A Belarusz Könyvnyomtatás 500 Éve 500 Years of the Belarusian Book

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A Belarusz Könyvnyomtatás 500 Éve 500 Years of the Belarusian Book Nagykövetek írják 1517–2017: a belarusz könyvnyomtatás 500 éve Francysk Skaryna a szláv tudós, Belarusz Lutherje 500 years of the Belarusian book-printing, 1517 – 2017 A Slavic scholar Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus Belarusz számos évfordulót ünne- Among a number of anniversaries marked pel az idén. Köztük is kétségtelenül a this year in Belarus, without any doubt, the legfontosabb és legnemesebb a most important and glorious one is the quin- belarusz könyvnyomtatás 500. évfor- centenary of the Belarusian book-printing. dulója. Indeed, 500 years ago, in August 1517 Valóban, 500 évvel ezelőtt, 1517 Belarusian scholar and humanist Francysk augusztusában a belarusz tudós és Skaryna printed in Prague the first book in humanista, Francysk Skaryna anya- his native language. It was a religious book nyelvén kinyomtatta az első könyvet – Psaltyr. Over the following two years he Prágában. A vallásos kötet egy zsol- translated and published 22 more Old Testa- tárkönyv volt. A következő két évben ment Books in Old Belarusian – unprece- 22 további ószövetségi könyvet for- dented amount of work for an individual at dított le, és nyomtatott ki óbelarusz those ages. nyelven, ami abban az időben példát- After having returned to his homeland in lanul nagy emberi teljesítmény volt. 1520 Skaryna moves to Vilnya (Vilnus) and Miután 1520-ban visszatért hazá- founds a printing shop there, supported and jába, Vilniusba, Skaryna nyomdát sponsored by some of his rich compatriots. alapított, amit néhány gazdag honfi- He prints his famous “Small Traveller’s Book” társa támogatott és szponzorált. Híres – a book of prayers in a format convenient to imakönyvét az „Utazók Kiskönyvét”, be carried by those en route – travellers, mer- olyan méretben nyomtatta ki, hogy chants, missionaries, military people. az úton levők – utazók, kereskedők, The Bible translation into national lan- misszionáriusok és katonák – köny- guages in those days was a serious undertak- nyen magukkal vihették. ing. The Catholic and Orthodox Churches A biblia nemzeti nyelvekre törté- were eager to preserve their priests’ right to nő lefordítása akkoriban komoly vállalkozás 1486-ban egy gazdag kereskedő családjában read and interpret the Holy Scripture. volt. A katolikus és az ortodox egyház szerette született Polatsk városában, ahol oktatása elkez- Skaryna’s translations of the Bible were volna megőrizni a papok jogát arra, hogy olvas- dődött. Skaryna rendkívül gazdag életet élt. merely academic texts. He approached them sák és magyarázzák a Szentírást. 1504-ben a krakkói egyetemre ment, ahol sza- with much of creation as he wanted ordinary Skaryna bibliafordítása tisztán tudományos badművészetekből szerzett doktori fokozatot. people to read the word of God and deter- szöveg volt. Erősen kreatívan közelítette meg az Ő volt az első kelet-európai, aki orvosdoktori mine its meaning for themselves. To make írásokat, mivel azt akarta, hogy az egyszerű em- címet szerzett a padovai egyetemen. the text of the Holy Writ simple and under- berek is olvashassák Isten szavát, és megértsék Kipróbálta magát az orvoslásban, a filozófiá- standable, Skaryna prepared by himself and annak jelentését. Annak érdekében, ban és a kertépítészetben is. Sokat utazott, mivel printed a foreword – a short summary of the hogy a Szentírás szövege egyszerű a lengyel király és a litván nagyher- content. Thus he laid the groundwork for the és érthető legyen, Skaryna ma- ceg szolgálatában állt, titkára volt development of the Belarusian written po- ga írt és nyomtatott ki egy a dán királynak, időzött a etry. előszót, ami a tartalom rövid porosz hercegnél, és ellá- He also decorated the pages with bright összegzése volt. Így terem- togatott Moszkvába, ahol patterns. He used attractive illuminated let- tette meg az írott belarusz könyveket szeretett volna ters for the first word of each chapter and költészet fejlődésének kiadni, de a konzervatív section. Moreover, Skaryna was the first alapjait. egyházatyák visszautasítot- book-printer in the world to use his own im- Az oldalakat színes ták, akiknek a szemében ak- age in a religious book. Overlapping sun and mintákkal is díszítette. Látványos díszes betűket koriban a nyomtatott szó istenkáromlásnak moon appearing on many of his engravings használt minden fejezet és minden rész első sza- számított. Még olyan pletykák is keringtek, can be considered a printed signature of the vában. Emellett Skaryna volt az első könyv- hogy Wittenbergben találkozott magával Mar- Belarusian scholar. nyomtató a világon, aki saját képét tette egy tin Lutherrel is. Born in 1486 in a family of a wealthy mer- vallásos könyvbe. Az egymásra vetülő nap és Protestáns reformerként Skaryna megértette chant in town of Polatsk, were he received his hold képe, ami több metszetén feltűnik, való- az új technika fontosságát az üzenetek terjeszté- initial education, Skaryna lived an outstand- színűleg a belarusz tudós aláírásának tekinthető. sében, és tevékenységével hétköznapi emberek- ingly rich life. In 1504 he entered the Univer- 10 | DIPLOMATA From Ambassadors’ writings – around 50 countries in total. Researchers are aware of 520 surviving copies. A dozen of them nevertheless are happily having their places in the collection of the Nation- al Library of Belarus. The legacy of Skaryna is alive. His figure in bronze rises in front of Belarusian National Library symbolizing a human eagerness to knowledge. This year a nationwide project on facsimile re-edition of Skaryna’s books was completed. Interna- tional Congress “500th Anniversary of Be- larusian Book Printing” and exhibition “Francysk Skaryna and His Epoch” were organized at the National Library of Belarus in September-October 2017. nek akart segíteni abban, hogy megértsék a sity of Krakow (Poland) where he received a In this regard it was my real pleasure and bölcseleteket és a tudományokat. Doctor’s degree in Liberal Arts. He was then honour to bring by myself to Minsk a won- Manapság – történelmi okok miatt – the first Eastern European to graduate as a Doc- derfully preserved original Skaryna’s “Small Skaryna legtöbb könyvét külföldön őrzik. tor of Medicine from Padua University (Italy). Traveller’s Book” borrowed from the collec- Oroszországban, Lengyelországban, Német- He tried his hand at medicine, philosophy tion of the Slovenian National Library for a országban és a Cseh Köztársaságban – ösz- and horticultural design. He also traveled temporary display in Belarus. szesen mintegy 50 országban. widely – being at the service of the King of I am also happy about Hungary’s involve- A kutatók 520 fennmaradt példányról Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, serv- ment into celebrations: a team of Hungarian tudnak. Ezek közül egy tucat a Belarusz ing as a secretary of the King of Denmark, and Belarusian researchers dedicated to this Nemzeti Könyvtár gyűjteményében találha- spending time with the Duke of Prussia, vis- anniversary a very interesting English lan- tó. Skaryna öröksége ma is élő. iting Moscow where he intended to publish guage book, entitled “Belarus in Maps”, that A Belarusz Nemzeti Könyvtár előtt álló books but was rejected by the conservative was initiated and printed this year by the bronzszobra az emberi tudásvágyat szimbo- clergy for whom a printed word at that time Hungarian Academy of Science. lizálja. Idén fejeződött be a Skaryna-könyvek equaled to blasphemy. There are even rumors “The beasts of the desert know from birth fakszimile kiadásának országos léptékű pro- that he met in Wittenberg Martin Luther their lairs • Birds that fly in the air know their jektje. A belarusz könyvnyomtatás 500. év- himself. nests • Fish swimming in the sea and in the fordulója címmel konferenciát, valamint Like protestant reformers Skaryna under- rivers sense their whirlpools • Bees and their like Francysk Skaryna és kora címmel kiállítást stood the importance of the new technology defend their hives • In the same manner people rendeztek 2017. szeptember-október hónap- in spreading a message and his activities were have great love for the place where they were ban, a Belarusz Nemzeti Könyvtárban. Ez- aimed at helping ordinary people to get ac- born and brought up according to God’s will•” zel kapcsolatban örömömre szolgál és nagy quainted with wisdom and science. (Francysk Skaryna, from the preface to megtiszteltetés, hogy magam vihettem Nowadays due to the historical reasons the Book of Judith) Minszkbe, időszakos kiállításra Skaryna most of Skaryna’s books are kept abroad – in H.E. Aliaksandr Khainouski eredeti, csodálatos állapotban megmaradt Russia, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic Ambassador of Belarus to Hungary Utazók Kiskönyvét a Szlovén Nemzeti Könyvtárból. Annak is örülök, hogy Magyarország részt vett az ünneplésben. Magyar és belarusz kutatók csoportja ennek az évfordulónak a tiszteletére jelentetett meg egy rendkívül érdekes angol nyelvű könyvet, aminek a cí- me Belarusz térképeken. A könyv megjele- nésének ötlete és a nyomtatás a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia munkájának kö- szönhető. „A sivatag vadja születésétől ismeri vackát. A madarak, mik a légben szállnak, ismerik fészküket. A tengerekben és folyókban úszó ha- lak érzik az örvényeket. A méhek és társaik védik a kast. Ugyanígy szereti az ember a he- lyet, ahol született, és felnőtt isten kegyelméből.” (Francysk Skaryna, Judit könyve, előszó) Őexc. Aliaksandr Khainouski, Belarusz magyarországi nagykövete DIPLOMATA | 11.
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