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Plant Virus Diseases of Horticultural Cros Inthe Tropics and Subtropics

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Plant Virus Diseases of Horticultural Cros Inthe Tropics and Subtropics PLANT VIRUS DISEASES OF HORTICULTURAL CROS INTHE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS A: r ''o i-irrnational Deve opnre-nr: Room .105SA.I8 Washinon, D.C. 20523. SEP 17 1986 9.) Food and Fertilizer Technology. Center for the Asian and Pacific Region Agriculture Building, 14 Wen Chow Street, Taipeii Taiwan, Republic of China March 1986 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pape Foreword.. ...... .. ... ... ...... .... Preface ... ........ Keynote ,SpeeCb - Chn-Chao 'oh ............ .. ....'. .8 National Plant Virus Situation Korea, Malaysia and Thailanid Virus Diseases of Horticultural Crops in Malaysia - Abu Kassim B. Abu Bokar.... 1 Virus Diseases of Horticultural Crops in Thailand. - Anong ChandrastkulandP. Patrakosol............ ......... 7 Viral Diseases of Horticnltural Subtropical and Tropical Crops in Korea -DuckY.Moon.............................. ........ 12 Viruses of Vegetable Crops ­ . Cucurbits Viral Diseases of Cucurbits and Sources of Resistance - RosarioProvvident :........20 A Strain of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus on Bottlegourd in Taiwan - Moh-flh Chen andS.M. Wang ......................... ........... .37 Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus Isolate from Cucumber, Cucumis sativus: Purification and Serology - Chtou-hsiungHuangandS.H.Hseu "43....... 43 Solenldae &Cruclferae Virus Diseases of Solanaceous Plants Transmitted by Whitefly - YohachiroHonda,K. Kiraiya-angul,W.Srithongchaiand S.Kiratlya.angul........ 5 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Thailand -Direk7.S. Attahom and T. Sutabutra........................ ...... 60 Control of CMV Mosaic Disease of Tomato by Pre.inocuation of CMV.SR Strain, - Mitsuro lwaki ...................... ...... .. 64 : Virus Diseases of Tomato and Chinese Cabbage in Taiwan and Sources of Resistance' -SylvI.-. Green ................ .... ........ 71 Convolvulaceae and Arolds Virus Diseases of Sweet Potato in Taiwan - M.L. Chung, Y.H. Hsu, M.J. ChenandR.J.Chu .I .. 84 Dasheen Mosaic Virus'and Its Control in Cultivated*Aroids . : .. - . 91 -F.W. ZettlerandR.D.Hartman . ............... ...... Viruses of Fruit Crops Grapes Recent Research Development in Virus Diseases of Grapevine - D. Gonsalves andF. Zee . ......... 104 Three Phloem Limited Viruses of Grapevine, Diagnosis by Direct Fluorescence Detection - Shigetou Namba, T Iwanami, S. Yamashita, Y. DoiandM Hatamoto .... 109 Citrus Indexing and Control of Citrus Viruses and Virus.like Diseases -C.N. Roistacher............................................. 127 Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolated from Acid Lime in Thailand - NuanchanDeema, M.Prommintara, K.Kiratiya-angulandK. Kittipako ......... 136 Citrus Greening (Likubin) and Some Viruses and Their Control Trials -H.J. Su, J.U. Cheon andM.J. Tsai................ ................ 142 Citrus Tristeza Virus: Impact and Control by Pre-inoculation in Japan - Meisaku Kozumi ............... ........ .. j..,.,......'..... 148: Papaya Studies on a New Virus Disease of Papaya in the Philippines - OscarS. OpIna ..... 157 Control of Papaya Ringspot Virus by Seedling Inoculation with Mild Virus Strains -S.D. Yeh, H.L. Wang, R.J. Chiuand Dennis Gonsalves ........... ....... 169" General Discution ...... .................. 180 FOREWORD This book is the proceedings of the FFTC seminar 'Virus Research of Horticultural Crops in the Tropics' held at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute in September 1985. As the range of the seminar was not limited to tropical crops, therefore the book title has been extended to include subtropical fruit crops. Cosponsors at the seminar included the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), the Council of Agriculture (COA) and the Taiwan Provincial Department of Agriculture and Forestry (PADF). The material in the book has been ordered on a crop basis rather in order of pre­ sentation at the seminar. The General Discussion section was particularly relevant to the control of papaya ringspot disease and thus the chapters on papaya ringspot are placed before the General Discussion. FFTC deeply appreciates the authors' participation at the seminar and their contri­ butions toward this publication. Thanks is also due to Dr. RJ. Chiu for his proof reading of Chinese translations of abstracts. We further thank the cosponsors, whose support in staff and provision of facilities made the seminar possible. T.c.oruang/ Director/FFTC PREFACE Virus diseases of horticultural crops in the tropics of the Asian and Pacific region are part of a world wide picture in which the plight of citrus, papaya and banana growers affected by various viral attacks on their fruit trees nave received most publicity. There is a large amount of identification work to be done on many crops but it is becoming apparent that viral diseases of the region are for the most part similar to those prevalent throughout the world horticultural crops. The current situation of rice surplus in some countries of the region is that necessitating farmers diversify their output, turning rice over for horticultural crops. However, where agriculturalists have led the farmers into new crops, it is frequently the case that elated with the establishment of a new cash crop the disease situation has been neglected, until too late. New crops established on clean ground with clean material could have assured a much better future. A comprehensive list of viral diseases of cucurbits is presented in this book with sources of resistance available, transmission factors and recommendations for control programs. They are a worldwide problem and specific mention is made of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), believed severely damaging to pumpkin crops in Malaysia and the object of much research and breeding programs in Thailand, Taiwan and Japan. So far all sources of resistance to ZYMV in cucurbits have been derived from tropical origins; the task remains to breed these into commercially acceptable varieties. In solanaceous crops of Malaysia, viruses cause extensive damage to chillies (Capsi­ cur spp.). In Thailand three viruses are identified as the main cause of crop damage chillies, to these are cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus and pepper mottle virus found in mixed infection. Tomato crops in Malaysia and Thailand are affected by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causing a 10-100% disease incidence and extensive crop damage. TYLCV transmitted by the vector whitefly, has been shown to have a wide host range. Futile attempts to control whitefly vector of TYLCV in Thailand have turned re­ search to tolerant and resistant varieties of tomato. It is not mechanically transmissible. Virus purification has been done successfully in Thailand. Extensive work has been done in Taiwan on viral diseases of tomato and Chinese cabbage crops with a view to breeding resistant varieties; plant breeders at the Asian-Vegetable Research and Development Center are working on breeding ToMV resistant tomato plants. In Japan the search for an attenuate form of CMV brought to light the strain CMV-SR isolated fronm a spinach plant, which pro­ tected preinoculated tomato plants against the severe CMV strain. The families convolvulaceae and aroid include important root crops of the region, both sweet potato and taro traditionally having been stap!ps of some communities, and now becoming more prominant as sources of starch and alcohol for industry. In sweet potato in Taiwan three sap transmissible viruses are relevant which often occur and act in complex. As leaf curl disease they cause significant crop damage. Japan has done considerable work on virus diseases of sweet potato and selected resistant varieties. A control program for dasheen mosaic virus in ornamental aroids is described; though performed in an idyllic situation in Florida normally unavailable for the Asian and Pacific taro growers, the dis­ cussion following the paper offers ideas on adaption of the techniques used in limited situations for the region. Among fruit crops, grapes i said to be the most valuable on a world scale, and for the Asian and Pacific region it is the most rapidly expanding crop. Three phloem limited viruses, grapevine ajinashika virus (GAV), grapevine stunt virus (GSV) and grapevine leafroll virus (GLAV) are serious diseases of Japanese grapevines and believed widespread through­ out vineyards of the globe. In grapes the ideal would be to identify the virus presence in the dormant stick. ELISA has been used successfully to identify viruses in the young plant and root stock phloem. Particle level observation has also been made, and could be used in a certification program. The field of virology is highly technical as sophistocated techniques in the labora. tory are essential for detection and identification of the viruses. This requirement often presents a significant obstacle to the less developed countriks of the Asian and Pacific region in tackling virus disease problems or even recognizing them. A simplified practical method was given for using the direct fluorescence detection method. The section may be cut without microtone and used directly. Tissue must contain a vascular bundle. The detection technique is valuable for detecting the presence of MLO at an early stage of plant growth. On citrus crops of the Asian and Pacific region, there is widespread incidence of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) affecting citrus sweet orange, buntans, Yuzu, tangelos, tangors and others. Symptoms are stem pitting and low fruit yield of small size. A large number of satsuma mandarins show no symptoms despite infection, and act as carriers of severe strains. Japan previously had a citrus industry based almost
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