DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Monday, November 19, 2007 Part III Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 7 CFR Parts 301 and 305 Citrus Canker; Movement of Fruit From Quarantined Areas; Final Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 20:54 Nov 16, 2007 Jkt 214001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\19NOR3.SGM 19NOR3 jlentini on PROD1PC65 with RULES3 65172 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 222 / Monday, November 19, 2007 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE trees before reaching maturity. The Pest Risk Assessment and Risk aggressive A (Asiatic) strain of citrus Management Analysis Animal and Plant Health Inspection canker can infect susceptible plants To inform the deliberations that led to Service rapidly and lead to extensive economic the proposed rule, we prepared two losses in commercial citrus-producing documents that addressed the risk 7 CFR Parts 301 and 305 areas. Citrus canker is only known to be associated with the interstate movement [Docket No. APHIS–2007–0022] present in the United States in the State of citrus fruit from a quarantined area: of Florida. A pest risk assessment (PRA) and a risk RIN 0579–AC34 The regulations to prevent the management analysis (RMA). The PRA, which was titled ‘‘Evaluation of Citrus Canker; Movement of Fruit From interstate spread of citrus canker are asymptomatic citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) Quarantined Areas contained in §§ 301.75–1 through 301.75–14 of ‘‘Subpart—Citrus Canker’’ as a pathway for the introduction of citrus canker disease (Xanthomonas AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health (7 CFR 301.75–1 through 301.75–17, axonopodis pv. citri),’’ considered all Inspection Service, USDA. referred to below as the regulations). ACTION: Final rule. available evidence associated with The regulations restrict the interstate asymptomatic citrus fruit as a pathway movement of regulated articles from and SUMMARY: We are amending the citrus for the introduction of citrus canker. through areas quarantined because of canker regulations to modify the The PRA concluded that asymptomatic, citrus canker and provide, among other conditions under which fruit may be commercially produced citrus fruit moved interstate from a quarantined things, conditions under which treated with a surface disinfectant and area. We are eliminating the regulated fruit may be moved into, subject to other mitigations is not requirement that the groves in which through, and from quarantined areas for epidemiologically significant 2 as a the fruit is produced be inspected and packing. These regulations are pathway for the introduction and spread found free of citrus canker, and instead promulgated pursuant to the Plant of citrus canker. We first made this are requiring that every lot of fruit Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.). document available for comment on produced in the quarantined area be On June 21, 2007, we published in the April 6, 2006, when we published a inspected by the Animal and Plant Federal Register (72 FR 34180–34191, notice in the Federal Register (71 FR Health Inspection Service at a Docket No. APHIS–2007–0022) a 17434–17435, Docket No. APHIS–2006– packinghouse operating under a proposal 1 to amend the citrus canker 0045), announcing its availability for compliance agreement and found to be regulations by modifying the conditions comment for 60 days; the comment free of visible symptoms of citrus under which fruit may be moved period was subsequently extended to 90 canker. We are retaining the interstate from quarantined areas. We days. We also submitted it for peer requirement that the fruit be treated proposed to eliminate the requirement review in accordance with the U.S. with a surface disinfectant and the that the groves in which the fruit is Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines for peer review developed in prohibition on the movement of fruit produced be inspected and found free of response to the Office of Management from a quarantined area into citrus canker, and instead proposed to and Budget’s peer review bulletin. We commercial citrus-producing States. require that every lot of fruit produced received 19 comments by the end of the These changes will relieve some in the quarantined area be inspected by restrictions on the interstate movement comment period, which we also the Animal and Plant Health Inspection submitted to the peer review panel of fresh citrus fruit from Florida while Service (APHIS) at a packinghouse maintaining conditions that will help members for their consideration.3 We operating under a compliance prevent the artificial spread of citrus carefully considered the comments of agreement and found to be free of canker. the public and peer reviewers, and visible symptoms of citrus canker. We made revisions to the analysis based on DATES: Effective Date: November 19, proposed to retain the requirement that concerns they raised. The revisions did 2007. the fruit be treated with a surface not change the conclusions of the PRA; FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. disinfectant and the prohibition on the the revised version of the PRA was Stephen Poe, Senior Operations Officer, movement of fruit from a quarantined provided with the proposed rule. Emergency and Domestic Programs, area into commercial citrus-producing In light of the comments by the public Plant Protection and Quarantine, States. and peer reviewers, it became clear that APHIS, 4700 River Road Unit 137, We solicited comments concerning additional analysis was necessary to Riverdale, MD 20737–1231; (301) 734– our proposal for 30 days ending July 23, apply the conclusions of the PRA to the 4387. 2007. We subsequently reopened and situation in Florida. In order to apply SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: extended the deadline for comments the conclusions of the PRA, we needed until August 7, 2007, in a document to extend its application to evaluate Background 4 published in the Federal Register on methods by which fruit could be produced, treated, inspected, packaged, Citrus canker is a plant disease caused July 27, 2007 (Docket No. APHIS–2007– and shipped without resulting in the by the bacterium Xanthomonas 0022, 72 FR 41239). We received 72 axonopodis pv. citri (referred to below comments by the close of the comment 2 We use the term ‘‘epidemiologically significant’’ as Xac) that affects plants and plant period. They were from producers, parts, including fresh fruit, of citrus and to refer to minimum conditions required for disease exporters, researchers, and transmission. citrus relatives (Family Rutaceae). Citrus 3 representatives of State governments. The original PRA and the comments we canker can cause defoliation and other They are discussed below by topic. received on it can be viewed at http:// serious damage to the leaves and twigs www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main of susceptible plants. It can also cause ?main=DocketDetail&d=APHIS–2006–0045. 1 To view the proposed rule, the supporting 4 Given the practical difficulties in ensuring that lesions on the fruit of infected plants, analyses, and the comments we received, go to only asymptomatic fruit enters interstate commerce which render the fruit unmarketable, http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/ under any regulatory strategy, we refer here to host and cause infected fruit to drop from the main?main=DocketDetail&d=APHIS–2007–0022. fruit in general. VerDate Aug<31>2005 20:54 Nov 16, 2007 Jkt 214001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\19NOR3.SGM 19NOR3 jlentini on PROD1PC65 with RULES3 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 222 / Monday, November 19, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 65173 spread of citrus canker to commercial • Large quantities of fresh citrus fruit distribution of all types and varieties of citrus-producing areas. (Commercial shipped from regions with Xac have not citrus fruit to States other than citrus-producing areas are listed in resulted in any known outbreaks of commercial citrus-producing States, § 301.75–5 of the regulations and are citrus canker disease. with mitigations conducted at referred to in this document as Nevertheless, the RMA concluded packinghouses operating under commercial citrus-producing States. that the evidence is not currently compliance agreements. Those Those States, listed in § 301.75–5(a), are: sufficient to support a determination mitigations are the use of an approved American Samoa, Arizona, California, that fresh citrus fruit produced in a Xac- disinfectant for all fruit and APHIS Florida, Guam, Hawaii, Louisiana, infested grove cannot serve as a phytosanitary inspection. Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, pathway for the introduction of Xac into We received several comments on the Texas, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.) new areas. Therefore, the RMA overall level of risk associated with the To address the considerations evaluated several packinghouse- movement of commercially packed described above, APHIS prepared the centered risk management options for citrus from a citrus canker quarantined RMA, which was titled ‘‘Movement of the interstate movement of fresh area, as well as our selection of Option commercially packed fresh citrus fruit commercially packed citrus fruit from 4. These comments have not led us to (Citrus spp.) from citrus canker regions infested with citrus canker to change our determination that Option 4 (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) regions without the disease. These is the most appropriate option to disease quarantine areas, March 2007.’’ packinghouse-centered risk implement. The RMA that we are We made the RMA available for management options were evaluated to making available with this final rule comment along with the proposed rule.5 determine whether they provide an contains revisions based on the The RMA was also submitted for peer appropriate level of phytosanitary comments we received on the proposed review, which occurred concurrently protection without the resource rule and the comments we received with the public comment period for the constraints and other practical through the peer review process, but its proposed rule.6 The RMA analyzed the considerations that make it difficult to overall conclusion is the same.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sustainable Production Technique of Satsuma Mandarin Using Plant
    Sustainable Production Technique of Satsuma Mandarin using Plant Growth Regulators under Climate Change January 2020 Keiko SATO Sustainable Production Technique of Satsuma Mandarin using Plant Growth Regulators under Climate Change A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Science Keiko SATO Contents Summary 1 Abbreviations 5 Chapter 1 General introduction 6 Chapter 2 Effects of elevated temperatures on physiological fruit drop, peel puffing and coloring of satsuma mandarin Section 1 Effects on physiological fruit drop Introduction 17 Materials and Methods 18 Results 19 Discussion 21 Tables and Figures 24 Section 2 Effects on peel puffing and coloring Introduction 32 Materials and Methods 33 Results 35 Discussion 38 Tables and Figures 42 Chapter 3 Development of techniques to cope with elevated temperature by use of PGRs of satsuma mandarin Section 1 Development of techniques to reduce peel puffing Introduction 50 Materials and Methods 52 Results 56 Discussion 59 Tables and Figures 65 Section2 Development of handpicking techniques Introduction 74 Materials and Methods 75 Results 80 Discussion 82 Tables and Figures 88 Section 3 Development of enriched vegetative shoots and stable flowering technique in greenhouse Introduction 100 Materials and Methods 101 Results 104 Discussion 106 Tables and Figures 109 Chapter 4 General discussion 117 Acknowledgements 131 References 132 Summary Cultivation areas suitable for satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) have average annual temperatures of 15–18°C and minimum winter temperatures of more than −5°C. 5 In Japan, the satsuma mandarin is cultivated mainly in the southwestern area of the Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Jupiters Reveals New Japanese Restaurant - Kiyomi
    MEDIA RELEASE Tuesday November 11, 2014 Jupiters reveals new Japanese restaurant - Kiyomi Jupiters Hotel & Casino will open the doors to Kiyomi, its newest restaurant and bar in December. The new venue will serve a modern, yet distinctly Japanese menu created by internationally recognised Restaurant Executive Chef Chase Kojima. Chase Kojima specialises in cutting-edge Japanese cuisine using unique combinations to create exciting and surprising dishes. After leading kitchens for Nobu in Las Vegas, Dubai, London, Los Angeles and the Bahamas, Chase founded Sokyo restaurant at The Star, Sydney in 2011. In its short history, Sokyo has built an enviable reputation culminating in the award of One Chef's Hat at the 2014 The Sydney Morning Herald Good Food Guide Awards. Dishes created by Chase for his second Australian restaurant Kiyomi at Jupiters include Scampi with Foie Gras, White Soy, Apple and Mizuna Salad, as well as Binchotan Duck Breast with Beetroot, Sansho Pepper and Wasabi, and Salmon Robata with Ssamjang Miso and Watercress. Chase said he loves being creative and cooking with only the freshest produce. "Kiyomi will centre around the delicious flavour, ‘Umami’,” he said. “We will be celebrating unique yet simple flavour combinations which bring the natural flavours of the produce to life. It is all about using simple garnishes, simple sauces and simple combinations to create truly delicious dishes,” he said. The name Kiyomi (a rare Japanese citrus fruit, a hybrid of mandarin and sweet orange) reflects both the creative blend of Japanese and Australian flavours as well as the extensive use of fresh, citrus flavours throughout the menu.
    [Show full text]
  • FALL and WINTER 2017
    SID WAINER & SON® FALL and WINTER MENU PLANNER 2017 Farm -Fresh selections handpicked for your seasonal menu ® table of contents PURSLANE FEATURE.......................................................................................4 SEPTEMBER PRODUCE PLANNER..................................................................6 SPECIALTY FEATURE.......................................................................................9 TAMARILLOS FEATURE....................................................................................10 OCTOBER PRODUCE PLANNER.....................................................................12 YUZU FEATURE................................................................................................14 NOVEMBER PRODUCE PLANNER.................................................................16 DECEMBER PRODUCE PLANNER..................................................................18 CARDONES FEATURE.....................................................................................20 JANUARY PRODUCE PLANNER.....................................................................22 FEBRUARY PRODUCE PLANNER...................................................................24 WINTER SQUASH FEATURE............................................................................26 MARCH PRODUCE PLANNER.........................................................................28 BURDOCK FEATURE.......................................................................................30 The fall and winter harvest are so important
    [Show full text]
  • Slight Rebounds in Japanese Citrus Consumption May Lead to New Opportunities for U.S
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 12/16/2011 GAIN Report Number: JA1049 Japan Citrus Annual Slight rebounds in Japanese citrus consumption may lead to new opportunities for U.S. Citrus Approved By: Jennifer Clever Prepared By: Kenzo Ito, Jennifer Clever Report Highlights: In MY2010/11, U.S. mandarin exports to Japan soared. Turkey and Mexico join the ranks of grapefruit suppliers to the Japanese market. Japanese consumption of oranges shows signs of recovery encouraging greater imports. Japanese lemon imports rebound and Japanese imports of orange juice rise. MHLW approves the use of fludioxonil as a post-harvest fungicide. Commodities: Citrus, Other, Fresh Tangerines/Mandarins PS&D table: Tangerines/Mandarins, Fresh 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 Japan Market Year Begin: Oct Market Year Begin: Oct Market Year Begin: Oct 2009 2010 2011 USDA New USDA New USDA Official New Post Official Post Official Post Area Planted 55,090 55,390 53,560 54,120 53,000 Area Harvested 52,170 52,470 50,640 51,300 50,180 Bearing Trees 31,300 31,480 30,380 30,780 30,110 Non-Bearing Trees 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,080 5,080 Total No. Of Trees 36,560 36,740 35,640 35,860 35,190 Production 1,088 1,116 968 882 1,017 Imports 11 11 22 21 19 Total Supply 1,099 1,127 990 903 1,036 Exports 3 3 2 2 2 Fresh Dom.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduction of Waste from Beverage Industry In
    2013/1/31 REDUCTION OF WASTE FROM BEVERAGE GROUP2 INDUSTRY IN SHIZUOKA PREFECTURE New recycling methods of beverage wastes | TokuroⅠwinter semester group2 Prof. Yukie Saito (Superviser, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo) Naoyuki Ishiwata (sub-group1, leader) Li Feng (sub-group1) Nong Yian (sub-group1) Makoto Yoshida (sub-group1) Indika Rohan Palihakkara (sub-group2, leader) Nuwan De Silva (sub-group2) Houdo Tanaka (sub-group2) Nguyen Thi Nga (sub-group2) - 0 - Group2 report. Index (Summary is on the last page.) CHAPTER 1 (by Yoshida) ........................................................................................... - 3 - Introduction .................................................................................................................. - 3 - Preface .......................................................................................................................... - 3 - Shizuoka prefecture ...................................................................................................... - 3 - Geography, Demography and climate ...................................................................... - 3 - Agriculture ................................................................................................................ - 4 - Industry ..................................................................................................................... - 4 - Beverage industry ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tangerine Dreams Squeezed Into Whisky Or Steeped in a Bath— Japanese Citrus Works Its Magic on Adam H
    ESSAY Tangerine Dreams Squeezed into whisky or steeped in a bath— Japanese citrus works its magic on Adam H. Graham. ILLUSTRATED BY WASINEE CHANTAKORN ANY FOOD TRAVELER worth their salt accepts past stretches of sun-kissed orange groves that certain items never taste as good at home punctuated by views of the tranquil azure as they do at their source. I’ve sampled zesty ocean, and roadside stands selling boxes full olive oils in Italy, sipped tasty zin in Oz, and of the orange balls for ¥100. These ponkan, devoured strange fruit in Colombia... and also known as Chinese honey oranges, are every one, after being wrapped, packed and harvested on Yakushima in December. While hauled home, lost a little bit of magic if not a I sat slouched in the boxy car, queasy from my whole lot of flavor. This rule is also true of stomach bug, my guide, eager to redeem the Japanese citrus fruits, which, according to experience, asked if I wanted to taste a freshly Japan’s unique Tanaka classification system, plucked ponkan. “It will help your stomach,” exist in 162 varietals, each as subtle and she said. I was skeptical, but acquiesced. nuanced as you’d expect of something that’s She stopped the car and plucked an been crossbred in the country for 2,000 years. armful from a tree and offered me pick of the My first brush with Japanese citrus was litter. The peel fell away and the flesh inside in December 2012 on a crazy one-night trip was sweet, juicy and especially fragrant, to the island of Yakushima to celebrate my somewhere on the citrus scale between 40th birthday.
    [Show full text]
  • A Plantsman's Detective Story Frontispiece
    A PLANTSMAN'S DETECTIVE STORY FRONTISPIECE. In Japan the skin of an orange called the Yuzu is widely used as a seasoning for cooked foods, and the extracted juice serves as a condiment, much as we use vinegar. The Yuzu is found semi-wild in southern Japan, and was long supposed to have been indigenous to that region. Among the many plants discovered by Frank Meyer in China was a wild orange which he called the Kansu orange, after the province of Central China in which it was found. Plants of this orange were raised in the greenhouses of the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, and they were found to be surprisingly like the plants of the Yuzu growing there. Examination of Meyer's photographs and botanic material revealed the interesting fact that the Yuzu and the Kansu orange were identical, thus establishing the interesting fact that this useful Japanese fruit had been imported from China a great many years ago. This is the field photograph made by Meyer of the fruit of the Kansu orange. (See text, p. 245.) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/13/6/243/766907 by University of Durham user on 12 March 2018 CITRUS FRUITS OF JAPAN With Notes on Their History and the Origin of Varieties through Bud Variation1 TYOZABURO TANAKA Office of Crop Physiology and Breeding Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture - HEN the citrus fruits of Japan THE SATSUMA ORANGE Ware discussed, attention should be The leading orange grown in Japan called to the fact that orange is a kind of mandarin, Unshii Mikan, culture is one of the leading industries called the Satsuma orange in the of my country, producing fruit of ex- United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Citrus Fruit (Sudachi) Juice Is Associated with Increased Bioavailability of Calcium from Whole Small Fish and Suppressed Bone Resorption in Rats
    J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 50, 177-183, 2004 Japanese Citrus Fruit (Sudachi) Juice Is Associated with Increased Bioavailability of Calcium from Whole Small Fish and Suppressed Bone Resorption in Rats Yoshitaka NIT1, Kazuhiro FUKUTA1, Kentaro SAKAI2 and Shigeru YAMAMOTO3 1Food TechnologyDivision , TokushimaPrefectural Industrial TechnologyCenter, Tokushima770-8021, Japan 2Department of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Faculty of Human Life Science,Hiroshima Jogakuin Univer sity, Hiroshima 732-0063, Japan 3Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine,The University of Tokushima, Tokushima770-8503, Japan (Received October 11, 2003) Summary Shirasuboshi (boiled and semi-dried whitebait) is a processed fish food that con tains abundant calcium. It is eaten whole and commonly consumed in Japan. In this study, the effect of sudachi (Citrus sudachi) juice on calcium, magnesium and phosphorus bioavail ability, and bone metabolism in rats was examined. After 14 d of diets low in calcium and phosphorus, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed shirasuboshi diets containing dried shira suboshi powder treated with 20% (S20) or 40% (S40) sudachi juice, or distilled water (C) (0.5% Ca; 0.3% P) for 14 d. The apparent absorptions and retentions of calcium, magne sium and phosphorus from shirasuboshi were determined. Bone formation was calculated by measuring serum osteocalcin, and bone resorption by measuring urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. The apparent absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium in the S20 group were significantly higher than in the C and S40 groups. Although serum osteo calcin was not affected by the addition of sudachi juice, the urinary pyridinoline and deoxy pyridinoline concentrations in the S40 group were significantly lower than in the C and S20 groups.
    [Show full text]
  • 100% Organic DRINK MENU
    100% ORganic DRINK MENU alternative milk .75 flavor .75 almond • oat • coconut • soy vanilla • caramel • cacao • lavender • cardamom coffee CLASSICS MATCHA CLASSICS espresso ..................................................................................3 matcha shot ..........................................................................3 house coffee ...................................................................2/2.5 traditional hot matcha..................................................3.5 pour over (see reserve coffee list) ....................................4 traditional iced matcha ................................................3.5 americano .......................................................................3/3.5 matcha macchiato .............................................................3.5 macchiato ...........................................................................3.5 matcha cortado ..................................................................3.9 cortado .................................................................................3.9 matcha cappuccino ............................................................4 cappuccino ............................................................................4 flat green ............................................................................3.5 flat white ............................................................................3.5 matcha latte................................................................4.2/4.7 latte ................................................................................4.2/4.7
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Establishment of Virus-Free Citrus Nursery System
    PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION OF VIRUS-FREE CITRUS SAPLINGS FOR CITRUS REHABILITATION IN TAIWAN Hong-Ji Su Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology C/o ICRISAT, NASC Complex, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus New Delhi-110 012, India Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions C/o FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand Citation: Su, H.J. 2008. Production and Cultivation of Virus-free Citrus Saplings for Citrus Rehabilitation in Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology, New Delhi and Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, Bangkok. P 51+ix. Cover page: Top row (left to right): HLB-diseased Tankan fruits showing atrophy with green-coloring (left) and healthy normal fruit (right). Different stages of STG showing rootstock seedlings and new sprouts regenerated from the grafted shoot-tip. Bottom row (left to right): Fixing a bud on graft site of rootstock with stretched band of parafilm. Acromycin treated HLB-affected pummelo tree showing normal growth. Printed in September 2008 For copies please write to: Coordinator Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology (APCoAB) C/o ICRISAT, NASC Complex Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus New Delhi - 110 012, India e-mail: [email protected] website: www.apcoab.org FOREWORD Citrus is one of the most popular fruit crops of the world. It is cultivated in around 140 countries, including many in the Asia-Pacific. During recent years, there has been significant increase in the citrus production mainly on account of its increased use as nutritious and healthy drink.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Citrus Species on Pohnpei Island of the FSM
    Distribution of Citrus Species on Pohnpei Island of the FSM 著者 "TOMINAGA Shigeto, ONJO Michio, HAYASHI Mitsuru, LORENS Adelino S." journal or 南太平洋海域調査研究報告=Occasional papers publication title volume 26 page range 15-21 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10232/16816 Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac, Occasional Papers, No. 26, 15-21, 1995 Survey Team I, Report 4. The Progress Report of the 1994 Survey of the Research Project, "Man and the Environment in Micronesia" DISTRIBUTION OF CITRUS SPECIES ON POHNPEI ISLAND OF THE FSM Shigeto TOMINAGA, Michio ONJO, Mitsuru HAYASHI and Adelino S. LORENS Introduction The geographical position of Pohnpei Island of the FSM can allow the cultivation of Cit rus spp, however, the prevalent heavy rainfall may present a problem with economical pro duction of citrus fruits. The exploratory study of MORIMOTO (1981) did some work on de scription of existing species on the same island. Apart from the changes which may have occurred with the passage of time from the last survey, we carried out studies on the Citrus spp distribution and also the problems associated with economic exploitation of citrus on Pohnpei Island. We found that although the people planted a few trees around their homes there were no large orchards, citrus fruits are consumed as fresh fruit and for sauce or fla voring fresh fish. The common ones being lime (C. aurantifolia Swingle) and calamondin (C. madurensis Lour). In this study we collected 49 samples including fruits, shoot and leaves. The results of the species description showed that apart from lime and calamondin, pummelo (C.
    [Show full text]
  • MITE Insertion-Dependent Expression of Citrkd1 with a RWP-RK Domain
    Shimada et al. BMC Plant Biology (2018) 18:166 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1369-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access MITE insertion-dependent expression of CitRKD1 with a RWP-RK domain regulates somatic embryogenesis in citrus nucellar tissues Takehiko Shimada1*, Tomoko Endo1, Hiroshi Fujii1, Michiharu Nakano2, Aiko Sugiyama2, Genya Daido2, Satoshi Ohta1, Terutaka Yoshioka1 and Mitsuo Omura2* Abstract Background: Somatic embryogenesis in nucellar tissues is widely recognized to induce polyembryony in major citrus varieties such as sweet oranges, satsuma mandarins and lemons. This capability for apomixis is attractive in agricultural production systems using hybrid seeds, and many studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various types of apomixis. To identify the gene responsible for somatic embryogenesis in citrus, a custom oligo-DNA microarray including predicted genes in the citrus polyembryonic locus was used to compare the expression profiles in reproductive tissues between monoembryonic and polyembryonic varieties. The full length of CitRKD1, which was identified as a candidate gene responsible for citrus somatic embryogenesis, was isolated from satsuma mandarin and its molecular function was investigated using transgenic ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange by antisense-overexpression. Results: The candidate gene CitRKD1, predominantly transcribed in reproductive tissues of polyembryonic varieties, is a member of the plant RWP-RK domain-containing protein. CitRKD1 of satsuma mandarin comprised two alleles (CitRKD1-mg1 and CitRKD1-mg2) at the polyembryonic locus controlling embryonic type (mono/polyembryony) that were structurally divided into two types with or without a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)- like insertion in the upstream region. CitRKD1-mg2 with the MITE insertion was the predominant transcript in flowers and young fruits where somatic embryogenesis of nucellar cells occurred.
    [Show full text]