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Antik Çağ Deniz Ticareti T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ COĞRAFYA ANABĠLĠM DALI DOKTORA TEZĠ ANTĠKÇAĞ’DA BATI ANADOLU’DA DENĠZ TĠCARETĠ VE LĠMANLAR HÜSNĠYE ESRA TUFANOĞLU 2502080292 TEZ DANIġMANI: PROF. DR. SUNA DOĞANER ĠSTANBUL, 2017 ÖZ ANTĠKÇAĞ’DA BATI ANADOLU’DA DENĠZ TĠCARETĠ VE LĠMANLAR HÜSNĠYE ESRA TUFANOĞLU Bu çalıĢmada, Tunç Çağı‟nda yoğunlaĢan M.Ö.VII. ve VI.yy.‟larda altın çağını yaĢayan Ege Bölgesi Deniz Ticaretinin geliĢimi, coğrafi unsurlar esas alınarak incelenmiĢtir. KolonileĢme hareketleriyle Karadeniz‟e kadar yayılan bu ticaret ağının nasıl düzenli ve sistematik bir geçim kaynağına dönüĢtüğü araĢtırılmıĢtır. Bu geliĢmeye bağlı olarak limanların ortaya çıkıĢı, liman kentlerinin coğrafi konumu ve jeomorfolojik özellikleri, geçim kaynakları, ticareti sağlayan mallar incelenmiĢtir. Dönemin ticari iliĢkilerine dayanarak limanların, sosyo-kültürel, bilimsel, mimari, siyasi ve ekonomik süreçlerine değinerek tarihi coğrafyası araĢtırılmıĢtır. Antikçağ denizciliğinde ticaretin geliĢmesi, liman yapıları ve gemi teknolojisi ile kent planlamacılığını etkilemiĢ, bilimsel, kültürel, sanatsal açıdan birçok ilerlemeye katkısı olmuĢtur. Bu nedenlerle araĢtırma alanımızda ve döneminde Ege dünyası insanlık tarihinin en önemli geliĢmelerine sahne olmuĢtur. Bütün bu hususlar, baĢta sualtı araĢtırmaları ve arkeolojik buluntular, batıklar olmak üzere farklı antik kaynakların sağladığı veriler, deneysel arkeolojik çalıĢmalar ve projeler yardımıyla aydınlatılmıĢtır. Antikçağ denizciliği ve limanlarının tarihi coğrafyasını yaptığımız bu araĢtırmada farklı bilim dallarından yararlanarak multidisipliner bir çalıĢmanın önemi de vurgulanmıĢtır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deniz Ticareti, Antik Liman, Efes, Milet, Sualtı Arkeolojisi, Amphora. iii ABSTRACT IN WESTERN ANATOLIA MARITIME TRADE AND PORTS IN ANCIENT TIMES HÜSNĠYE ESRA TUFANOĞLU In this research, the development process of maritime trade in Western Anatolia, where gold ages are living in the BC 7th. and BC 6th. centuries by focusing on the Bronze Age, has been examined on the basis of geographical factors. Geographical location of the port cities, its geomorphological caracteristics, geographical resources, livelihoods, commercial goods have been investigated as to how this trade network which has spread to the Black Sea by colony movements has become a regular and systematic source of livelihood. Based on the commercial relations, socio-cultural, scientific, architectural, political and economic processus, the historical geography of the port cities have been investigated. In ancient time maritime, the development of the trade has been the results such as the technological developments on the ship technology experienced, urban planning systems, port structures improved and have contribuated also scientific, cultural and artistic progresses. By this reason this trade network has helped the most important developments of the human history in our research time in Aegean world. It was aimed to gain cultural heritage with the help of experimental archaeological studies, collected mainly through archaeological finds, underwater remains and submerged ancient sources. This research, which we have illuminated ancient maritime trade and the historical geography of the ports, is a multidisciplinary work that has benefited from different sections of science. Key Words: Maritime Trade, Ancient Ports, Ephesus, Miletus, Underwater Archeology, Amphora. iv ÖNSÖZ Denizcilik ve arkeolojiye duyduğum büyük ilgi ve çok sevdiğim Ege‟nin eĢsiz doğasında Antikçağ‟dan beri yaĢayan uygarlıklar ve bunların oluĢturdukları kültür varlıklarına olan merakım nedeniyle Deniz Ticareti ve Liman Kentlerinin Tarihi Coğrafyasını araĢtırmak her zaman istediğim bir konu olmuĢtur. Batıklar ve sualtı arkeolojisi çalıĢmalarının bize bu konuda verdiği önemli bilgileri, günümüzde değerlendirirerek yaĢatabilmek ve sürdürülebilirlik kazandırmak amacıyla yürütülen ve yürütülebilecek projeleri ele almak, kültürel miras bilincinin önemini vurgulamak ta bu çalıĢmanın önemli bir parçasını oluĢturmaktadır. Coğrafi açıdan Ege Bölgesi tarihi liman ve kentlerinin mekânsal analizini çıkarmak suretiyle sürdürülebilir turizm ve arkeoloji politikalarıyla, sorunlara çözüm getirmek, kültürel miras bilincini oluĢturmak ve bunu gelecek kuĢaklara aktarmak amacıyla sözkonusu tarihi ve coğrafi alanları, çağdaĢ yaĢam koĢullarına adapte eden bir yaklaĢım ortaya konmuĢtur. Tez çalıĢmam boyunca bana ıĢık tutan, sabırla yol gösteren, fikir ve görüĢleriyle her zaman destek olan, hiçbir yardımı esirgemeyen çok değerli hocam, danıĢmanım Sayın Prof.Dr. Suna Doğaner‟e ve tez izleme komitesi üyelerinden Prof.Dr. Nurten Günal‟a çok teĢekkür ederim. Yüksek Lisans tezimden itibaren beni Tarihi Coğrafya konusunda yetiĢtiren ve doktora yapmaya teĢvik eden değerli hocam Prof.Dr. Metin Tuncel, engin bilgisi ve zengin kütüphanesiyle bu çalıĢmamın her aĢamasında bana destek olmuĢtur. Değerli katkılarını ve fikirlerini benden esirgemeyerek büyük yardımda bulunan ve tezin her satırında emeği geçen, öğrencisi olmaktan gurur duyduğum çok kıymetli hocam Sayın Prof.Dr. Metin Tuncel‟e minnetim ve teĢekkürüm sonsuzdur. Tezin yazımı sırasında teknik konulardaki büyük yardımlarından dolayı CoĢkun Yıldırımtürk‟e çok teĢekkür ederim. Yine bu uzun süreçte, bana daima enerji ve moral vererek desteklerini esirgemeyen canım anneme ve hayat arkadaĢım Selmi Çakır‟a çok teĢekkür ederim. Ġstanbul, 2017 Hüsniye Esra TUFANOĞLU v ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v ġEKĠLLER LĠSTESĠ ................................................................................................ ix FOTOĞRAFLAR LĠSTESĠ .................................................................................... xii KISALTMALAR LĠSTESĠ ..................................................................................... xv GĠRĠġ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ANTĠKÇAĞ EGE UYGARLIKLARI VE DENĠZ TĠCARETĠ A. Antikçağ Ege Uygarlıkları ...................................................................................... 6 B. Antikçağ Akdeniz Dünyasında Deniz Ticareti ...................................................... 15 1. M.Ö. II. Bin-M.S. IV. yy. arası dönemde Deniz Ticareti .................................. 15 2. Limanların DoğuĢu ve GeliĢimi ........................................................................ 26 3. Antikçağda Yön Bulma Yöntemleri (Navigasyon) ........................................... 29 a. Gökyüzünü Kullanarak Yön Bulma.............................................................. 30 b. Mekanik Aletlerle Yön Bulma ..................................................................... 34 4. Deniz Ticaretini Etkileyen KoĢullar .................................................................. 41 a. Ġklim Özellikleri ............................................................................................ 43 b. Korsanlık....................................................................................................... 51 5. Akdeniz ve Ege‟ de Ana Ticaret Yolları ........................................................... 58 6. Deniz Ticaret Araçları ....................................................................................... 64 a. Ticaret Gemileri/Yelkenliler ......................................................................... 65 b. Yük TaĢıma Araçları-Amphoralar ................................................................ 81 7. Antikçağ Denizciliğinde Ticareti Yapılan Mallar ........................................... 101 a. Bitkisel Gıda ve Yiyecekler ........................................................................ 102 (1) Zeytin ve Zeytinyağı ............................................................................ 102 (2) ġarap ..................................................................................................... 107 vi (3) Tahıl ..................................................................................................... 112 (4) Baharatlar ve ġifalı Otlar ...................................................................... 116 (5) Et ve Balık Ürünleri ............................................................................. 117 (6) Bal ........................................................................................................ 119 (7) Sebze-Meyveler .................................................................................... 122 b. Madenler, Kayaçlar ve Ürünleri ................................................................. 124 c. Orman Ürünleri ........................................................................................... 132 d. Kozmetik ürünleri ....................................................................................... 134 e.Tekstil ürünleri ............................................................................................. 137 f. Köleler ......................................................................................................... 144 g. Mobilya ve parçaları ................................................................................... 148 h. Cam ve cam eserleri...................................................................................
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