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Review of Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE A review of literature is an extensive summary of previous research on a topic. Literature review survey, scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular area of research My research is based on understanding anguish and desperation and social issues in Dalit short stories in three Indian languages. I studied some books, presentation papers, articles, published and unpublished thesis, and journals. I also interacted with my friends, relatives and colleagues. I carefully examined and studied the above-mentioned sources of material. These sources helped me in understanding the sensibility of Dalit Literature. 1. Eleanor Zelliot, (1970), Mahar and Non-Brahman Movements in Maharashtra, sage journals. This essay gives us a brief information about the Mahars and the Non-Brahman movements that started in Maharashtra after Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar’s death. 2. Eleanor Zelliot, (1996), From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement, Manohar Publishers and Distributors. This book is a collection of 16 essays. These essays are divided according to background, politics, religion and Dalit Literature. 3. Constable, P. (1997). Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. Modern Asian Studies, 31(2), This article tells us how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture. 4. Ghanshyam Shah, (2004), SAGE Publications India, Social Movements in India: A Review of Literature. This book critically examines and reviews the literature concerning social movements in India from 1857 to the present. The author discusses the theoretical issues raised by various scholars and also analyses major trends in different movements. The author also suggests the readers various areas for further research. 5. Rangrao Bhongle, (2006), A Semiotic Study of Dalit Poetry in Marathi, Sahitya Akademi, Vol. 50, No. 3. This article deals with three Marathi poems namely Golpeetha by Namdev Dhasal, Utkanan by Keshav Meshram, Gaokusabaheril Kavita by Waman Nimbalkar. The author analyses the structure, text, signs and culture in these poems. 6. Eleanor Zelliot, (2008), Dalit literature, language, and identity (chapter 23), Cambridge University Press. This chapter gives information about how the Dalit literature started in India and how the word Dalit got its importance during Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar’s period and how Dalit literature grew. Dalit literature like short stories, poems etc. were also published in Dr Ambedkar’s times. 7. Ohara, Yuki, (2009), “Language and the Formation of Self-Identity: The Case of Dalits in India” Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University. This paper tries to explain how different terms were formed from different perspectives were given to describe Dalits ' identity and what these terms meant for the Dalits' formation of self-identity. The terms explained in the paper are: 'Untouchables', 'Harijan, 'Scheduled Castes', 'Neo-Buddhists ' and 'Dalits’ 8. Arjun Dangle, (2009), Poisoned Bread, Orient BlackSwan Publication. This book comprises of poem, short stories and essays written by prominent authors including Baburao Bagul, Namdeo Dhasal, Raja Dhale, who had given voice to their plan and anger at generations of subjugation under the caste system. It also tells us what led to the new wave of writings in Marathi Dalit literature. 9. Laura Brueck, (2010), Sage Publications, South Asia Research “Good Dalits and Bad Brahmins: Melodramatic Realism in Dalit Short Stories”. This article focuses on Dalit literature and criticism that is self-consciously literary. It focuses on Dalit narratives that distinguish themselves from protest and propaganda through the means of storytelling styles that innovatively change narrative conventions to establish a distinguishable Hindi Dalit literary identity. 10. Ram Narayan S. Rawat, (2011), Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamara and Dalit History in North India, Indiana University Press, This book brings out that often the Chamars of North India are identified as leather workers or characterized as criminal caste but in fact the majority of Chamars have been agriculturalists, and their association with the ritually impure occupation of leatherworking has largely been constructed through Hindu, colonial, and postcolonial representations of untouchability. 11. Ali Ahmed Khan, (2012), Identity Crisis in Dalit Literature: An Appraisal, Pragun Publication. This book focuses on the self-narrative of Dalit writers and their poetry to show the readers the unexplored social and cultural contents of Dalit literature and analyse their efforts in forming their identity. 12. Gail Omvedt, (2012), Understanding Caste, Orient BlackSwan publication. This book brings to the reader the failures and triumphs of the many efforts that have aimed to dissolve the oppressive facets of Hinduism and its caste ideology, and continue to organise in newer ways for 'another' possible world where equality and human freedom reign supreme. It also makes visible the logic of Dalit politics and the rise Bahujan Samaj Party, as a major alternative to the rise of Hindutva. 13. D. Murali Manohar (2013), Critical Essays on Dalit Literature Hardcover, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. This book is an anthology of illuminating articles highlighting various problems faced by the Dalits in our society despite the equality they have been given by the Indian Constitution and notwithstanding a ban on untouchability. The exclusion of the Dalits on the basis of caste, gender, religion, etc. has been discussed in detail in this book. 14. Punjani, Vaishali, (2013), The Sufferings of a Subaltern Mother: A Comprehensive Study of Baburao Bagul's Short Story 'Mother'. The IUP Journal of English Studies, Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 30-39. In this research paper, the author wishes to put forward some ideas related to the cultural, social and economic condition of the Dalit women in the society. She also states that we live in patriarchy where women are not given any liberty. 15. Narayan Pradhan, (2013), Voices of Dissent: A Critical Study of Baburao Bagul’s Maran Swast Hot Aahe (Death Is Getting Cheaper) IJELLH, VOL 1, ISSUE 4. This paper analyses the theme, language and characters of the short stories written in the book and the suffering, pain and the social, economic and the religious issues faced by the Dalits in Maharashtra. 16. B. Rangrao,2013, Desperate Men and Women: Ten Dalits Short Stories from India. Kalpaz Publications (2013) This book is a collection of ten short stories in Indian English portrays the evils of caste system and its effects on the individuals. It speaks about Men and women and their suppression, pain and agony of being a Dalit. 17. Alexandra de Heering, (2013), Vol. 33(1): 39–55, SOUTH ASIA RESEARCH “Oral history and Dalit Testimonies: From the Ordeal to Speak to The Necessity to Testify”. This article is based on oral history fieldwork conducted among Dalit (Cakkiliyar) communities in Tamil Nadu, as well as on written testimonies, it gives us a brief description of the factors that prevent Dalit form speaking. He has given fear, suffering and lack of self- respect the reason for why Dalits don’t speak up. 18. Mangubhai, Jayshree P., (2014). "Human Rights as Practice: Dalit Women Securing Livelihood Entitlements in South India," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, This book investigates how Dalit women in rural south India secure livelihood entitlements by analysing processes of social exclusion as well as collective action by these women. 19. Laura R. Brueck, (2014), Writing Resistance: The Rhetorical Imagination of Hindi Dalit Literature, Columbia University Press, this book tells about the socio-political perspectives and identity-based origins of the contemporary Hindi Dalit literature in India. 20. Lakshmi Narayan Singh & Reena Gupta, (2014) “Dalit Access to Land in Rajasthan: Land Reform as Redistributive Justice since Independence”, ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline),2348–9359 (Print). They start the article with the quote said by Ambedkar which states that the Dalit in India do no own their own Agricultural land as it is seized by the upper caste people. The writers state here that the Dalits had to work on land as workers and had no right to own the land and if any Dalit seeks any help from law against the rich landlords then the Dalits would be social boycotted where they would not be provided water supply and other necessities of life. Thus 89% of Dalits in India still don’t have their own land and have to depend on rich landlords for survival. 21. Umbreen Javaid, 2014, South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, pp 7-21. Low Caste in India (Untouchables). In this the author tries to explain the plights of Dalits. He states that however educated the Dalit man his or maybe he is in a high position and economically settled. But still he is not treated equal to that of high caste people just because he is a Dalit. 22. Anuradha Sharma, (2014) Representation of Anger and Agony in the writings of Marathi Dalit Writers, IRJMSH, ISSN 2277 – 9809(0nline) 2348–9359 (Print). This article speaks about how Dalit literature had given voices to Dalits Speak up for their Inequalities and it also provided them a platform to create a anti Hindu literature where they could speak about their anger, pain and agony in the Hindu dominant, society. 23. Anju Bala, (2014), Giving Voice to Voiceless: A Study of Dalit Literature, Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research journal, ISSN 2278-9529. This paper shows us the Journey of Dalits for voiceless to voiced and how they wrote their own history and developed Dalit literature. 24. Aarti Jain, (2015) ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline)2348–9359 (Print) “CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA”. The author in this paper speaks about the caste system in India which still prevails, she says that in today’s world an individual should not be classified according to caste but he should be classified by the character and qualities the particular individual has.
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