonoids. Due to being widespread and the easy collection of this plant and also remarkable biological activities and containing a high amount of essential oil, this plant has become a medicinal plant in pharmacy especially in aromatherapy. This overview presents comprehensive analyzed information on the phytochemical and clinical properties of P. graveolens. Keywords: Geraniaceae, Pelargonium graveolens L., Phytopharmacology IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K, A61K 36/00, A61J 3/00 Affordability and accessibility of the medicinal plants to Europe in the 17th century and have since been have made them as an important part of many hybridized all over the world5. Nowadays the major people’s life all over the world. The medicinal plants production of geranium takes place in China and selection is a conscious process, which has led to an Middle East especially in Egypt and Morocco6. enormous number of medicinal plants being Pelargonium genus has 750 species scattered widely consumed by many cultures in the world1. According around the world growing as annuals7. P. graveolens to the World Health Organization (WHO), due to the has been known as “Shamdani Atri” in Iran. lack of access to modern medicines and poverty, P. graveolens is a shrubby perennial plant growing to about 65-80% of the people in developing countries a height of 1 m if left unpruned. In the tropical areas it depend on plants for their primary healthcare2. is grown as an annual. The leaves are lobed and Regarding the lack of safe modern drugs, evaluation contain essential oil. The plant has typical small, pink of active and effective plants for diseases such as flowers. Leaves and stalks are the essential parts of diabetes has been recommended by WHO. It is this plant. The essential oil is extracted from fresh estimated that close to 25% of the biological active plant material mainly using steam distillation. components in currently synthetic drugs were first P. graveolens essential oil is largely utilized in the identified in natural sources especially in plant3. perfumery, cosmetic and aromatherapy industries Commonly known as Geranium, Pelargonium all over the world. It has since become indispensable graveolens, is an aromatic, perennial and flowering aromatherapy oil8. Geranium oil responds well to plant which belongs to Geraniaceae family in the the balancing effects of constipation, insomnia, order of Geraniales that contains about 230 genera restlessness, nervousness, anxiety, worry, high blood and more than 2500 species4. Pelargonium species pressure, anger, frustration, emotional upsets, probably originates from South Africa and introduced hypercholesterolemia, slow to lose weight and low ——————— 9 *Corresponding author metabolic forces . The oil has potential immune ASGARPANAH & RAMEZANLOO: PHYTOPHARMACOLGY OF PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L. 559 modulating effects on natural killer cells10. Geranium Chemical composition oil improves circulation, treats congestion especially Many chemical constituents such as volatile for the breast tissue, promotes healthy immune substances, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, system, stimulates and cleans the lymphatic system coumarins, cinnamic acids and tannins have been and is helpful for detoxification, overcoming isolated from the plant15,16. Citronellol (29.90%), addiction, hemorrhoids, phlebitis, indigestion and trans-geraniol (18.03%), 10-epi-γ- eudesmol (8.27%), fluid retention11. Other geranium essential oil usages isomenthone (5.44%), linalool (5.13%), geranyl which are becoming more and more popular include acetate (4.52%), γ- Cadinene (2.89%), geranyl relieving dysentery, inflammation, hemorrhoids, butyrate (2.53%), geranyltiglate (2.50%) and heavy menstrual flows and cancer. The oil is gemacrene D (2.05%) were identified as the major clinically used for treating diabetes, diarrhea, constituents of the P. graveolens aerial parts essential jaundice, gallbladder problems, liver problems, oil17. Phytochemical investigations in 1996 resulted in gastric ulcers and urinary stones. The leaves are used characterization of the indole alkaloids, as a form of herbal tea to de-stress, fight anxiety, ease elaeocarpidine, and its 20-H isomer epielaeocarpidine tension, improve circulation and cure tonsillitis12. in the leaves of geranium18. Traditionally, roots have been used medicinally for a multitude of ailments; both the rhizome and herb Potential of P. graveolens in phytotherapies have been used for different purposes since ancient Various studies have revealed the different times to treat malaria, abdominal and uterine pharmacological properties of P. graveolens in a disorders. They were also used in decoction to wash range of in vitro and in vivo test models. The aerial patients suffering from fever13 and also directly parts of the plant, in particular, have been chewed or powdered and mixed with food. demonstrated to possess antibacterial, antifungal, For a long time, P. graveolens root decoction and acaricidal and antioxidant activities at different infusion of the roots is employed for its palliative and doses/concentrations. These have been described in curative effects in treating the gastrointestinal greater detail in the following subsections. disorders and respiratory tract infections while the Antibacterial and antifungal activities aerial parts are used to heal the wounds14. The fairly P. graveolens has been found to possess good high concentrations of oligomeric proanthocyanidins antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Proteus (9%) occurring in this indigenous medicine may, at 18 vulgaris, B. cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis . least in part, explain the traditional use of it for the P. graveolens oil is being used as potent oil o treatment of gastrointestinal disorders such as n the pathogenic vaginal bacteria such as Atopobium diarrhea and the application of the aerial parts as vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides wound healing. Since systemic analysis and review of vulgates, Streptococcus agalactiae, H2O2-producing biological activities and potentials of P. graveolens lactobacilli, non H2O2 producing lactobacilli, have not been reported, we interested to prepare the C. albicans, C. glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and currently accessible information on ethno biological Candida tropicalis18,19,20,21 and has been used to and local knowledge issues, ethnomedicinal aspects, extend the shelf life of foods, beverages, pharmacologically important compounds identification pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The essential and pharmacologic studies on this useful plant. This oil from the fresh aerial parts of the plant exhibited overview introduces P. graveolens as a potent plant antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, by highlighting the new findings for novel multi- Enterococcus fecalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, functional and clinical applications as well as its C. neoformans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and traditional indications. Mycobacterium intracellulare. Geranium oil has shown inhibition properties on S. aureus and Materials and methods C. albicans22. Presence of α-pinene (37.4%), β-pinene The data presented in this paper were collected (16%) and limonene (13.3%) in high concentrations using all scientific data come from encyclopedia, are believed to actively inhibit the growth of articles, books, journals and websites such as microorganisms23,24. The profound antimicrobial Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar. activity of P. graveolens may partly explain their 560 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 14, NO 4, OCTOBER 2015 wound-healing properties13,25. The extract broad D. pteronyssinus, respectively. Additionally, spectrum antimicrobial activity may be caused by β-citronellol was approximately36 and 33 times more the coumarins and phenolic acids26 and may be toxic to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus than benzyl potential sources of effective agents for wound benzoate. Geraniol, β-citronellol, and their derivatives infections11,3,27,28,29. are most promising for possible use against D. farinae
Recommended publications
  • Pelargonium Grossularioides | Plantz Africa About:Reader?Url=

    Pelargonium Grossularioides | Plantz Africa About:Reader?Url=

    Pelargonium grossularioides | Plantz Africa about:reader?url=http://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-grossularioides pza.sanbi.org Pelargonium grossularioides | Plantz Africa Introduction If you delight in tiny flowers then the gooseberry-leaved pelargonium is a plant you will enjoy! Description Description This is a very low-growing ground cover which flowers almost all year round and has stems which may grow as long as 0.5 m. The furrowed, angular stems tend to have internodes, which are generally in shades of pale to deep reddish in colour. The outline of the long-stalked leaves is rounded to kidney-shaped, with the basal leaves being larger than those towards the ends of the stems. They are incised into 3-5 lobes and vary in size from 10-40 x 10-60 mm. Leaves often have a reddish outline and older leaves are sometimes richly coloured in shades of red. The more or less hairy stems and leaves are aromatic. Flowers are small (less than 10 mm across) and vary from pale pink to a beetroot purple in colour. The occasional whitish flower is found. The compact, umbel-like flowerheads may have from 3 to 50 flowers on each one. This herb is a quick growing plant which usually only lasts about a year. 1 of 4 2016/12/15 12:19 PM Pelargonium grossularioides | Plantz Africa about:reader?url=http://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-grossularioides Distribution and habitat Distribution description Pelargonium grossularioides has a fairly wide distribution, occurring from the southwestern Cape, northeastward up into Mozambique , mainly along the coastal belt but also to an extent further inland.
  • The Geranium Family, Geraniaceae, and the Mallow Family, Malvaceae

    The Geranium Family, Geraniaceae, and the Mallow Family, Malvaceae

    THE GERANIUM FAMILY, GERANIACEAE, AND THE MALLOW FAMILY, MALVACEAE TWO SOMETIMES CONFUSED FAMILIES PROMINENT IN SOME MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE AREAS The Geraniaceae is a family of herbaceous plants or small shrubs, sometimes with succulent stems • The family is noted for its often palmately veined and lobed leaves, although some also have pinnately divided leaves • The leaves all have pairs of stipules at their base • The flowers may be regular and symmetrical or somewhat irregular • The floral plan is 5 separate sepals and petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and a superior ovary • The most distinctive feature is the beak of fused styles on top of the ovary Here you see a typical geranium flower This nonnative weedy geranium shows the styles forming a beak The geranium family is also noted for its seed dispersal • The styles either actively eject the seeds from each compartment of the ovary or… • They twist and embed themselves in clothing and fur to hitch a ride • The Geraniaceae is prominent in the Mediterranean Basin and the Cape Province of South Africa • It is also found in California but few species here are drought tolerant • California does have several introduced weedy members Here you see a geranium flinging the seeds from sections of the ovary when the styles curl up Three genera typify the Geraniaceae: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium • Erodiums (common name filaree or clocks) typically have pinnately veined, sometimes dissected leaves; many species are weeds in California • Geraniums (that is, the true geraniums) typically have palmately veined leaves and perfectly symmetrical flowers. Most are herbaceous annuals or perennials • Pelargoniums (the so-called garden geraniums or storksbills) have asymmetrical flowers and range from perennials to succulents to shrubs The weedy filaree, Erodium cicutarium, produces small pink-purple flowers in California’s spring grasslands Here are the beaked unripe fruits of filaree Many of the perennial erodiums from the Mediterranean make well-behaved ground covers for California gardens Here are the flowers of the charming E.
  • Phylogenetics, Character Evolution and a Subgeneric Revision of the Genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

    Phylogenetics, Character Evolution and a Subgeneric Revision of the Genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

    Phytotaxa 159 (2): 031–076 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.2.1 Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) JOACHIM RÖSCHENBLECK1, FOCKE ALBERS1, KAI MÜLLER1, STEFAN WEINL2 & JÖRG KUDLA2 1 Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants & Botanical Garden, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany. Correspondence to: Joachim Röschenbleck Abstract Previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Pelargonium have remained inconclusive with respect to branching patterns of major infrageneric lineages, with the exception of a basalmost generic split that reflects chromosome length differences. Because of this and the lack of clearly distinguishing morphological characters, no subgeneric classification has been undertaken so far. Here, we present increased phylogenetic signal using chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer and trnL- F sequences including additional taxa (110 taxa in total) and character sampling. All analyses confirmed the previously recognised first split into two clades characterised by chromosome size, and also converged on four major clades (two within each chromosome size group). The four major clades are further supported by synapomorphic length mutations from both intergenic spacers. The evolution of characters from flower morphology and phenolic constituents was examined for usefulness for clade delimitation. Although character state distributions did not generally reveal clear synapomorphies for the respective lineages, differences in state distributions of floral characters and leaf phenols support the circumscription of these major clades.
  • Site Synopsis

    Site Synopsis

    SITE SYNOPSIS Site Name: Cloughmoyne SAC Site Code: 000479 Cloughmoyne is located approximately 5 km north-west of Headford in Co. Mayo. The site lies on the south-west slope of a low limestone ridge and spreads southwards to include a fen and lake. The site is situated in the townland of Ballisnahyny (just west of the Cloughmoyne townland). The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) selected for the following habitats and/or species listed on Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive (* = priority; numbers in brackets are Natura 2000 codes): [8240] Limestone Pavement* The site includes areas of species-rich dry grassland, where the following species are common: Blue Moor-grass (Sesleria albicans), Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Common Bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), White Clover (Trifolium repens) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense). Also found are Bloody Cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum), Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris), Juniper (Juniperus communis), Madder (Rubia peregrina), the scarce Dense-flowered Orchid (Neotinea maculata), Spring Gentian (Gentiana verna) and the rare and legally protected (Flora (Protection) Order, 1999) species, Wood Bitter-vetch (Vicia orobus). The site also includes some species-poor fen vegetation, dominated by Black Bog- rush (Schoenus nigricans), with Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and Great Fen- sedge (Cladium mariscus) occurring occasionally. Other species found in this fen vegetation include Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis), Devil's-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis), Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Long-stalked Yellow-sedge (Carex lepidocarpa), Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), Common Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) and the bryophytes Scorpidium scorpioides and Campylium stellatum.
  • Geraniums Each Year the National Garden Bureau Selects One fl Ower and One Vegetable to Be Showcased

    Geraniums Each Year the National Garden Bureau Selects One fl Ower and One Vegetable to Be Showcased

    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 17 Feb 2012 NGB’s Annual of the Year 2012: Geraniums Each year the National Garden Bureau selects one fl ower and one vegetable to be showcased. These crops are chosen because they are popular, easy-to-grow, widely adaptable, genetically diverse, and versatile. For 2012 they chose garden geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) Introduction and Nomenclature The bedding plants gardeners plant out in late spring and bring inside in autumn are commonly known as geraniums; but geraniums they are not. They are pelargoniums. True geraniums are the cranesbills, hardy North American and European herbaceous perennials; while pelargoniums are semi-tender or tender plants, mostly from South Africa, that have graced our gardens with their large fl owers for Geraniums are popluar bedding decades. plants. We have to remember that botany wasn’t an exact science in the 17th century when the fi rst geraniums and pelargoniums were introduced. So, based on the shape of their fruit, plant collectors generally lumped both together as “geranium.” To tackle the complex history of geranium or pelargonium, one has to confront the use of common names versus scientifi c ones. Scientifi c names give individuals a common language by which they could communicate with other people, no matter the country they are from or what their mother tongue might be. In 1753 the famous and infl uential Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, published his two-volume book called Species Pelargonium quercifolium fl ower (L) and leaf (R). Plantarum, in which he attempted to pull together the names and descriptions of all known plants.
  • Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Geranium Robertianum L.: a Review

    Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Geranium Robertianum L.: a Review

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Biblioteca Digital do IPB Phytochemical composition and biological activities of Geranium robertianum L.: a review V. C. Graçaa,b, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreirab, P. F. Santosc,* aCentre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) - Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. bMountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. cChemistry Dep. and Chemistry Center - Vila Real (CQVR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected] telephone +351-259-350276; fax +351-259- 350480) Abstract After a period of a certain indifference, in which synthetic compounds were favored, the interest in the study of the biological properties of plants and the active principles responsible for their therapeutic properties has been growing remarkably. Geranium robertianum L., commonly known as Herb Robert or Red Robin, is a spontaneous, herbaceous plant that has been used for a long time in folk medicine of several countries and in herbalism’s practice for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Herein, we present a comprehensive review on the phytochemical characterization and the biological activities of this species, which, accompanying the remarkable increase of its use in herbal medicine, has been disclosed in the literature mainly in the last decade. The phytochemical characterization of G. robertianum has been focused mostly on the investigation of solid-liquid extracts of the plant, with special emphasis on phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids.
  • Pelargoniums an Herb Society of America Guide

    Pelargoniums an Herb Society of America Guide

    Pelargoniums An Herb Society of America Guide The Herb Society of America 9019 Kirtland Chardon Rd. Kirtland, Ohio 44094 © 2006 The Herb Society of America Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………….…. 3 Contributors & Acknowledgements ……………………………………… 3 Description & Taxonomy ..………………………………………………... 8 Chemistry …………………………………………………………………. 10 Nutrition …………………………………………………………………... 10 History & Folklore ………………………………………………………… 10 Literature & Art …………………………………………………………… 12 Cultivation ………………………………………………………………… 13 Pests & Diseases …………………………………………………………... 19 Pruning & Harvesting ……………………………………………………… 20 Preserving & Storing ………………………………………………………. 21 Uses ………………………………………………………………………... 21 - Culinary Uses ………………………………………………… 21 - Recipes ………………………………………………… 23 - Craft Uses ……………………………………………………. 40 - Cosmetic Uses ……………………………………………….. 41 - Recipes ……………………………………………….. 42 - Medicinal & Ethnobotanical Uses & Aromatherapy ………... 43 - Garden Uses ………………………………………………….. 47 - Other Uses …………………………………………………... 48 Species Highlights …..……………………………………………………… 49 Cultivar Examples …………………………………………………………. 57 Literature Citations & References ………………………………………... 62 HSA Library Pelargonium Resources …...………………………………… 68 © The Herb Society of America - 9019 Kirtland Chardon Rd., Kirtland, OH, 44094 - (440) 256-0514 - http://www.herbsociety.org 2 Pelargoniums: An Herb Society of America Guide Introduction Mission: The Herb Society of America is dedicated to promoting the knowledge, use and delight of
  • Phytopharmacological Importance of Pelargonium Species

    Phytopharmacological Importance of Pelargonium Species

    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(13), pp. 2587-2598, 4 July, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2011 Academic Journals Review Phytopharmacological importance of Pelargonium species Saraswathi J.1, Venkatesh K.1, Nirmala Baburao 2, Majid Hameed Hilal 1 and A. Roja Rani 1* 1Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, India. 2Department of Botany, Osmania University College for Women, Hyderabad 500095, India. Accepted 22 March, 2011 World population relies on plant-based traditional system of medicine for their primary health care. With the emerging worldwide interest in adopting and studying traditional systems, it is essential to explore the potential of plant based health care systems. A number of herbs belonging to the genus Pelargonium graveolens are noted for their medicinal benefits in traditional system of medicine. A lot of medicinally important attributes have been assigned to the plants of Pelargonium species . They are rich source of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, tannins, phenolic acids, cinnamic acids, flavones, flavonoids and flavonols derivatives. Pelargonium -derived essential oil is used in perfumery, cosmetics, soaps, creams, aromatherapy products exhibit good antioxidant activity and has potential immune modulating effects no natural killer cells. It further relieves congestion especially for the breast tissue, improves circulation and excellent for stimulating and cleansing the lymphatic system, promotes healthy immune system, helpful for detoxification, overcoming addiction, phlebitis, hemorrhoids, fluid retention and indigestion. The important plants of this species which have been so far explored mainly include P. graveolens, P. sidoides, P. reniforme and P. radula etc . The present review aims at exploring the current scientific findings on the various species of Pelargonium .
  • Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals As Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity

    Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals As Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity

    pathogens Article Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity Chrysa Androutsopoulou 1, Spyridoula D. Christopoulou 2, Panagiotis Hahalis 3, Chrysoula Kotsalou 1, Fotini N. Lamari 2 and Apostolos Vantarakis 1,* 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (C.K.) 2 Laboratory of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (S.D.C.); [email protected] (F.N.L.) 3 Tentoura Castro-G.P. Hahalis Distillery, 26225 Patras, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Essential oils (EOs) and extracts of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) have been fully characterized in terms of composition, safety, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They were analyzed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Adenovirus 35. Their toxicity and life span were also determined. EO of P. graveolens (5%) did not retain any antibacterial activity (whereas at Citation: Androutsopoulou, C.; 100% it was greatly effective against E. coli), had antifungal activity against A. niger, and significant Christopoulou, S.D.; Hahalis, P.; antiviral activity. Rose geranium extract (dilutions 25−90%) (v/v) had antifungal and antibacterial Kotsalou, C.; Lamari, F.N.; Vantarakis, activity, especially against E. coli, and dose-dependent antiviral activity. Rose petals EO (5%) retains A. Evaluation of Essential Oils and low inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. Typhimurium growth (about 20−30%), antifungal Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose activity, and antiviral activity for medium to low virus concentrations.
  • Geranium Essential Oil Is Extracted from Pelargonium Gra- Veolens Leaves Which Grow in Dry Rocky Slopes

    Geranium Essential Oil Is Extracted from Pelargonium Gra- Veolens Leaves Which Grow in Dry Rocky Slopes

    ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL The anti-candidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against clinical isolates of Candida albicans Mohaddese Mahboubi*, Elaheh Mahdizadeh, Rezvan HeidaryTabar Abstract Objectives: Candida albicans as important opportunistic dimorphic fungi can cause the life threatening infections in humans. In this study, we evaluated the anti- candidal activities of six samples of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against 31 clinical isolates of C. albicans. Materials and methods: The anti-candidal activity was performed by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) apparatus. Results: P. graveolens essential oil samples with citronellol (7.7-43.7%) and geraniol (19.3-48.5%) showed the same anti-candidal activity in two different methods. There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone diameters (19.3-24.1 mm), and the MIC and MFC values (1.06-1.48 and 1.5-1.72μl /ml) of essential oil samples with different percent of citronellol and geraniol. Conclusion: Therefore, P. graveolens essential oils can be used as anti-candidal agent for further studies. Key Words: Pelargonium graveolens, Citronellol, geraniol, Clinical isolates, Candida albicans La actividad anti-Candida Pelargonium graveolens de aceites esenciales contra aislados clínicos de Candida albicans Resumen Objetivos: Candida albicans es un importante hongo dimórfico oportunista que puede llegar a amenazar la vida de pacientes con inmunosupresión. En este estudio se evaluaron las actividades anti-Candida de seis muestras de aceites esenciales de Pelargonium graveolens contra 31 aislamientos clínicos de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: La actividad anti-Candida se realizó por difusión en disco y ensayos de dilución micro-caldo.
  • PARDANCANDA Norrisii 'Dazzler'."Perennial Quality

    PARDANCANDA Norrisii 'Dazzler'."Perennial Quality

    Pardancanda norrisii ‘Dazzler’ - New Crop Summary & Recommendations By Jamie Gallagher 2012 Series: New Floricultural Crops: Formulation of Production Schedules for Wild, Non- domesticated Species Part of the requirements for Horticultural Science 5051: Plant Production II University of Minnesota Jamie Gallagher Hort 5051 Neil Anderson New Crop Report Background Essentials. Taxonomy. • Scientific Name (genus, species, subspecies): The scientific name for my crop is Pardancanda norrisii ‘Dazzler’. • Synonym(s): To the best of my knowledge there are no synonyms that exist. • Common Name(s): The most widely used common name for Pardancanda norrisii ‘Dazzler’ is Candy Lily. A few other common names include Blackberry Lily, Orchid Lily, Paintbox Lily, and Pardancanda (Day). • Family: The candy lily belongs to the family Iridaceae. Geographic Distribution. The Pardancanda norrisii ‘Dazzler’ plant was partly created by Samuel N. Norris, Lee w. Lenz, and Harlan Hamernik (Howard). Pardancanda norrisii ‘Dazzler’ is the product of a cross between Belamcanda chinensis and Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Jelitto). Candy lily was introduced by Jelitto Perennial Seeds in Louisville, KY in 1998 and Hamernik Bluebird Nursery, Inc. in Clarkson, NE (Howard). • Continent(s): To the best of my knowledge, no published information exists. I am assuming that since it was bred in the United States, it is found here and possibly anywhere that it can be shipped to. • Country(-ies): I wasn’t able to find any information on the candy lily, but its parent B. chinensis is native to Japan (Howard). • State(s)/Province(s)/Region(s): Zone 5-8(9) states in the United States (AmericanNurseryman). • Latitudinal Range(s): To the best of my knowledge, no published information exists.
  • Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Geraniaceae In

    Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Geraniaceae In

    Systematic Botany (2008), 33(2): pp. 326–342 © Copyright 2008 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Geraniaceae in Relation to Climate Changes and Pollination Ecology Omar Fiz, Pablo Vargas, Marisa Alarcón, Carlos Aedo, José Luis García, and Juan José Aldasoro1 Real Jardín Botanico de Madrid, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain 1Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Mark P. Simmons Abstract—Chloroplast (trnL–F and rbcL) sequences were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Geraniaceae and Hypseocharitaceae. According to these data Hypseocharitaceae and Geraniaceae are monophyletic. Pelargonium and Monsonia are sisters to the largest clade of Geraniaceae, formed by Geranium, Erodium and California. According to molecular dating and dispersal-vicariance analysis, the split of the stem branches of Geraniaceae probably occurred during the Oligocene, in southern Africa or in southern Africa plus the Mediterranean area. However, their diversification occurred during the Miocene, coinciding with the beginning of major aridification events in their distribution areas. An ancestor of the largest clade of Geraniaceae (Geranium, Erodium, and California) colonised a number of habitats in the northern hemisphere and in South American mountain ranges. In summary, the evolution of the Geraniaceae is marked by the dispersal of ancestors from Southern Africa to cold, temperate and often disturbed habitats in the rest of world, where only generalist pollination and facultative autogamy could ensure sufficient seed production and survival. Keywords—autocompatibility, dispersal-vicariance, drought-tolerance, molecular dating, nectaries, P/O indexes. The Geraniaceae are included in the order Geraniales along are characteristic of the Afro-Arabian land mass (Hutchin- with the families Francoaceae, Greyiaceae, Ledocarpaceae, son 1969).