REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature is an extensive summary of previous research on a topic. Literature review survey, scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular area of research My research is based on understanding anguish and desperation and social issues in short stories in three Indian languages. I studied some books, presentation papers, articles, published and unpublished thesis, and journals. I also interacted with my friends, relatives and colleagues. I carefully examined and studied the above-mentioned sources of material. These sources helped me in understanding the sensibility of Dalit Literature.

1. Eleanor Zelliot, (1970), and Non-Brahman Movements in Maharashtra, sage journals. This essay gives us a brief information about the and the Non-Brahman movements that started in Maharashtra after Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar’s death. 2. Eleanor Zelliot, (1996), From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement, Manohar Publishers and Distributors. This book is a collection of 16 essays. These essays are divided according to background, politics, religion and Dalit Literature. 3. Constable, P. (1997). Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. Modern Asian Studies, 31(2), This article tells us how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture. 4. Ghanshyam Shah, (2004), SAGE Publications India, Social Movements in India: A Review of Literature. This book critically examines and reviews the literature concerning social movements in India from 1857 to the present. The author discusses the theoretical issues raised by various scholars and also analyses major trends in different movements. The author also suggests the readers various areas for further research. 5. Rangrao Bhongle, (2006), A Semiotic Study of Dalit Poetry in Marathi, Sahitya Akademi, Vol. 50, No. 3. This article deals with three Marathi poems namely Golpeetha by Namdev Dhasal, Utkanan by Keshav Meshram, Gaokusabaheril Kavita by Waman Nimbalkar. The author analyses the structure, text, signs and culture in these poems. 6. Eleanor Zelliot, (2008), Dalit literature, language, and identity (chapter 23), Cambridge University Press. This chapter gives information about how the Dalit literature started in India and how the word Dalit got its importance during Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar’s period and how Dalit literature grew. Dalit literature like short stories, poems etc. were also published in Dr Ambedkar’s times. 7. Ohara, Yuki, (2009), “Language and the Formation of Self-Identity: The Case of in India” Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University. This paper tries to explain how different terms were formed from different perspectives were given to describe Dalits ' identity and what these terms meant for the Dalits' formation of self-identity. The terms explained in the paper are: 'Untouchables', 'Harijan, 'Scheduled Castes', 'Neo-Buddhists ' and 'Dalits’ 8. Arjun Dangle, (2009), Poisoned Bread, Orient BlackSwan Publication. This book comprises of poem, short stories and essays written by prominent authors including , , Raja Dhale, who had given voice to their plan and anger at generations of subjugation under the caste system. It also tells us what led to the new wave of writings in Marathi Dalit literature. 9. Laura Brueck, (2010), Sage Publications, South Asia Research “Good Dalits and Bad Brahmins: Melodramatic Realism in Dalit Short Stories”. This article focuses on Dalit literature and criticism that is self-consciously literary. It focuses on Dalit narratives that distinguish themselves from protest and propaganda through the means of storytelling styles that innovatively change narrative conventions to establish a distinguishable Dalit literary identity. 10. Ram Narayan S. Rawat, (2011), Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamara and Dalit History in North India, Indiana University Press, This book brings out that often the Chamars of North India are identified as leather workers or characterized as criminal caste but in fact the majority of Chamars have been agriculturalists, and their association with the ritually impure occupation of leatherworking has largely been constructed through Hindu, colonial, and postcolonial representations of untouchability. 11. Ali Ahmed Khan, (2012), Identity Crisis in Dalit Literature: An Appraisal, Pragun Publication. This book focuses on the self-narrative of Dalit writers and their poetry to show the readers the unexplored social and cultural contents of Dalit literature and analyse their efforts in forming their identity. 12. Gail Omvedt, (2012), Understanding Caste, Orient BlackSwan publication. This book brings to the reader the failures and triumphs of the many efforts that have aimed to dissolve the oppressive facets of Hinduism and its caste ideology, and continue to organise in newer ways for 'another' possible world where equality and human freedom reign supreme. It also makes visible the logic of Dalit politics and the rise Bahujan Samaj Party, as a major alternative to the rise of Hindutva. 13. D. Murali Manohar (2013), Critical Essays on Dalit Literature Hardcover, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. This book is an anthology of illuminating articles highlighting various problems faced by the Dalits in our society despite the equality they have been given by the Indian Constitution and notwithstanding a ban on untouchability. The exclusion of the Dalits on the basis of caste, gender, religion, etc. has been discussed in detail in this book. 14. Punjani, Vaishali, (2013), The Sufferings of a Subaltern Mother: A Comprehensive Study of Baburao Bagul's Short Story 'Mother'. The IUP Journal of English Studies, Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 30-39. In this research paper, the author wishes to put forward some ideas related to the cultural, social and economic condition of the Dalit women in the society. She also states that we live in patriarchy where women are not given any liberty. 15. Narayan Pradhan, (2013), Voices of Dissent: A Critical Study of Baburao Bagul’s Maran Swast Hot Aahe (Death Is Getting Cheaper) IJELLH, VOL 1, ISSUE 4. This paper analyses the theme, language and characters of the short stories written in the book and the suffering, pain and the social, economic and the religious issues faced by the Dalits in Maharashtra. 16. B. Rangrao,2013, Desperate Men and Women: Ten Dalits Short Stories from India. Kalpaz Publications (2013) This book is a collection of ten short stories in Indian English portrays the evils of caste system and its effects on the individuals. It speaks about Men and women and their suppression, pain and agony of being a Dalit. 17. Alexandra de Heering, (2013), Vol. 33(1): 39–55, SOUTH ASIA RESEARCH “Oral history and Dalit Testimonies: From the Ordeal to Speak to The Necessity to Testify”. This article is based on oral history fieldwork conducted among Dalit (Cakkiliyar) communities in Tamil Nadu, as well as on written testimonies, it gives us a brief description of the factors that prevent Dalit form speaking. He has given fear, suffering and lack of self- respect the reason for why Dalits don’t speak up. 18. Mangubhai, Jayshree P., (2014). "Human Rights as Practice: Dalit Women Securing Livelihood Entitlements in South India," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, This book investigates how Dalit women in rural south India secure livelihood entitlements by analysing processes of social exclusion as well as collective action by these women. 19. Laura R. Brueck, (2014), Writing Resistance: The Rhetorical Imagination of Hindi Dalit Literature, Columbia University Press, this book tells about the socio-political perspectives and identity-based origins of the contemporary Hindi Dalit literature in India. 20. Lakshmi Narayan Singh & Reena Gupta, (2014) “Dalit Access to Land in Rajasthan: Land Reform as Redistributive Justice since Independence”, ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline),2348–9359 (Print). They start the article with the quote said by Ambedkar which states that the Dalit in India do no own their own Agricultural land as it is seized by the upper caste people. The writers state here that the Dalits had to work on land as workers and had no right to own the land and if any Dalit seeks any help from law against the rich landlords then the Dalits would be social boycotted where they would not be provided water supply and other necessities of life. Thus 89% of Dalits in India still don’t have their own land and have to depend on rich landlords for survival. 21. Umbreen Javaid, 2014, South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, pp 7-21. Low Caste in India (Untouchables). In this the author tries to explain the plights of Dalits. He states that however educated the Dalit man his or maybe he is in a high position and economically settled. But still he is not treated equal to that of high caste people just because he is a Dalit. 22. Anuradha Sharma, (2014) Representation of Anger and Agony in the writings of Marathi Dalit Writers, IRJMSH, ISSN 2277 – 9809(0nline) 2348–9359 (Print). This article speaks about how Dalit literature had given voices to Dalits Speak up for their Inequalities and it also provided them a platform to create a anti Hindu literature where they could speak about their anger, pain and agony in dominant, society. 23. Anju Bala, (2014), Giving Voice to Voiceless: A Study of Dalit Literature, Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research journal, ISSN 2278-9529. This paper shows us the Journey of Dalits for voiceless to voiced and how they wrote their own history and developed Dalit literature. 24. Aarti Jain, (2015) ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline)2348–9359 (Print) “CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA”. The author in this paper speaks about the caste system in India which still prevails, she says that in today’s world an individual should not be classified according to caste but he should be classified by the character and qualities the particular individual has. The author also suggests the teacher to teach human rights at all levels of school so that the students learn to respect each other’s caste. 25. Dr. Ajay Navaria, (2015). “Dalit Literature and Aesthetics” Kervan – International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies In conversation with Alessandra Consolaro, Dr Ajay has spoken about Dalits and how did Dalit literature form and about the aesthetics of Dalits. 26. Musadhique Kottaparamban, (2015), “EMERGENCE OF DALIT AND DALIT LITERATURE IN INDIA” IRJMSH, Vol 6. ISSN 2277 – 9809(0nline), 2348–9359 (Print). This article tells us how the word Dalit emerged and also about the social, economic and religious discriminations faced by the Dalits. He speaks about how Dr. Ambedkar, , EV Ramaswamy, Dalit Panther movement and the Marxist movement. He also states the similarities between Dalit Literature and Black Literature 27. Rahul Singh Sundram, (2015), “Quest for Identity and Struggle for Equal Status in Sharankumar Limbale’s The Outcaste”. LangLit An International Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal, ISSN 2349-5189. In this paper the Author discusses About Sharan Kumar Limbale’s Outcaste. The pain and agony suffered by the Dalits in India and their fight for social, economic, and religious status. 28. Ratan Kumar Sambharia, (2015), “Thunderstorm: Dalit Stories, Hachette India publication. This book is collection of 15 short stories which portrays the plight and struggle of the lower caste society. The author speaks about the Dalits and the Problems faced by them from the region of Haryana and Rajasthan. 29. Bijender Singh, (2015), Indian Dalit Literature: Critical Ruminations, Authors press publication. This book is a collection of twenty-nine scholarly articles written on the diverse aspects of caste hierarchy portrayed in Indian Dalit Literature. The articles in this book explore themes like caste- discrimination, exploitation, suppression, pains, pathos, tyrannies, atrocities, indignities, gender-violence, colonization, sufferings of subalterns, marginalization, identity, Dalit consciousness etc. which are the central issues are faced by the Dalit. 30. K. Purushotham, (2015), Interrogating the Canon: Literature and Pedagogy of Dalits, Kalpaz Publications. This book is a collection of research articles exploring the alternative histories of language and literature informed by the postcolonial thrust of interrogating the canon. These articles also argue a case for literary inclusion of the Dalit writing. The author approaches the subject of Dalit with a three-pronged focus: underplaying the mainstream writing; exploring the politics of subordination and struggles for equality; and academicizing the Dalit writings. 31. Gobinda Pal, (2016). "Dalits with Disabilities: The Neglected Dimension of Social Exclusion,” The paper brings to light the fact how Dalit identity coupled with born disability or acquiring disability after birth means living not only with limitations, higher dependency, social stigma and deprivation of opportunities for self-development but more of a helpless acceptance of exclusion, dissuading essentially basic needs of life. 32. Purnachandra Naik, (2016), Economic & Political Weekly EPW, Baluta and Joothan amid Humiliation. In this article she speaks about two autobiographies Baluta and Joothan. And how the two authors were treated badly and degraded. She also says even after six and a half decades of independence still Dalits are living in squalor, poverty and dreams of fraternity equality are still unrecognised. 33. Dr. Darshini Dadawala, (2016). “Dalit Literature – Concept, Origin and Features”, Vol 4, Issue 2, IJELLH, International Journal of English Language, Literature and Humanities. In this article the author speaks about how Dalit literature grew in India in quantity as well as in quality because of the great writers like Bagurao Bagul and Namdeo Dhasal, Bama, Omprakash Valmiki, etc. and how Dalit literature has given voices to the other Dalit mases to claim their rights and to express their anguish. The author also speaks about how Dalit literature has given identity and social status to the Dalit masses. 34. Sajjan Singh, (2016), “Dalit Literature in India: An Agitation to a Genre”, IJELLH, International Journal of English Language, Literature and Humanities, vol 4, issue 4. In this article the author speaks about how Dalits were discriminated from the ancient period, to express this the writers have given examples from Ramayana and Mahabharata, which is still prevailed in Modern India also. They also state how Dalit literature grown due to many prominent Dalit writers and also due to some of the non-Dalit writers. They also state that the Dalit writers narrate their pain, agony and fight for liberation through their writing. They also say that if fourth world emerge in the world map then its literature would be Dalit literature 35. Alexandra de Heering, (2013), Vol. 33(1): 39–55, SOUTH ASIA RESEARCH “Oral history and Dalit Testimonies: From the Ordeal to Speak to The Necessity to Testify”. This article is based on oral history fieldwork conducted among Dalit (Cakkiliyar) communities in Tamil Nadu, as well as on written testimonies, it gives us a brief description of the factors that prevent Dalit form speaking. He has given fear, suffering and lack of self- respect the reason for why Dalits don’t speak up. 36. Christopher Conway, (2017), The Apollonian A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. “I am the Mahar of your Mahars:” Cokhāmelā, the Modern Dalit Movement, and the Dalit Christian Theology. This essay re-views Cokhāmelā’s life, death, and legacy so as to his potential contribution to strengthening the Dalit movements, at a moment when the present generation of leaders acknowledge a stagnation.it also explains how the Modern Dalit Movement and Dalit Christian Theology have helped Dalits to develops socially and economically 37. Narendra Kumar Jangir, (2017), Literary Herald Voice of silence in Chaos: Socio-political Representation of Dalits in Rajasthan through Thunderstorm: Dalit Stories. This paper discusses the book Thunderstorm: Dalit stories written by Ratan Kumar Sambharia. He portrays through the stories the problems faced by the Dalits in Haryana and Rajasthan. This paper portrays the helplessness, anguish and desperation faced by the lower caste people. He also states that rather the lower caste people are endowed with high artistic qualities but they are discriminated just because they are born in a low caste. 38. B.R. Ambedkar, (2017), Untouchables: Who were they and why they Became Untouchables, Kalpaz Publications. This book is reprinted of the book “The Untouchables”, by social reformist Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, which was originally published in the year 1948. This book deals with Untouchability Among Non-Hindus, Untouchability Among Hindus, Problem of Habitat, Old theories of the Origin of Untouchability, New Theories of the Origin of Untouchability, The New Theories and some Hard Questions, Untouchability and the Date of its Birth. 39. Joshil K. Abraham, (2018), “Dalit Literatures in India”. Tylor & Francis; Second edition, SBN-10: 1138346527, ISBN-13: 978 - 1138346529. This book new includes a range of genres such as novels, autobiographies, pamphlets, poetry, short stories as well as graphic novels of Dalit literature. This second edition speaks about how Dalit literature has played a major role in development of Dalits. 40. Ruchi Nigam, (2018), Mapping the Dalit Consciousness: An Analysis of B. Rangarao’s Desperate Men and Women, India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042, vol. 18.3. This paper analyses the book Desperate Men and Desperate Women: a collection of Dalit Short stories and suppression faced by Dalits from the higher caste and their agitation, pain and anger suffered by them 41. Baburao Bagul (Author), Jerry Pinto (Translator), (2018), When I Hid My Caste: Stories, Speaking Tigers Publication. This book is the translation of the book “Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti” The author here through his collection of ten short stories depicts the pain, horror and rage faced by the Dalits in Maharashtra. 42. J.V. Pawar, (2018), : An Authoritative History, Forward Press Books. This book gives us a brief information about the Dalits and the issues faced by them in post-Ambedkar Dalit society in Maharashtra. 43. Raj Kumar, (2019), “Dalit Literature and Criticism (Literary/Cultural Theory)”, Orient BlackSwan publications. This book tells about the critical literary history and theory of Dalit literature. This book answers several questions to understand Dalit Literature in detail. 44. Rangrao Bhongle, (2019), Saviour of The Nation: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and India Today. New Delhi and Calcutta publication. This book is about the Dr B.R. Ambedkar and his philosophy who saved India from being lost into a bleak land of dead habits and customs. And his struggle against untouchability and the entire social system placed in India. 45. HARIJANA VEMAN, M.A. English & Comparative Literature, Sri Krishna Devaraya University, Ananthapuramu (AP). “Dalit Literature- The Mouth Piece of the Oppressed in Indian Writings”. This paper tells that the Dalit literature first started in Madras by a cobbler saint. It also speaks how the Black Panther movement gave momentum to Dalit literature in India which was led by Jyotirao Phule and Dr. Ambedkar. The Dalit literature started in Maharashtra known as Dalit Sahitya Sangh and due this many Marathi Dalit Writers penned the views. Baburao Bagul’s Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti brought a great momentum in Marathi Dalit literature. He also speaks about how Dalit literature all over India and the quest for equality, status and rights is still going on even in this Modern world.