Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, , California

APRIL 2019

PREPARED FOR Mateo Arts, LLC

PREPARED BY SWCA Environmental Consultants

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Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Prepared for

Mateo Arts, LLC 1875 Century Park East, Suite 1750 Los Angeles, CA 90067 Attn: Daniel A. Abrams and Sammi Shaaya

Prepared by

Chris Millington, M.A., RPA and Trevor Gittelhough, M.A., RPA

SWCA Environmental Consultants 51 West Dayton Street Pasadena, California 91105 (626) 240-0587 www.swca.com

SWCA Project No. 055465.00 SWCA CRRD Report No. 19-220

April 2019

Keywords: CEQA; archaeological sensitivity assessment; City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning; Arts District; Zanja No. 1; residential and industrial refuse and building foundations; 2018 E Bay St, 2016 E Bay St, 2010 E Bay St, 2006 E Bay St, 2006 1/2 E Bay St, 1000 S Mateo St, 1000 1/4 S Mateo St, 1010 S Mateo St, 1012 S Mateo St, 2023 E Sacramento St, 2023 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2019 E Sacramento St, 2019 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2015 E Sacramento St, 2015 1/2 E Sacramento St, 2011 E Sacramento St, 2009 E Sacramento St, 2007 E Sacramento St, 2005 E Sacramento St, 2001 E Sacramento St, 1026 S Mateo St, 1024 S Mateo St, 1020 S Mateo St, 1018 S Mateo St, 1014 S Mateo St; Los Angeles; quadrangle; Township 1 South, Range 13 West, Section 9

Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Purpose and Scope: Mateo Arts, LLC (the Applicant) retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct an archaeological resources sensitivity assessment in support of the proposed 1024 Mateo Street Project located in the city of Los Angeles, California, within the Arts District neighborhood. The Applicant proposes to construct a mixed-income, eight-story mixed-use development containing approximately 106 Live/Work condominiums units and approximately 119,843 square feet of commercial space that includes 13,978 square feet of retail and 13,126 square feet of restaurant space (the Project). The Project site fronts along Mateo, Bay, and Sacramento Streets, and consists of 62,111 square feet (1.43 acres) of lot area. The following report addresses archaeological resources for the purpose of compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and with relevant portions of Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 5024.1, Title 14 California Code of Regulations (CCR) Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines, and PRC Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1. The City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning (City Planning) is the Lead Agency under CEQA for the Project. This report documents the methods and results of a confidential records search of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), sacred lands file (SLF) search through the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), and archival research used to evaluate the presence or likelihood (i.e., sensitivity) of archaeological resources within the Project site and to inform the analysis of potential impacts in accordance with Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines.

Dates of Investigation: On March 18, 2019 SWCA conducted a confidential search of the CHRIS records at the SCCIC on the campus of California State University, Fullerton. On April XX, 2019, SWCA received the results of a SLF search from the NAHC.

Summary of Findings: This evaluation included a review of historical archival sources and archaeological records. No tribal cultural resources were identified in a CHRIS records search within the project site and a 0.5-mile radius. The SLF records search did not identify any sacred lands or sites in the project site. The closest known sites with Native American-affiliated materials on file at the CHRIS are mapped in approximately 1.5 miles north of the Project site, between the , Union Station, and MWD Headquarters building. The Gabrielino village known as and several other important Historic- period Gabrielino sites (e.g., Pueblito. Rancheria de los Poblanos, and two unnamed rancherias) were located in the same approximate area, more than 1 mile from the Project site. The general proximity of the Project site to areas of known habitation, the river, and broad travel corridors has the effect of an overall increase in the sensitivity for archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans, particularly for the physical remains of temporary open camps. Subsequent development of the Project site between the 1890s and 1910s, and multiple episodes of redevelopment through the twentieth century would have displaced any former archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans that were once present on the surface or near surface. Sediment profiles taken from soil sample locations in the Project site are typical of floodplain deposits within the floodplain and reflect a mixture of high- and low-energy deposition, which is interpreted as reducing the overall archaeological sensitivity for archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans. Overall, SWCA finds a low potential for encountering prehistoric and Historic-period Native American archaeological resources within the Project site.

One segments of the historical zanja system—Zanja No. 1—was historically located approximately 250 feet (76.2 m) from the Project site, between Mateo and Wilson Streets. A second, unnamed branch of the zanja was also mapped 300 feet (91.4 m) east of the Project site. While several overview maps depicting the zanja system trace the route of Zanja No. 1 either within or very near the Project site, an 1891 survey map was able to more precisely and reliably confirm its relative location. The survey map depicts the main channel of Zanja No. 1 as being constructed of a concrete conduit in the parcels northwest of the Project site and then transitioning into a wooden flume, within the former Leck property, directly east of the Project site. The unnamed segment to the east appears to have been constructed as an open earthen ditch, and is

SWCA Environmental Consultants i Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California described as an “old ditch,” possibly an earlier route of the zanja. Because the 1891 survey map was drawn to scale and depicted streets are close to their current alignments, the map can be considered a reliable source for assessing the sensitivity for any physical remains of the zanja system within the Project site, and supports the conclusion that the project site has a low sensitivity for Zanja No. 1 and any other zanja system components.

The CHRIS records search and archival research identified five archaeological resources, four of which are Historic-period sites, within a 0.8-km (0.5-mile) radius of the Project site. One additional archaeological site, LAN-4460H, was also identified in the CHRIS search, although it was located outside the 0.5-mile radius. LAN-4460H is a Historic-period archaeological site identified during construction monitoring. The site contained a substantial deposit of domestic items and structural remains associated with residential development between the 1880s and 1920s. Because the historical developments of LAN-4460H so closely resemble those within the current Project site, including the existing conditions at the time of construction, the likelihood of encountering similar Historic-period archaeological resources is considered very high. Historic-period archaeological resources could be preserved below the current ground surface, especially within any sediments identified as artificial fill. Specifically, there is potential to encounter structural remains, features, and artifacts associated with the residential neighborhood from the 1890s to the mid- 1920s. Refuse was commonly deposited in trash pits and privies prior to the establishment of sewer lines and trash services. Because these types of historical features were originally excavated into pits, which can extend several feet below the surface, they are frequently found preserved below subsequent modifications. The various industrial uses of the Project site from the mid-1920s through the 1950s are also likely to occur as archaeological deposits such as pieces of refuse, hardware, tools, buildings materials, machine parts, as well as former building foundations or other structural remains. The preservation potential is reduced in at least some portions of the Project site as a result of the construction and removal of some subterranean structures in the Project site after 1970. This includes hydraulic hoists, USTs, island pumps, a grease pit, wash-down drain, and clarifier that were identified in Phase I and II ESAs, and a Site Characterization Report. Overall, SWCA finds the Project site has a high sensitivity for containing Historic-period (non- Native American) archaeological resources.

Conclusion: The depth of excavation for the Project is approximately 25 feet below the surface, which would likely require excavation of underlying alluvial sediments and removal of any overlying artificial fill. The potential for unidentified archaeological resources within the Project site is found to be high. If present, any previously unidentified archaeological resources have the potential to be significant under CEQA. The total depth of excavation required for the Project is expected to be approximately 25 feet below the surface. Without mitigation, physical destruction of an archaeological resource eligible for listing in the CRHR would result in a significant impact under CEQA. To address potential impacts to previously undiscovered archaeological resources, the Project will include retaining a qualified archaeologist (MM Arch-1), producing and implementing a detailed ARMMP (MM Arch-2 and Arch-4), and conducting a worker training (MM Arch-3). Doing so will ensure any archaeological sites are identified and determined to be historical resources or unique archaeological resources, to which project-related impacts would be mitigated on the basis of their eligibility under each CRHR criterion and as a unique archaeological resource. Therefore, after mitigation, potential impacts to archaeological resources would be reduced to less than significant under CEQA. The measures described above address potential impacts to archaeological resources. In the event of a discovery of archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans that might be considered tribal cultural resources, the City’s standard condition of approval for the inadvertent discovery of tribal cultural resources will be followed.

Disposition of Data: The final report and any subsequent related reports will be submitted to Arts District Development, LLC; the Los Angeles Department of City Planning; and the SCCIC at California State University, Fullerton. Research materials and the report are also on file at the SWCA Pasadena Office.

SWCA Environmental Consultants ii Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

CONTENTS

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ...... i

CONTENTS ...... iii TABLES ...... iv FIGURES ...... iv APPENDICES ...... vi

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1

REGULATORY SETTING ...... 2 STATE REGULATIONS ...... 2 California Environmental Quality Act ...... 2 California Register of Historical Resources ...... 3 Treatment of Human Remains ...... 4 LOCAL REGULATIONS ...... 5 Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments ...... 5 City of Los Angeles General Plan ...... 5

METHODS ...... 5 CHRIS RECORDS SEARCH ...... 5 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 6 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 6

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 7

CULTURAL SETTING ...... 8 PREHISTORY ...... 8 Prehistoric Overview ...... 8 ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW ...... 10 Native American Communities in Los Angeles ...... 11 HISTORY ...... 13 Spanish Period (1769–1822) ...... 13 Mexican Period (1822–1848) ...... 14 American Period (1848–Present) ...... 14 Los Angeles: From Pueblo to City ...... 15 Historical Development of the Arts District Neighborhood ...... 18

RESULTS ...... 20 CHRIS RECORDS SEARCH ...... 20 Previously Conducted Studies ...... 20 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources ...... 24 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 25

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NATIVE AMERICAN COORDINATION ...... 30 SACRED LANDS FILE SEARCH ...... 30

SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 30 PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC-PERIOD NATIVE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 30 HISTORIC-PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 30 Zanja No. 1 ...... 32 Household and Industrial Refuse and Building Foundations ...... 32

IMPACTS TO HISTORIC-PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ...... 33 Household and Industrial Refuse and Building Foundations ...... 33

RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 35 FEASIBILITY OF PRESERVATION IN PLACE ...... 35

CONCLUSION ...... 39

REFERENCES CITED ...... 40

Tables

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Studies within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site ...... 20 Table 2. Previously Recorded Resources Within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site ...... 24 Table 3. Residential Developments within Project Lots ...... 28

Figures

Figure 1. Project site plotted on city map of Los Angeles...... A-1 Figure 2. Project site with associated parcels on a 2013 aerial and street map...... A-2 Figure 3. Former street addresses associated with each lot in the Project Site...... A-3 Figure 4. Project site and 0.5-mile records search radius plotted on USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle...... A-4 Figure 5. Surficial geology from Bedrossian and Roffers (2012) and former courses of the Los Angeles River from Gumprecht (2001)...... A-5 Figure 6. Project site plotted on McCawley’s (1996:36) map of Gabrielieno placenames cited in ethongraphic sources...... A-6 Figure 7. Project site plotted on a map of Native American and historical sites in the Los Angeles Basin published by the Southwest Museum (1962) and re-printed in Johnston (1962)...... A-7 Figure 8. Project site plotted on the Kirkman-Harriman map (Kirkman 1938)...... A-8 Figure 9. Historical reference points associated with Gabrielino settlement in the area. The base map is a reconstruction of the late nineteenth century topography (gray contours) that includes former stream courses, irrigation channels (zanjas), and parcels composing the downtown “Lower District” (now downtown Los Angeles). Sources for the locations are indicated in the legend and footer...... A-9 Figure 10. Project site plotted on a Gumprecht’s (2001) map of the Los Angeles Zanja system...... A-10

SWCA Environmental Consultants iv Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 11. Project site plotted on an appended draft of Hancock’s 1857 map, which was based on Ord’s original map of the City (Ord 1849). The parcel overlapped by the Project site was identified as a corn field in Ord’s original map. The colored property lines were added after 1857...... A-11 Figure 12. Bird’s eye view of Los Angeles facing southwest illustrated by E.S. Glover in 1877. The Project site is located in the area southwest of 7th and Alameda Streets...... A-12 Figure 13. Illustration of Los Angeles by H.B. Elliott in 1891 facing southwest showing the vicinity of the Project site and an early alignment of Zanja No. 1. The zanja alignment corresponds to the same approximate route depicted by Ord, Hancock, and Hanson’s survey maps. The Project site is located in the open space between the Los Angeles River and , south of 7th Street...... A-12 Figure 14. View of 7th Street at Mateo Street, facing west toward Alameda Street, 1933. (Source: USC Libraries Special Collections, Dick Whittington Studio, File DW-1933-05-27-153, Image 2) ...... A-13 Figure 15. View of 7th Street at Mateo Street, facing east towards the Los Angeles River, 1933. (Source: USC Libraries Special Collections, Dick Whittington Studio, File DW-1933-05-27- 153, Image 3) ...... A-13 Figure 16. Project site plotted on the original plat for the City of Los Angeles, surveyed in 1858 by Henry Hancock and published in 1859. The city limits are outlined light red. The historic core—including the Los Angeles Plaza and pueblo site—are located in the center...... A-14 Figure 17. The project site plotted on Stevenson’s 1884 real estate map. The project site is in a parcel owned by Lorenzo Leck, and Zanja No. 1 is located directly within the Project site...... A-15 Figure 18. The Project site plotted on Rowan and Koeberle’s 1886 map of Los Angeles. Note the alignment of Zanja No. 1 east of the Project site...... A-16 Figure 19. Project site plotted on a map from Hall’s (1888) irrigation report. The map depicts Zanja No. 1 west of Project site...... A-17 Figure 20. 1891 parcel map showing detailed location of Zanja No. 1 in relation to the Project Site. The green line on the left is labeled as “Old Willow Hedge.” ...... A-18 Figure 21. 1891 parcel map projected on a 2013 aerial photograph with current street alignments...... A-19 Figure 22. 1891 parcel map with detailed views of the labels (insets) identifying the location and materials (concrete pipe and wood flume) of Zanja No. 1 and unnamed spurs, labeled “Old Ditch.” ...... A-20 Figure 23. Project site plotted on an 1887 city map. This map is an updated version of Rowan and Koeberle’s earlier 1886 map, showing the extensive development that occurred at the time. Zanja No. 1 can still be seen north of 7th Street but appears to longer exist within the Project site...... A-21 Figure 24. Project site plotted on USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles from 1894 to 2018. Note that Mateo Street was present but not included in the 1894 map...... A-22 Figure 25. Project site plotted on maps published between 1895 and 1935. Note railway spurs and street car tracks...... A-23 Figure 26. Project site plotted on Sanborn Fire Insurance maps from 1900 to 1953...... A-24 Figure 27. Project site plotted on a 1921 Baist Real Estate map...... A-25 Figure 28. Project site plotted on aerial photographs from 1927, 1930, 1938, and 1956...... A-26 Figure 29. Previous and extant Subsurface structures identified in the Phase II ESA (Johannes 2015) overlaid on 1906 Sanborn Insurance Map...... A-27

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Figure 30. Geophysical survey results (Feldman 2015) superimposed on the 1906 Sanborn Insurance Map...... A-28 Figure 31. Archaeological resources identified in the CHRIS records search...... B-1 Figure 32. Archaeological features (gray dots) from Site P-19-004460 plotted on a 1906 Sanborn map. The site was recorded during archaeological monitoring for the La Kretz Innovation Campus Project (Bray and Vader 2014:72). The features indicated here were recorded between 10 and 43 inches below the surface...... B-2 Figure 33. Site P-19-004460 and the Project site plotted on a 1927 aerial photograph...... B-3

Appendices

Appendix A. Report Figures Appendix B. Confidential Report Figures (Not for Public Distribution) Appendix C. Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) Search Results Letter

SWCA Environmental Consultants vi Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

INTRODUCTION Mateo Arts, LLC (the Applicant) retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct an archaeological resources sensitivity assessment in support of the proposed 1024 Mateo Street Project located in the city of Los Angeles, California, within the Arts District neighborhood. The Applicant proposes to construct a mixed-income, eight-story mixed-use development containing approximately 106 Live/Work condominiums units and approximately 119,843 square feet of commercial space that includes 13,978 square feet of retail and 13,126 square feet of restaurant space (the Project). The Project site fronts along Mateo, Bay, and Sacramento Streets, and consists of 62,111 square feet (1.43 acres) of lot area.

The following report addresses archaeological resources1 for the purpose of compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and with relevant portions of Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 5024.1, Title 14 California Code of Regulations (CCR) Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines, and PRC Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1. The City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning (City Planning) is the Lead Agency under CEQA for the Project. This report documents the methods and results of a confidential records search of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), sacred lands file (SLF) search through the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), and archival research used to evaluate the presence or likelihood (i.e., sensitivity) of archaeological resources within the Project site and to inform the analysis of potential impacts in accordance with Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines.

SWCA Senior Archaeologist Chris Millington, M.A., Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA), managed the project, co-authored the report, and prepared all figures. SWCA Staff Archaeologist Trevor Gittelhough, M.A., RPA, conducted background research and co-authored the report. SWCA Principal Investigator Heather Gibson, Ph.D., RPA, provided additional review of the report. All non-confidential figures in the report are included in Appendix A; Appendix B contains confidential report figures; Appendix C contains the SLF results letter. Copies of the report are on file with the Applicant, City Planning, and the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton. All background materials are on file with SWCA’s office in Pasadena, California. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project site is in the city of Los Angeles within the Arts District neighborhood, which is currently characterized with commercial and industrial properties (Figure 1). The Project site consists of 62,111 square feet (1.43 acres) of lot area and fronts along Mateo, Bay, and Sacramento Streets at the following addresses: 2001–2005 Sacramento Street, 1024 Mateo Street, and 2016 Bay Street. The County of Los Angeles Assessor’s Office lists the assessor parcel numbers (APNs) as 5166-011-012 and 5166-011-021, which contain lot numbers 73 and 75–84 (Figure 2). Figure 3 includes the former street addresses listed for each of the lots.2 This location is plotted in Section 9 of Township 1 South, Range 13 West as depicted on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hollywood, California, 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle (Figure 4).

1 The report pertains only to archaeological resources and distinguishes different types of archaeological sites based on cultural and temporal affiliations, referred to here as prehistoric and Historic-period sites. Assessment of buildings, structures, objects, and other elements of the historical built environment, as well as paleontological and tribal cultural resources, is not included here. For purposes of this report, the terms “archaeological resource” and “archaeological site” are used synonymously; however, any such references are categorically distinct from a “unique archaeological resource” or “historical resources,” as defined under CEQA, and should not be used interchangeably. Additional definitions are provided in subsequent sections. 2 Prior to 1950, 2007 and 2011 E. Sacramento Street were listed as 2005 and 2009 E. Sacrament Street. Subsequent changes to the parcel and lots were associated with additional changes in street address that are not fully detailed in this report. (See below, Results: Archival Research.)

SWCA Environmental Consultants 1 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

The Applicant proposes to construct a mixed-income, eight-story mixed-use development containing approximately 106 Live/Work condominiums units and approximately 119,843 square feet of commercial space including 13,978 square feet of retail and 13,126 square feet of restaurant space. One level of subterranean parking will serve as a base for the building, which will require no more than 25 feet of excavation below the current grade. The site is currently occupied to the north by a single 17,400-square- foot industrial building used by MV Transportation for bus maintenance and offices, and a 4,800-square- foot structure used for storage. The remainder of the lot is paved with asphalt, which is used for parking, vehicle maintenance, and fueling, and includes some temporary structures. The Project proposes to demolish the extant buildings and asphalt, and excavate up to 25 feet below the current grade. REGULATORY SETTING State Regulations The California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP), a division of the California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), performs certain duties described in the California PRC and maintains the California Historic Resources Inventory and the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR). The state-level regulatory framework also includes CEQA, which requires the identification, and mitigation if necessary, of substantial adverse impacts that may affect the significance of eligible historical and archaeological resources.

California Environmental Quality Act CEQA requires a lead agency to analyze whether historic and/or archaeological resources may be adversely affected by a proposed project. Under CEQA, a “project that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historic resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment” (PRC Section 21084.1). Answering this question is a two-part process: first, the determination must be made whether the proposed project involves cultural resources. Second, if cultural resources are present, the proposed project must be analyzed for a potential “substantial adverse change in the significance” of the resource.

HISTORICAL RESOURCES According to CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5, for the purposes of CEQA, historical resources are:

▪ A resource listed in, or formally determined eligible…for listing in the CRHR (PRC 5024.1, 14 CCR 4850 et seq.). ▪ A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in PRC Section 5020.1(k) or identified as significance in a historic resources survey meeting the requirements of PRC Section 5024.1(g). ▪ Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript that the lead agency determines to be eligible for national, state, or local landmark listing; generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be historically significant (and therefore a historic resource under CEQA) if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (as defined in PRC Section 5024.1, 14 CCR 4852).

Resources nominated to the CRHR must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to convey the reasons for their significance. Resources whose historic integrity (as defined above) does not meet National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) criteria may still be eligible for listing in the CRHR.

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According to CEQA, the fact that a resource is not listed in or determined eligible for listing in the CRHR or is not included in a local register or survey shall not preclude the lead agency from determining that the resource may be a historical resource (PRC Section 5024.1). Pursuant to CEQA, a project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource may have a significant effect on the environment (CEQA Guidelines, Section 15064.5[b]).

Substantial Adverse Change and Indirect Impacts to Historical Resources CEQA Guidelines specify that a “substantial adverse change in the significance of an historical resource means physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially impaired” (CEQA Guidelines, Section 15064.5). Material impairment occurs when a project alters in an adverse manner or demolishes “those physical characteristics of an historical resource that convey its historical significance and that justify its inclusion” or eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP, CRHR, or local register. In addition, pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.2, the “direct and indirect significant effects of the project on the environment shall be clearly identified and described, giving due consideration to both the short-term and long-term effects.”

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES In terms of archaeological resources, PRC Section 21083.2(g) defines a unique archaeological resource as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria:

(1) Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information. (2) Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type. (3) Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person.

California Register of Historical Resources Created in 1992 and implemented in 1998, the CRHR is “an authoritative guide in California to be used by state and local agencies, private groups, and citizens to identify the state’s historical resources and to indicate what properties are to be protected, to the extent prudent and feasible, from substantial adverse change” (PRC Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1). Certain properties, including those listed in or formally determined eligible for listing in the NRHP and California Historical Landmarks numbered 770 and higher, are automatically included in the CRHR. Other properties recognized under the California Points of Historical Interest program, identified as significant in historical resources surveys, or designated by local landmarks programs, may be nominated for inclusion in the CRHR. According to PRC Section 5024.1(c), a resource, either an individual property or a contributor to a historic district, may be listed in the CRHR if the State Historical Resources Commission determines that it meets one or more of the following criteria, which are modeled on NRHP criteria:

▪ Criterion 1: It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage. ▪ Criterion 2: It is associated with the lives of persons important in our past.

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▪ Criterion 3: It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values. ▪ Criterion 4: It has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory.

Resources nominated to the CRHR must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to convey the reasons for their significance. Resources whose historic integrity does not meet NRHP criteria may still be eligible for listing in the CRHR. While all sites are evaluated according to all four of the CRHR criteria, the eligibility for archaeological resources is typically considered under Criterion 4. Most prehistoric archeological sites are lacking identifiable or important association with specific persons or events of regional or national history (Criteria 1 and 2), or lacking the formal and structural attributes necessary to qualify as eligible under Criterion 3.

An archaeological site may be considered significant if it displays one or more of the following attributes: chronologically diagnostic, functionally diagnostic, or exotic artifacts; datable materials; definable activity areas; multiple components; faunal or floral remains; archeological or architectural features; notable complexity, size, integrity, time span, or depth; or stratified deposits. Determining the period(s) of occupation at a site provides a context for the types of activities undertaken and may well supply a link with other sites and cultural processes in the region. Further, well-defined temporal parameters can help illuminate processes of culture change and continuity in relation to natural environmental factors and interactions with other cultural groups. Finally, chronological controls might provide a link to regionally important research questions and topics of more general theoretical relevance. As a result, the ability to determine the temporal parameters of a site’s occupation is critical for a finding of eligibility under Criterion 4 (information potential). A site that cannot be dated is unlikely to possess the quality of significance required for CRHR eligibility or be considered a unique archaeological resource. The content of an archeological site provides information regarding its cultural affiliations, temporal periods of use, functionality, and other aspects of its occupation history. The range and variability of artifacts present in the site can allow for reconstruction of changes in ethnic affiliation, diet, social structure, economics, technology, industrial change, and other aspects of culture.

Treatment of Human Remains The disposition of burials falls first under the general prohibition on disturbing or removing human remains under California Health and Safety Code (CHSC) Section 7050.5. More specifically, remains suspected to be Native American are treated under CEQA at CCR Section 15064.5; PRC Section 5097.98 illustrates the process to be followed if remains are discovered. If human remains are discovered during excavation activities, the following procedure shall be observed:

▪ Stop immediately and contact the County Coroner: 1104 N. Mission Road Los Angeles, CA 90033 323-343-0512 (8 am to 5 pm Monday through Friday) or 323-343-0714 (After hours, Saturday, Sunday, and Holidays) ▪ If the remains are determined to be of Native American descent, the Coroner has 24 hours to notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC). ▪ The NAHC will immediately notify the person it believes to be the most likely descendant (MLD) of the deceased Native American. ▪ The MLD has 48 hours to make recommendations to the owner, or representative, for the treatment or disposition, with proper dignity, of the human remains and grave goods.

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▪ If the owner does not accept the MLD’s recommendations, the owner or the MLD may request mediation by the NAHC. Local Regulations Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments Local landmarks in Los Angeles are known as Historic-Cultural Monuments (HCMs) and are under the aegis of the City Planning, Office of Historic Resources (OHR). An HCM, monument, or local landmark is defined in the Cultural Heritage Ordinance as follows:

[A] Historic-Cultural Monument (Monument) is any site (including significant trees or other plant life located on the site), building or structure of particular historic or cultural significance to the City of Los Angeles, including historic structures or sites in which the broad cultural, economic or social history of the nation, State or community is reflected or exemplified; or which is identified with historic personages or with important events in the main currents of national, State or local history; or which embodies the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen, inherently valuable for a study of a period, style or method of construction; or a notable work of a master builder, designer, or architect whose individual genius influenced his or her age (Municipal Code Section 22.171.7).

City of Los Angeles General Plan The Conservation Element of the City of Los Angeles General Plan, adopted in September 2001, contains an objective (II-5) to protect the City’s archaeological resources for historical, cultural, research and/or educational purposes. The Conservation Element establishes a policy to “continue to identify and protect significant archaeological and paleontological sites and/or resources known to exist or that are identified during land development, demolition of property modification activities” (City of Los Angeles 2001:II-5– 6). METHODS The following section presents an overview of the methodology used to identify the potential for archaeological resources within the Project site. CHRIS Records Search On March 18, 2019, SWCA conducted a confidential search of the CHRIS records at the SCCIC on the campus of California State University, Fullerton, to identify previously documented cultural resources within a 0.8-km (0.5-mile) radius of the Project site, as well as any selectively chosen outside the radius to aid in the assessment of archaeological resource sensitivity. The SCCIC maintains records of previously documented archaeological resources and technical studies; it also maintains copies of the OHP’s portion of the Historic Resources Inventory.

Confidential CHRIS results include specific information on the nature and location of sensitive archaeological sites, which should not be disclosed to the public or unauthorized persons and are exempt from the Freedom of Information Act. The information included in a confidential CHRIS records search is needed to assess the sensitivity for undocumented archaeological resources and to inform the impact analysis. The search included any previously recorded archaeological resources (i.e., excludes historic buildings) within the Project site and surrounding 0.8-km (0.5-mile) area.

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Archival Research Concurrent with the confidential CHRIS records search, SWCA also reviewed property-specific historical and ethnographic context research to identify information relevant to the Project site. Research focused on a variety of primary and secondary materials relating to the history and development of the Project site, including historical maps, aerial and ground photographs, ethnographic reports, and other environmental data. Historical maps drawn to scale were georeferenced using ESRI ArcMAP v10.5 to show precise relationships to the Project site. Sources consulted included the following publicly accessible data sources: City of Los Angeles OHR (SurveyLA); City of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety (building permits); David Rumsey Historical Map Collection; Huntington Library Digital Archives; Library of Congress; Los Angeles Public Library Map Collection; Sanborn Fire Insurance Company Maps (Sanborn maps); USGS historical topographic maps; University of California, Santa Barbara, Digital Library (aerial photographs); and University of Southern California Digital Library.

In addition, SWCA reviewed technical reports prepared for the project, including a Site Characterization Report (Buchanan 2015), a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) Report (Mahmood 2015), geophysical survey (Feldman 2015), and a Phase II ESA Report (Johannes 2015). Both the Site Characterization Report and Phase II ESA Report included geophysical testing. The Site Characterization report involved four bore holes to a depth of 30.5 feet. The geophysical survey used magnetometers, conductivity meters, metal detectors, and ground-penetrating radar to identify subsurface features (Feldman 2015). Sensitivity Assessment In circumstances where a known archaeological resource has not been identified, no previous archaeological studies have been conducted, and subsurface testing is not feasible because of existing developments, the potential for an unidentified resource to be present (i.e., sensitivity) in the form of a buried archaeological site is assessed indirectly. That determination considers past land uses, broadly, and an assessment of whether the setting is capable of containing buried materials (i.e., preservation potential) in the form of an archaeological site. Specific factors are considered for different types of archaeological sites on the basis of their cultural-temporal affiliation. Specifically, SWCA assessed the sensitivity of the Project site for archaeological resources associated with Prehistoric and Historic-period Native Americans, and those affiliated with non-Native Americans from the Historic-period. Lacking any data evidence for the presence or absence of archaeological material below the surface, the resulting sensitivity is by nature qualitative, ranging along a spectrum of increasing probability for encountering such material, designated here as low, moderate, and high. In general, areas with a favorable setting for habitation or temporary use, soil conditions capable of preserving buried material, and little to no disturbances are considered to have a high sensitivity. Areas lacking these traits are considered to have low sensitivity. Areas with a combination of these traits are considered to have moderate sensitivity.

In assessing the sensitivity for archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans, SWCA considers whether the location was favorable for Native American habitation. Indicators of favorable habitability for Native Americans are proximity to natural features (e.g., perennial water source, plant or mineral resource, animal habitat), other known sites, flat topography, and relatively dry conditions. Sensitivity for Native American-affiliated resources also considers Gabrielino ethnographic studies that describe the location of former Native American settlements, foraging and other indigenous land-use behaviors, as well as regional studies of archaeological site distribution. Assessing the sensitivity of Historic-period archaeological resources considers historical land uses on the basis of available documents including maps, photographs, permits, oral histories, and other documents. Sites with developments in the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries are considered to have increased archaeological sensitivity.

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Preservation potential for both types of resources considers whether the physical setting is capable of containing buried archaeological materials and whether any such materials once present have been destroyed, removed, or otherwise not preserved at the location, either because of natural causes (e.g., erosion, flooding) or historical development. The preservation potential relies on an understanding of existing soil conditions and site history. In urban settings, site-specific soil conditions are obtained through geotechnical studies. More generalized information on existing soil conditions for a given location is also assessed on the basis of soil surveys and geologic studies. For areas in which there was intensive historical use that modified the surface and near-surface (e.g., from grading or large-scale excavation), or for areas where there is evidence that the preservation potential is poor, there is reduced sensitivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The Project site is in the Los Angeles Basin, a broad, level plain defined by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Santa Monica Mountains and Puente Hills to the north, and the Santa Ana Mountains and San Joaquin Hills to the south. This extensive alluvial wash basin is filled with Quaternary alluvial sediments deposited as unconsolidated material eroded from the surrounding hills. Several major watercourses drain the Los Angeles Basin, including the Los Angeles, Rio Hondo, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana rivers. The Project site and vicinity are within a fully urbanized setting on an open aspect plain at an elevation of 74 meters (243 feet) above mean sea level. This site is located in the northern portion of the Peninsular Ranges Geomorphic Province and approximately 6 miles south of the Raymond Fault Zone. The Project site is on a broad alluvial plain with a slightly southern aspect, located south of the Santa Monica Mountains and west of the Los Angeles River.

The south-flowing Los Angeles River is currently located approximately 0.5 km (0.31 mile) east of the Project site; however, historically the channel has shifted courses several times during flood events, with the main channel shifting its location relative to the Project site twice in the last 100 years (Figure 5). The first recorded shift of the river occurred in 1815 when floodwaters overflowed the former channel, shifting the course, previously located to the east of the Project site, at least 0.8 km (0.5 mile) to the southwest, near the present route of North Spring Street, now west of the Project site. That flood destroyed structures built as part of the original Los Angeles Pueblo and is presumed to have also destroyed a Native American village site (Yaanga) also located north of the Project site (Gumprecht 2001:139–141). At that time and before 1825, the river flowed west within the Los Angeles Basin, discharging into the Ballona Wetlands along what is now Ballona Creek, near Santa Monica. Flooding in 1825 then produced the most dramatic shift historically observed in the river’s course as the newly formed channel overflowed its banks and shifted its course again, relocating the channel back east of the Project site, now flowing fully south and emptying into the bay near San Pedro. Subsequent shifts occurred along the braided streams within the broader, south- flowing flood plain. The Los Angeles River flooded multiple times, including a catastrophic flood in 1938. Flood events such as these can produce substantial deposits of alluvial sediments within the respective floodplains. Alluvial terraces formed where flooding water eroded into adjacent hillsides. In the downtown Los Angeles area, the backslopes in the location of Bunker Hill delineate the edge of the historical floodplain.

The earliest soil surveys of the area were conducted before 1920 as county-wide effort focused on agricultural productivity. The report from 1919 define the soils in the Project site as the Hanford loam series (Nelson et al. 1919:55). Hanford loam is described as varying between 12 and 72 inches deep, consisting of a brown, friably, light-textured, micaceous loam. While the soil unit generally lacked gravel inclusions, the study notes that small patches and low strips of gravel occur in the courses of streamways where flooding had occurred, as in an area north of Exposition Park in the former westward course of the Los Angeles River. Contemporary soil reports from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service still retain approximately the same description for the Hanford series. Other recent works published by the California Geological Survey synthesized previous studies of the surficial geology and designated a

SWCA Environmental Consultants 7 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California more detailed typology (Bedrossian and Roffers 2012; Bedrossian et al. 2012:16). According to the Bedrossian and Roffers (2012) map, the Project site falls within surficial deposits defined as Young Alluvial Valley Deposits (abbreviated Qya), which were created during the late Pleistocene and Holocene—after approximately 11,700 years ago and before approximately 1000 years ago. The Qya unit is further divided into subunits. The Project site is in the Qya2 subunit (Figure 5), defined for sediments deposited in the late Pleistocene. Qya soils generally consist of unconsolidated to slightly consolidated, undissected to slightly dissected clay, silt, sand, and gravel along stream valleys and alluvial flats of large rivers (the Los Angeles River). The spatial extent of the Qya unit generally correlates with the Hanford loam described in 1919.

Preliminary results of the geotechnical report prepared for the Project (in preparation) identified up to 2 feet of artificial fill in the Project site. Limited soil testing in the Project site was conducted in 2015 by Certified Environmental Consultants, Inc. (CEC) as part of a Phase II ESA (Johannes 2015). The Phase II ESA also included a geophysical survey completed by Geovision Geophysical Services (GGS), which used magnetometers, high-frequency metal detectors, and ground-penetrating radar equipment to search for underground storage tanks (Feldman 2015). The GCS survey identified several surficial metallic objects and three sub-surface anomalies, none of which were considered to be consistent with a large underground storage tank (Feldman 2015). Further results of the geophysical survey are discussed below (see Results: Archival Research).

Anderson Environmental conducted additional soil testing in 2015 and summarized the results in a Site Characterization Report (Buchanan 2015). For their study, Anderson Environmental drilled four bores with six-inch samples taken at 5-foot intervals to a depth of 30 feet below grade. Bore logs completed for the sample locations characterized the soil composition at each of the sample depths. The sediment profiles identified multiple alluvial layers of fine-grained sand and silty sand, some with gravel inclusions, extending down to 10 to 30 feet. Below this the soil consisted of poorly graded sand. Three of the bores identified a stratum of decomposing granite mixed with sand between 15 and 25 feet below the surface. CULTURAL SETTING Prehistory Prehistoric Overview In the last several decades, researchers have devised numerous prehistoric chronological sequences to aid in understanding cultural changes in southern California. Building on early studies and focusing on data synthesis, Wallace (1955, 1978) developed a prehistoric chronology for the southern California coastal region that is still widely used today and is applicable to near-coastal and many inland areas. Four horizons are presented in Wallace’s prehistoric sequence: Early Man, Milling Stone, Intermediate, and Late Prehistoric. Although Wallace’s 1955 synthesis initially lacked chronological precision due to a paucity of absolute dates (Moratto 1984:159), this situation has been alleviated by the availability of thousands of radiocarbon dates obtained by southern California researchers in the last three decades (Byrd and Raab 2007:217). As such, several revisions were subsequently made to Wallace’s 1955 synthesis using radiocarbon dates and projectile point assemblages (e.g., Koerper and Drover 1983; Koerper et al. 2002; Mason and Peterson 1994). The summary of prehistoric chronological sequences for southern California coastal and near-coastal areas presented below is a composite of information in Wallace (1955) and Warren (1968), as well as more recent studies, including Koerper and Drover (1983). HORIZON I: EARLY MAN (CA. 10,000–6,000 BC) The earliest accepted dates for archaeological sites on the southern California coast are from two of the northern Channel Islands, located off the coast of Santa Barbara. On San Miguel Island, Daisy Cave clearly establishes the presence of people in this area approximately 10,000 years ago (Erlandson 1991:105). On

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Santa Rosa Island, human remains have been dated from the Arlington Springs site to approximately 13,000 years ago (Johnson et al. 2002). Present-day Orange and counties contain several sites dating from 9,000 to 10,000 years ago (Byrd and Raab 2007:219; Macko 1998:41; Mason and Peterson 1994:55– 57; Sawyer and Koerper 2006). Although the dating of these finds remains controversial, several sets of human remains from the Los Angeles Basin (e.g., “Los Angeles Man,” “La Brea Woman,” and the Haverty skeletons) apparently date to the Middle Holocene, if not earlier (Brooks et al. 1990; Erlandson et al. 2007:54).

Recent data from Horizon I sites indicate that the economy was a diverse mixture of hunting and gathering, with a major emphasis on aquatic resources in many coastal areas (e.g., Jones et al. 2002), and a greater emphasis on large-game hunting inland.

HORIZON II: MILLING STONE (6,000–3,000 BC) Set during a drier climatic regime than the previous horizon, the Milling Stone horizon is characterized by subsistence strategies centered on collecting plant foods and small animals. The importance of the seed processing is apparent in the dominance of stone grinding implements in contemporary archaeological assemblages, namely milling stones (metates) and handstones (manos). Recent research indicates that Milling Stone horizon food procurement strategies varied in both time and space, reflecting divergent responses to variable coastal and inland environmental conditions (Byrd and Raab 2007:220).

HORIZON III: INTERMEDIATE (3,000 BC–AD 500) The Intermediate horizon is characterized by a shift toward a hunting and maritime subsistence strategy, along with a wider use of plant foods. An increasing variety and abundance of fish, land mammal, and sea mammal remains are found in sites from this horizon along the California coast. Related chipped stone tools suitable for hunting are more abundant and diversified, and shell fishhooks became part of the toolkit during this period. Mortars and pestles became more common during this period, gradually replacing manos and metates as the dominant milling equipment and signaling a shift away from the processing and consuming of hard seed resources to the increasing importance of the acorn (e.g., Glassow et al. 1988; True 1993).

HORIZON IV: LATE PREHISTORIC (AD 500–HISTORIC CONTACT) In the Late Prehistoric horizon, there was an increase in the use of plant food resources in addition to an increase in land and sea mammal hunting. There was a concomitant increase in the diversity and complexity of material culture during the Late Prehistoric horizon, demonstrated by more classes of artifacts. The recovery of a greater number of small, finely chipped projectile points suggests increased use of the bow and arrow rather than the atlatl (spear thrower) and dart for hunting. Steatite cooking vessels and containers are also present in sites from this time, and there is an increased presence of smaller bone and shell circular fishhooks; perforated stones; arrow shaft straighteners made of steatite; a variety of bone tools; and personal ornaments such as beads made from shell, bone, and stone. There was also an increased use of asphalt for waterproofing and as an adhesive. Late Prehistoric burial practices are discussed in the Ethnographic Overview section below.

By AD 1000, fired clay smoking pipes and ceramic vessels were being used at some sites (Drover 1971, 1975; Meighan 1954; Warren and True 1961). The scarcity of pottery in coastal and near-coastal sites implies that ceramic technology was not well developed in that area, or that occupants were trading with neighboring groups to the south and east for ceramics. The lack of widespread pottery manufacture is usually attributed to the high quality of tightly woven and watertight basketry that functioned in the same capacity as ceramic vessels.

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During this period, there was an increase in population size accompanied by the advent of larger, more permanent villages (Wallace 1955:223). Large populations and, in places, high population densities are characteristic, with some coastal and near-coastal settlements containing as many as 1,500 people. Many of the larger settlements were permanent villages in which people resided year-round. The populations of these villages may have also increased seasonally.

In Warren’s (1968) cultural ecological scheme, the period between AD 500 and European contact, which occurred as early as 1542, is divided into three regional patterns: Chumash (Santa Barbara and Ventura counties), Takic/Numic (Los Angeles, Orange, and western Riverside counties), and Yuman (San Diego County). The seemingly abrupt introduction of cremation, pottery, and small triangular arrow points in parts of modern-day Los Angeles, Orange, and western Riverside counties at the beginning of the Late Prehistoric period is thought to be the result of a Takic migration to the coast from inland desert regions. Modern Gabrielino, Juaneño, and Luiseño people in this region are considered the descendants of the Uto-Aztecan, Takic-speaking populations that settled along the California coast in this period. Ethnographic Overview The Project site is in an area historically occupied by the Gabrielino (Bean and Smith 1978:538; Kroeber 1925: Plate 57). Surrounding native groups included the Chumash and Tatataviam/Alliklik to the north, the Serrano to the east, and the Luiseño/Juaneño to the south. There is well-documented interaction between the Gabrielino and many of their neighbors in the form of intermarriage and trade.

The name “Gabrielino” (sometimes spelled Gabrieleno or Gabrieleño) denotes those people who were administered by the Spanish from Mission San Gabriel. This group is now considered a regional dialect of the Gabrielino language, along with the Santa Catalina Island and San Nicolas Island dialects (Bean and Smith 1978:538). In the post-European contact period, Mission San Gabriel included natives of the greater Los Angeles area, as well as members of surrounding groups such as Kitanemuk, Serrano, and Cahuilla. There is little evidence that the people we call Gabrielino had a broad term for their group (Dakin 1978:222); rather, they identified themselves as an inhabitant of a specific community with locational suffixes (e.g., a resident of Yaanga was called a Yabit, much the same way that a resident of New York is called a New Yorker; Johnston 1962:10).

Native words suggested as labels for the broader group of Native Americans in the Los Angeles region include (or Tong-v; Merriam 1955:7–86) and Kizh (Kij or Kichereno; Heizer 1968:105), although there is evidence that these terms originally referred to local places or smaller groups of people within the larger group that we now call Gabrielino. Nevertheless, many present-day descendants of these people have taken on Tongva as a preferred group name because it has a native rather than Spanish origin (King 1994:12). The term Gabrielino is used in the remainder of this report to designate native people of the Los Angeles Basin and their descendants.

The Gabrielino subsistence economy was centered on gathering and hunting. The surrounding environment was rich and varied, and the tribe exploited mountains, foothills, valleys, deserts, riparian, estuarine, and open and rocky coastal eco-niches. Like that of most native Californians, acorns were the staple food (an established industry by the time of the Early Intermediate period). Inhabitants supplemented acorns with the roots, leaves, seeds, and fruits of a variety of flora (e.g., islay, cactus, yucca, sages, and agave). Freshwater and saltwater fish, shellfish, birds, reptiles, and insects, as well as large and small mammals, were also consumed (Bean and Smith 1978:546; Kroeber 1925:631–632; McCawley 1996:119–123, 128– 131).

The Gabrielino used a variety of tools and implements to gather and collect food resources. These included the bow and arrow, traps, nets, blinds, throwing sticks and slings, spears, harpoons, and hooks. Groups

SWCA Environmental Consultants 10 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California residing near the ocean used oceangoing plank canoes and tule balsa canoes for fishing, travel, and trade between the mainland and the Channel Islands (McCawley 1996:7). Gabrielino people processed food with a variety of tools, including hammer stones and anvils, mortars and pestles, manos and metates, strainers, leaching baskets and bowls, knives, bone saws, and wooden drying racks. Food was consumed from a variety of vessels. Catalina Island steatite was used to make ollas and cooking vessels (Blackburn 1963; Kroeber 1925:629; McCawley 1996:129–138).

At the time of Spanish contact, the basis of Gabrielino religious life was the Chinigchinich cult, centered on the last of a series of heroic mythological figures. Chinigchinich gave instruction on laws and institutions, and also taught the people how to dance, the primary religious act for this society. He later withdrew into heaven, where he rewarded the faithful and punished those who disobeyed his laws (Kroeber 1925:637–638). The Chinigchinich religion seems to have been relatively new when the Spanish arrived. It was spreading south into the southern Takic groups even as Christian missions were being built and may represent a mixture of native and Christian belief and practices (McCawley 1996:143–144).

Deceased Gabrielino were either buried or cremated, with inhumation more common on the Channel Islands and the neighboring mainland coast, and cremation predominating on the remainder of the coast and in the interior (Harrington 1942; McCawley 1996:157). Remains were buried in distinct burial areas, either associated with villages or without apparent village association (Altschul et al. 2007). Cremation ashes have been found in archaeological contexts buried within stone bowls and in shell dishes (Ashby and Winterbourne 1966:27), as well as scattered among broken ground stone implements (Cleland et al. 2007). Archaeological data such as these correspond with ethnographic descriptions of an elaborate mourning ceremony that included a variety of offerings, including seeds, stone grinding tools, otter skins, baskets, wood tools, shell beads, bone and shell ornaments, and projectile points and knives. Offerings varied with the sex and status of the deceased (Dakin 1978:234–365; Johnston 1962:52–54; McCawley 1996:155–165).

Native American Communities in Los Angeles The Project site is within the traditional territory of the Gabrielino (King 2004; McCawley 1996:36–40). In general, it has proven very difficult or impossible to establish definitively the precise location of Native American villages occupied in the Ethnohistoric period (McCawley 1996:31–32). Native American place names referred to at the time of Spanish contact did not necessarily represent a continually occupied settlement within a discrete location. Instead, in at least some cases, the communities were represented by several smaller camps scattered throughout an approximate geography, shaped by natural features subject to change over generations (see Johnston 1962:122). Many of the villages had long since been abandoned by the time ethnographers, anthropologists, and historians attempted to document any of their locations, at which point the former village sites were affected by urban and agricultural development, and Native American lifeways had been irrevocably changed. Alternative names and spellings for communities, and conflicting reports on their meaning or locational reference, further confound efforts at relocation. McCawley quotes Kroeber (1925:616) in his remarks on the subject, writing that “the opportunity to prepare a true map of village locations ‘passed away 50 years ago’” (McCawley 1996:32). Thus, even with archaeological evidence, it can be difficult to conclusively establish whether any given assemblage represents the remains of the former village site.

Although the precise location of any given village is subject to much speculation, it is clear the greater Los Angeles area once contained many Gabrielino villages, including several concentrated along the banks of major waterways and near the coast (Figure 6). This type of settlement pattern concentrated along waterways is reflected in historical maps published by the Southwest Museum (1962; reprinted in Johnston 1962) and George Kirkman (1938), shown here with the Project site plotted in Figure 7 and Figure 8, respectively. Maps such as these convey a general sense of significant historical areas based on the

SWCA Environmental Consultants 11 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California geographic information available at the time and are considered as a representational depiction of these locations rather than explicit geographic points.

The closest ethnographically documented village to the Project site is Yaanga (alternative spellings and names include Yang-na, Yangna, and Yabit). Though the actual location is disputed, generally Yaanga is believed to have been located near present-day Union Station (McCawley 1996:57), approximately 2.7 km (1.7 miles) north northwest of the Project site (Figure 9) 3. Historical records place Yaanga near Los Angeles’s original plaza, located near present-day Union Station. Historians and archaeologists have presented multiple possible village locations in this general area; however, like the pueblo itself, it is likely that the village was relocated from time to time due to major shifts of the Los Angeles River during years of intense flooding. Dillon (1994) presented an exhaustive review of the potential locations, most within several blocks of the pueblo plaza. Johnston (1962:122) concluded that “in all probability Yangna lay scattered in a fairly wide zone along the whole arc [from the base of Fort Moore Hill to Union Station], and its bailiwick included as well seed-gathering grounds and oak groves where seasonal camps were set up.” A second village, known as Geveronga, has also been described in ethnographic accounts as immediately adjoining the Pueblo of Los Angeles, though much like Yaanga, its location can only be inferred from ethnographic information (McCawley 1996:57).

Aside from the ethnographic evidence suggesting the location of these villages, little direct, indisputable archaeological evidence for the location of either village has been produced to date. Archaeological materials reportedly were unearthed during the construction of Union Station in 1939, and “considerably more” in 1970 during the rebuilding of the on the 300 block of North Main Street (Johnston 1962:121; Robinson 1979:12). The preponderance of available evidence indicates that there were one or more early Historic-period Native American communities west of the Los Angeles River near the original pueblo site. This assumption is supported through several lines of ethnographic evidence, including the expedition journal of Fr. Juan Crespi and engineer Miguel Costansó, both of whom were associated with the 1769 Portolá expedition. The notes from these sources indicate the village was located between 2.0 and 2.4 km (1.3 and 1.5 miles) west-southwest from the Los Angeles River on high-level ground. The Pueblo of Los Angeles was documented to have been founded directly adjacent to this village. The location of Yaanga was also referenced by long-time Los Angeles resident Narciso Botello and Gabrielino consultant José María Zalvidea, who indicated that Yaanga was originally located adjacent to the original site of the Los Angeles plaza (Morris et al. 2016:112).

After the settlement of Los Angeles in 1781, Yaanga faced many new challenges because of its proximity to the new city. The history of the indigenous inhabitants after the incorporation of the City of Los Angeles is one of forced relocation and adaptation. The Native Americans who left the newly secularized mission lands and came to Los Angeles attempted to resettle near the original location of Yaanga, choosing a location near First and Los Angeles Streets called Rancheria de Los Poblanos. This rancheria existed for approximately 10 years, between 1826 and 1836, after which the indigenous population was again forced to relocate, to a plot of land near Commercial and Alameda Streets (Morris et al. 2016).

This rancheria existed for approximately another 10 years, between 1836 and 1845, during which nearby land owners attempted to forcibly relocate them to obtain more land for agricultural use. When they were

3 Historical points of reference relevant to the former Yaanga village site discussed in this section are depicted in Figure 7. The map also includes other ethnographically significant locations that are discussed in the previous section. These include the former courses of the Los Angeles River (as reported by Gumprecht 2001), the Los Angeles Plaza, former locations of the Aliso Tree and Bella Union Hotel, multiple locations of Yaanga described in various documents, and several rancherias occupied by Gabrielino during the Mexican and early Historic periods. The sites are plotted on a topographic prepared by Crandell (2010), which depicts historical contours and former stream courses, as well as elements of the built environment, including zanjas and city blocks that formed the “Lower District” (now downtown Los Angeles).

SWCA Environmental Consultants 12 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California finally successful, the Native American community was once again forced to relocate even further east, across the Los Angeles River to a site called Pueblito, which itself was razed in 1847, at which time legislation was passed to require the indigenous population to live in dispersed settlements or with their employers throughout the city. Other indigenous villages and community sites were present throughout the city concurrently with Rancheria de los Poblanos, including numerous smaller settlements along Commercial Street, and another Rancheria, Rancheria de los Pipimares, within downtown Los Angeles along 7th Street. History Post-contact history for the state of California is generally divided into three periods: the Spanish period (1769–1822), Mexican period (1822–1848), and American period (1848–present). Although Spanish, Russian, and British explorers visited the area for brief periods between 1529 and 1769, the Spanish period in California begins with the establishment in 1769 of a settlement at San Diego and the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first of 21 missions constructed between 1769 and 1823. Independence from Spain in 1821 marks the beginning of the Mexican period, and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican–American War, signals the beginning of the American period, when California became a territory of the .

Spanish Period (1769–1822) Spanish explorers made sailing expeditions along the coast of southern California between the mid- and mid-1700s. In search of the legendary Northwest Passage, Juan Rodríquez Cabríllo stopped in 1542 at present-day San Diego Bay. With his crew, Cabríllo explored the shorelines of present Catalina Island as well as San Pedro and Santa Monica bays. Much of the present California and Oregon coastline was mapped and recorded in the next half-century by Spanish naval officer Sebastián Vizcaíno. Vizcaíno’s crew also landed on Santa Catalina Island and at San Pedro and Santa Monica bays, giving each location its long- standing name. The Spanish crown laid claim to California based on the surveys conducted by Cabríllo and Vizcaíno (Bancroft 1886:96–99; Gumprecht 2001:35).

More than 200 years passed before Spain began the and inland exploration of . The 1769 overland expedition by Captain Gaspar de Portolá marks the beginning of California’s Historic period, occurring just after the King of Spain installed the Franciscan Order to direct religious and colonization matters in assigned territories of the . With a band of 64 soldiers, missionaries, Baja (lower) California Native Americans, and Mexican civilians, Portolá established the Presidio of San Diego, a fortified military outpost, as the first Spanish settlement in Alta California. In July 1769, while Portolá was exploring Southern California, Franciscan Fr. Junípero Serra founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá at Presidio Hill, the first of the 21 missions that would be established in Alta California by the Spanish and the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823.

The Portolá expedition first reached the present-day boundaries of Los Angeles in August 1769, thereby becoming the first Europeans to visit the area. Father Juan Crespí, a member of the expedition, named the campsite by the river Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles de la Porciúncula or “Our Lady the Queen of the Angeles of the Porciúncula.” Two years later, Fr. Junípero Serra returned to the valley to establish a Catholic mission, the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, on September 8, 1771 (Engelhardt 1927). In 1781, a group of 11 Mexican families traveled from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel to establish a new pueblo called El Pueblo de la Reyna de Los Angeles (“the Pueblo of the Queen of the Angels”). This settlement consisted of a small group of adobe-brick houses and streets and would eventually be known as the Ciudad de Los Angeles (“City of Angels”).

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A major emphasis during the Spanish period in California was the construction of missions and associated presidios to integrate the Native American population into Christianity and communal enterprise. Incentives were also provided to bring settlers to pueblos or towns, but just three pueblos were established during the Spanish period, only two of which were successful and remain as California cities (San José and Los Angeles). Several factors kept growth within Alta California to a minimum, including the threat of foreign invasion, political dissatisfaction, and unrest among the indigenous population.

Mexican Period (1822–1848) After more than a decade of intermittent rebellion and warfare, New Spain ( and the California territory) won independence from Spain in 1821. In 1822, the Mexican legislative body in California ended isolationist policies designed to protect the Spanish monopoly on trade, and decreed California ports open to foreign merchants.

Extensive land grants were established in the interior during the Mexican period, in part to increase the population inland from the more settled coastal areas where the Spanish had first concentrated their colonization efforts. The secularization of the missions following Mexico’s independence from Spain resulted in the subdivision of former mission lands and establishment of many additional ranchos.

During the supremacy of the ranchos (1834–1848), landowners largely focused on the cattle industry and devoted large tracts to grazing. Cattle hides became a primary southern California export, providing a commodity to trade for goods from the east and other areas in the United States and Mexico. The number of nonnative inhabitants increased during this period because of the influx of explorers, trappers, and ranchers associated with the land grants. The rising California population contributed to the introduction and rise of diseases foreign to the Native American population, who had no associated immunities.

American Period (1848–Present) War in 1846 between Mexico and the United States began at the Battle of Chino, a clash between resident and Americans in the San Bernardino area. This battle was a defeat for the Americans and bolstered the Californios’ resolve against American rule, emboldening them to continue the offensive in later battles at Dominguez Field and in San Gabriel (Beattie 1942). However, this early skirmish was not a sign of things to come and the Americans were ultimately the victors of this two-year war. The Mexican– American War officially ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which resulted in the annexation of California and much of the present-day southwest, ushering California into its American period.

California officially became a state with the Compromise of 1850, which also designated Utah and New Mexico (with present-day Arizona) as U.S. territories. Horticulture and livestock, based primarily on cattle as the currency and staple of the rancho system, continued to dominate the southern California economy through 1850s. The Gold Rush began in 1848; with the influx of people seeking gold, cattle were no longer desired mainly for their hides, but also as a source of meat and other goods. During the 1850s cattle boom, rancho vaqueros drove large herds from southern to northern California to feed that region’s burgeoning mining and commercial boom. Cattle were at first driven along major trails or roads such as the Gila Trail or Southern Overland Trail, then were transported by trains when available. The cattle boom ended for southern California as neighbor states and territories drove herds to northern California at reduced prices. Operation of the huge ranchos became increasingly difficult, and droughts severely reduced their productivity (Cleland 1941).

On April 4, 1850, only two years after the Mexican–American War and five months prior to California’s achieving statehood, Los Angeles was officially incorporated as an American city. Settlement of the Los Angeles region continued steadily throughout the Early American period. Los Angeles County was

SWCA Environmental Consultants 14 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California established on February 18, 1850, one of 27 counties established in the months prior to California’s acquiring official statehood in the United States. At that time, the city was bordered on the north by the Los Felis and the San Rafael Land Grants and on the south by the San Antonio Luge Land Grant. Many of the ranchos in the area now known as Los Angeles County remained intact after the United States took possession of California; however, a severe drought in the 1860s resulted in many of the ranchos being sold or otherwise acquired by Americans. Most of these ranchos were subdivided into agricultural parcels or towns (Dumke 1944).

Ranching retained its importance through the mid-nineteenth century, and by the late 1860s, Los Angeles was one of the top dairy production centers in the country (Rolle 2003). By 1876, the county had a population of 30,000 (Dumke 1944:7). Los Angeles maintained its role as a regional business center, and the development of citriculture in the late 1800s and early 1900s further strengthened this status (Caughey and Caughey 1977). These factors, combined with the expansion of port facilities and railroads throughout the region, contributed to the impact of the real estate boom of the 1880s on Los Angeles (Caughey and Caughey 1977; Dumke 1944). By the late 1800s, government leaders recognized the need for water to sustain the growing population in the Los Angeles area. Irish immigrant William Mulholland personified the City’s efforts for a stable water supply (Dumke 1944; Nadeau 1997). By 1913, the City of Los Angeles had purchased large tracts of land in the Owens Valley, and Mulholland planned and completed the construction of the 240-mile aqueduct that brought the valley’s water to the city (Nadeau 1997).

Los Angeles continued to grow in the twentieth century, in part due to the discovery of oil in the area and its strategic location as a wartime port. The county’s mild climate and successful economy continued to draw new residents in the late 1900s, with much of the county transformed from ranches and farms into residential subdivisions surrounding commercial and industrial centers. Hollywood’s development into the entertainment capital of the world and southern California’s booming aerospace industry were key factors in the county’s growth in the twentieth century.

Los Angeles: From Pueblo to City On September 4, 1781, 44 settlers from Sonora, Mexico, accompanied by the governor, soldiers, mission priests, and several Native Americans, arrived at a site along the Rio de Porciúncula (later renamed the Los Angeles River), which was officially declared El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Porciúncula, or the Town of Our Lady of the Angels of Porciúncula (Robinson 1979:238; Ríos-Bustamante 1992; Weber 1980). The site chosen for the new pueblo was elevated on a broad terrace 0.8 km (0.5 mile) west of the river (Gumprecht 2001). By 1786, the area’s abundant resources allowed the pueblo to attain self- sufficiency, and funding by the Spanish government ceased.

Efforts to develop ecclesiastical property in the pueblo began as early as 1784 with the construction of a small chapel northwest of the plaza. Though little is known about this building, it was located at the pueblo’s original central square near the corner of present-day and North (Newcomb 1980:67–68; Owen 1960:7). Following continued flooding, however, the pueblo was relocated to its current location on higher ground, and the new town plaza soon emerged.

Alta California became a state in 1821, and the town slowly grew as the removal of economic restrictions attracted settlers to Los Angeles. The population continued to expand throughout the Mexican period and on April 4, 1850, only 2 years after the Mexican–American War and 5 months prior to California earning statehood, the City of Los Angeles was formally incorporated. Los Angeles maintained its role as a regional business center in the early American period and the transition of many former rancho lands to agriculture, as well as the development of citriculture in the late 1800s, further strengthened this status (Caughey and Caughey 1977). These factors, combined with the expansion of port facilities and railroads throughout the

SWCA Environmental Consultants 15 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California region, contributed to the real estate boom of the 1880s in Los Angeles (Caughey and Caughey 1977; Dumke 1944).

Newcomers poured into the city, nearly doubling the population between 1870 and 1880, resulting in an increased demand for public transportation options. At the end of the nineteenth century numerous privately owned passenger rail lines were in place. Though early lines were horse and mule drawn, they were soon replaced by cable cars in the early 1880s and by electric cars in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Many of these early lines were subsequently consolidated into Henry E. Huntington’s Los Angeles Railway Company (LARy) in 1898, which reconstructed and expanded the system into the twentieth century and became the main streetcar system for central Los Angeles, identified by their iconic “yellow cars.” During this period, Huntington also developed the much larger Pacific Electric system (also known as the “red cars”) to serve the greater Los Angeles area. Just as the horse-and-buggy street cars were replaced by electric cars along the same routes, gas-powered buses (coaches) eventually served former yellow car routes. Both the red cars and LARy served Los Angeles until they were eventually discontinued in the early 1960s.

Los Angeles continued to grow outward from the city core in the twentieth century in part due to the discovery of oil and its strategic location as a wartime port. The military presence led to the growth in the aviation and eventually aerospace industries in the city and region. Hollywood became the entertainment capital of the world through the presence of the film and television industries and continues to tenuously maintain that position. With nearly 4 million residents, Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States (by population), and it remains a city with worldwide influence that continues to struggle with its population’s growth and needs.

THE LOS ANGELES ZANJA SYSTEM From Los Angeles’ beginnings as a small pueblo, water was understood as a crucial force to control and use if the city was to survive. Since the 1770s, a canal known as the Zanja Madre had been diverting water from the Los Angeles River to the camp that would become the Pueblo of Los Angeles. The pueblo’s residents used this water for ranching, agriculture, drinking, bathing, and washing clothes (Newmark 1977). Though gravity was sufficient to force the water down the zanja onto the pueblo lands, the flow of water was not smooth and continuous as the ditch was frequently impeded by debris and damaged during heavy rainfall. Though at this time the maintenance of the zanja was the responsibility of all residents of the pueblo, the ayuntamiento (town council) realized early on that one person had to be in charge of ensuring the functionality of the zanja and to regularly inspect it. To this aim the ayuntamiento appointed a rotating position known as the zanjero, whose job was to properly inspect, maintain, and coordinate repairs of the zanja. Every week a new City official would be in charge of the zanjas and every head of household was required to contribute some share, be it monetary, or labor, to the maintenance of the zanjas, though many simply supplied Native American labor in order to fulfill their contribution (Gumprecht 2001:60; Hoffman and Stern 2007:3).

Californians were still using the using the publicly owned zanjas after California’s entrance into the union, and by this time the roles and duties of the zanjero had ballooned and he was in charge of issuing permits, overseeing deputy zanjeros, and collecting fees. Because the position had become so important, Mayor Stephen Foster established a permanent zanjero position, eliminating the rotating schedule that was used during the Spanish and Mexican periods, and providing stability to the office. The position quickly became one of the most important appointed positions in Los Angeles (Gumprecht 2001:60). At the time property owners were still “required to contribute a certain amount of time…” to devote to maintaining the zanja, underlying the importance of the zanja system to the young city (Gumprecht 2001:60). Though the duties and importance of the zanjeros changed over time, one thing that remained constant from the Spanish into the American period was the importance of Native American labor in the pueblo’s functioning; not only

SWCA Environmental Consultants 16 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California did Native American laborers make up the majority of the farm labor, fixing the zanja often fell upon their shoulders (Hoffman and Stern 2007:3–4).

As the budding city grew, new zanjas needed to be built to irrigate increasingly more farmlands. In 1857 the first offshoot was completed—Zanja No. 1, which ran between Alameda Street and the Los Angeles River. By 1870 there were a total of eight zanjas covering approximately 80 km (50 miles) that connected to the Zanja Madre (Figure 10). At this early time the zanjas were little more than earthen ditches; none were covered or lined, allowing residents to easily steal water.

Though the zanjas were a crucial water supply in early Los Angeles, they also served as waste disposal and a sewer system for early residents (Sklar 2008:19). Dead animals were frequently found in the zanjas. and in some cases even deceased people. Not surprisingly, dysentery during this period was common. Despite the public knowledge that the zanja water was unsanitary people continued bathing, washing, and dumping in the zanjas. Over time the City attempted to stop the constant bathing and washing in the main zanja; however, even after a law was passed explicitly prohibiting “bathing, washing clothes, dumping refuse, and the slaughter of cattle in the zanjas,” all practices remained commonplace (Gumprecht 2001:62). Zanja No. 8 was singled out as being exceptionally foul, and one City official even recommended that all drainages to other zanjas from Zanja No. 8 be cut off so as to preserve the others. As residents became fed up with the contamination of the zanjas, Angelenos realized that sewers were necessary.

The first sewer was privately constructed for the Bella Union Hotel, which used a square wooden pipe crossing Los Angeles Street to a connection with the zanja. At this time in the early 1860s, however, City engineers were focused more on mapping, constructing sidewalks, and installing lights than on developing a sewer network. After the Civil War, more settlers arrived in Los Angeles and within a few years the need for a sewer system became apparent. Despite the public awareness of sewage problems, sewer construction continued at a haphazard pace and without massive public investment until 1885, at which point the completion of the railroad to the city had cause exorbitant growth in overall population and density, and the sewage problem had become dire (Sklar 2008).

The zanjas all began their lives as crudely constructed earthen ditches; however, over time it became necessary to modernize and update the zanjas. This first happened in 1877 when the City created its first comprehensive plan to improve and extend the zanjas using a bond measure of $75,000. Sometime during this period many of the original zanjas were upgraded to cement or wrought iron pipe. Useful in determining the status of each zanja during this period is William Hall’s 1888 study on irrigation in California. In this work, Hall describes each zanja segment, providing information on construction type and length. Hall used the terms “low service” and “high service” to reference locations where the zanja diverted water from the Los Angeles River, and separated the city’s irrigation works into eastern and western districts based on the location with respect to the river. By 1888, nearly 50 percent of the zanjas in Los Angeles were made of some type of conduit, be it wooden flumes, cement- or masonry-lined canals, cement and iron pipe, or brick culverts. In one section of Hall’s report he estimates the cost of the zanja system to-date and his explanation for the difficulty of such a task provides important information on the materials and integrity of the various segments.

The difficulty of arriving at the original cost of works, constructed by ‘piecemeal,’ in a period of twelve years, under no definite plan, and supervised by successive city officials (and this refers only to the works regarded as permanent and not to the long-built earthen ditches) changes almost every year, without any system of keeping accounts of construction segregated from ordinary maintenance expense, can scarcely be appreciated until one attempts the task. Much of the work has been done several times over; ditches have been flumed, and after a time the flumes replaced with pipe; pipe-lines have been, locally but radially, altered and enlarged; iron pipe substituted for cement pipe, and vice

SWCA Environmental Consultants 17 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

versa; and no small part of the work has been abandoned and fallen into disuse (Hall 188: 547–548). Many projects to improve the system, such as constructing a tunnel to replace part of the Zanja Madre, were started but never completed (Hall 1888: 565). Though the zanjas were improved greatly between 1870 and 1888, when Hall conducted his study, the water system in Los Angeles was crude and not in-keeping with the rapid development occurring. The last twenty years of the nineteenth century brought many changes to Los Angeles; the real estate boom of the 1880s created a fivefold population increase in the city by 1890. This population increase had the added result of decreasing the city’s irrigation needs, as many of the original vineyards and orchards had already been abandoned, while also increasing the city’s domestic water needs (Hoffman and Stern 2007:19). Two years after Hall’s 1888 survey the zanjas began to be abandoned, starting first with Zanja No. 5. Slowly property owners began requesting zanjas be abandoned, as the unused structures now served as impediments to development, and fertile land that once held rows of orchards and vines was now far more valuable for homes (Gumprecht 2001:89). By 1904 all the zanjas had been abandoned; most were filled in, although some continued to be used as sewers (Hoffman and Stern 2007:19).

Los Angeles continued to grow outward from the city core in the twentieth century in part due to the discovery of oil and its strategic location as a wartime port. The military presence led to the aviation and eventually aerospace industries having a large presence in the city and region. Hollywood became the entertainment capital of the world through the presence of the film and television industries. With nearly four million residents, Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States (by population), and it remains a city with worldwide influence that continues to struggle with its population’s growth and needs.

Zanja No. 1 This Zanja segment was documented by Hall in 1888 as part of the low service system of the western district. At this time of Hall’s inventory, Zanja No. 1 was constructed in three different ways across a length of 3573.7 m (11,725 feet) that extended from the end of Zanja 6-1, south to the city boundary (Figure 10). Of this length, 2933.7 m (9,625 feet) was described as open ditch, 396.24 m (1,300 feet) of 40.6 cm (16- in.) cement pipe, and 243.84 m (800 feet) of wooden flume (Hall 1888:545). Beginning at First Street, Zanja No. 1 flowed down Hewitt Street in a box flume and across Second and Third Streets before it turned east where it split with Zanja No. 2 at Fourth Street. Here at least some of its cement pipe construction was present as it was exposed by Mr. Ghiotto, Central District Supervisor of the Water Distribution Division, in 1948 (Layne 1957). Upon reaching Molino Street it turned south and ran parallel to the street, across Palmetto Street and down Mateo and Lemon Streets to the city limits, where it divided into additional channels that extended to the orchards and vineyards further south (Gumprecht 2001:77). At 7th Street it was split into two distinct channels that passed on either side of Lorenzo Leck’s vineyard. The western channel was recorded in a parcel map as being constructed of both concrete pipe and as a wooden box flume, indicating that it was the primary distribution as the eastern channel had no indications of modification (discussed in detail below in Results: Archival Research).

Historical Development of the Arts District Neighborhood Maps and illustrations depicting pre-1880s Los Angeles capture an important, pre-industrial phase of the city’s history, before small farms gave way to residential, commercial, and industrial developments. These documents depict the Project site within what was, for most of the nineteenth century, one of several abutting agricultural properties—mostly vineyards, but also fruit and nut trees—located immediately south of the city’s historic core and west of the Los Angeles River (Figure 11–Figure 13). Farms in this area varied in size and shape—ranging up to approximately 50 acres with boundaries defined within a non-linear street grid—and were irrigated by water from Zanja Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Figure 10). The 1880s population

SWCA Environmental Consultants 18 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California boom resulted quickly in the subdivision of these small farms into lots, which were sold for primarily residential and commercial properties.

Through the late 1890s and first decade of the twentieth century, the area showed signs of residential development within what is now known as the Arts District neighborhood. By 1906, the Project site was mostly developed—only two lots of the block remained undeveloped. The Wood and Iron Preserving Company and the Los Angeles Cooperage Company are among some of the industrial facilities nearby. However, larger scale industrial and commercial developments quickly came to define the area. The rapid industrialization of the neighborhood was heavily influence by its proximity to several railways and freight depots. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe (AT&SF) Railway, built in 1887, ran just east of the Project site along the Los Angeles River, while Southern Pacific Railway tracks ran along Alameda Street to the west. By 1906 a rail line extended west from the main AT&SF railroad through Sacramento Street, and another along the southern edge of Violet Street, splitting into eight different spurs by the time it reached Wilson Avenue. The City Council’s decision to create an industrial district between Main Street and the river, and subsequent zoning changes in the 1910s quickened the conversion of the area into a fully industrial sector, with few remaining residences and an increasing number of manufacturers establishing warehouses and other facilities (Bray and Strauss 2015). Smaller gauge railroad spurs were constructed along many of the smaller streets to connect each block to the primary rail lines. By the 1930s very few dwellings or residential buildings remained in the neighborhood otherwise characterized by commercial properties such as restaurants, drug stores, and general stores situated between industrial facilities (Figure 14 and Figure 15). As is the case with several of the former dwellings once located in the Project site, many of the houses were relocated from the Arts District area to other locations in the city.

With the growth in automobile sales and the demise of Los Angeles’s public transportation system, many of the freight railroads and light-rail passenger trains gave way to the trucking industry, bus lines, and personal automobiles. The 2016 SurveyLA report on the Central City North Community Plan Area by the Historic Resource Group (HRG) describes the post-1950s development of the Arts District neighborhood as follows (footnotes in the original are converted here to in-text citations):

By the 1960s, however, the character of the area was evolving away from that of an industrial center. Industry on the whole struggled to adapt to the postwar challenges of containerization and other new technologies (Los Angeles Conservancy 2016). Railroads had given way to the trucking industry, and businesses in the area were constrained by the physical demands such methods placed on their operations. Furthermore, outlying fledgling industrial centers such as Vernon and the City of Commerce were comparatively undeveloped and offered plentiful land at lower prices, presenting many companies with an opportunity to relocate and construct newer and more efficient facilities (Miller 2014:28). As a result, by the 1970s many buildings in the industrial district were vacant.

However, the area found new life as artists and other creative types began to congregate amidst the vacant buildings and empty lots. Priced out of established artists’ colonies in neighborhoods such as Venice and Hollywood, Los Angeles’ industrial district provided many with an opportunity to live and work inexpensively in vast warehouse buildings (Los Angeles Conservancy 2016). Soon, the area was home to a number of avant-garde art galleries, giving rise to the group of early artists now called the “Young Turks” (Miller 2014). Many of the area’s most prominent industrial buildings found new life as gallery space and underground hangouts for a burgeoning art and music scene. In 1981, the City of Los Angeles implemented the Artist-in-Residence Program, which legalized the residential use of formerly industrial buildings for artists, legitimizing their efforts (Los Angeles Conservancy 2016). In the mid-1990s, the area was officially designated as the Arts District by the City. A subsequent wave of development began in 1999 with the

SWCA Environmental Consultants 19 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

passage of the Adaptive Reuse Ordinance which relaxed zoning codes and allowed for the conversion of pre-1974 commercial and industrial buildings into residences for artists and non-artists alike (Los Angeles Conservancy 2016). (HRG 2016:14–15) RESULTS CHRIS Records Search Previously Conducted Studies Results of the records search at the SCCIC indicate that 37 cultural resource studies have been conducted within 0.8 km (0.5 mile) of the Project site. Only one of these studies, LA-13239—a map study of the zanja system—directly intersects the Project site. The results of this search are summarized below in Table 1.

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Studies within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

SCCIC Title Study Type Author: Affiliation Year Relationship Report to Project Number Site

Results of a Records Search Wlodarski, Robert J.: Phase Conducted for the Historical, LA- Literature Proposed Alameda Corridor Environmental, 1992 Outside 02577 search Project, Los Angeles County, Archaeological, California Research, Team The Results of a Phase 1 Wlodarski, Robert J.: Archaeological Study for the Historical, LA- Archaeological, Proposed Alameda Environmental, 1992 Outside 02644 Field study Transportation Corridor Project, Archaeological, Los Angeles County, California Research, Team Archaeological Literature and Records Review, and Impact LA- Literature Brown, Joan C.: RMW Analysis for the Eastside 1992 Outside 02788 search Paleo Associates, Inc. Corridor Alternatives Los Angeles, California Consolidated Report: Cultural LA- Archaeological, Anonymous: Peak & Resource Studies for the 1992 Outside 02950 Field study Associates, Inc. Proposed Pacific Pipeline Project Cultural Resources Impact LA- Greenwood, Roberta Mitigation Program Angeles Monitoring 1993 Outside 03103 S. Metro Red Line Segment 1 Addendum Report: Results of a Phase 1 Archaeological Study of Wlodarski, Robert J.: the Proposed Construction of the Historical, LA- Archaeological, Whittier Boulevard Shaft Site Environmental, 1995 Outside 03115 Field study East Central Interceptor Sewer Archaeological, Project, East-west Alignment, Research, Team Los Angeles County An Archival Study of a Segment LA- Literature Anonymous: Peak & of the Proposed Pacific Pipeline, 1992 Outside 03813 search Associates, Inc. City of Los Angeles, California Environmental Impact Report: LA- Seismic Retrofit of Olympic Management/ Unknown: City of Los 1995 Outside 04044 Boulevard and North Broadway planning Angeles Bridges Over the Angeles River

SWCA Environmental Consultants 20 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Studies within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

SCCIC Title Study Type Author: Affiliation Year Relationship Report to Project Number Site Sixth Street Viaduct Over Los LA- Angeles River Earthquake Architectural/ Ohara, Cindy L.: City 1989 Outside 04074 Damages - W.O. E6000000 historical of Los Angeles Determination of Effect Report Seismic Retrofit of Olympic LA- Architectural/ Boulevard Bridge Over the Los Lee, Portia n.d. Outside 04220 historical Angeles River Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed Alameda LA- Corridor from the Ports of Long Starzak, Richard: Myra Other research 1994 Outside 04625 Beach and Los Angeles to L. Frank & Associates Downtown Los Angeles in Los Angeles County, California Cultural Resources Inventory Report for Williams Communications, Inc. Proposed Ashkar, Shahira: LA- Archaeological, Fiber Optic Cable System Jones & Stokes 1999 Outside 04834 Field study Installation Project, Los Angeles Associates, Inc. to Anaheim, Los Angeles and Orange Counties Cultural Resources Inventory Report for Williams Communications, Inc. Proposed Ashkar, Shahira: LA- Archaeological, Fiber Optic Cable System Jones & Stokes 1999 Outside 04835 Field study Installation Project, Los Angeles Associates, Inc. to Riverside, Los Angeles and Riverside Counties Negative Archaeological Survey LA- Archaeological, Storey, Noelle: Report - Highway Project 2000 Outside 04883 Field study Caltrans Description Cultural Resource Assessment LA- for Pacific Wireless Facility Archaeological, Duke, Curt: LSA 2000 Outside 05430 Sm 003-02, County of Los Field study Associates, Inc. Angeles, Ca Cultural Resource Assessment LA- for Pacific Bell Wireless Facility Archaeological, Duke, Curt: LSA 2000 Outside 06348 Sm 003-02, County of Los Field study Associates, Inc. Angeles, California Cultural Resources Monitoring: Greenwood, Roberta LA- Northeast Interceptor Sewer Monitoring S.: Greenwood and 2003 Outside 06837 Project Associates City of Los Angeles Monumental Architectural/ McMorris, Christopher: LA- Bridges 1900-1950: Historic historical, JRP Historical 2004 Outside 07425 Context and Evaluation Evaluation Consulting Guidelines Caltrans Historic Bridge Architectural/ McMorris, Christopher: LA- Inventory Update: Metal Truss, historical, JRP Historical 2004 Outside 07427 Movable, and Steel Arch Bridges Evaluation Consulting

SWCA Environmental Consultants 21 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Studies within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

SCCIC Title Study Type Author: Affiliation Year Relationship Report to Project Number Site Request for Determination of Eligibility for Inclusion in the Architectural/ National Register of Historic Snyder, John W., LA- historical, Places/Historic Bridges in Stephen Mikesell, and 1986 Outside 08252 Evaluation, California: Concrete Arch, Pierzinski: Caltrans Other research Suspension, Steel Girder and Steel Arch Cultural Resources Records Search Results and Site Visit for Sprint Nextel Bonner, Wayne H. and LA- Telecommunications Facility Archaeological, Sarah A. Williams: 2006 Outside 08733 Candidate Ca8283e (van Wyck) Field study Michael Brandman 601 South Santa Fe Avenue, Los Associates Angeles, Los Angeles County, California Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for Bonner, Wayne H.: LA- Sprint Nextel Candidate Archaeological, Michael Brandman 2007 Outside 09110 LA73XC116B (Hardwood), South Field study Associates Santa Fe Avenue, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California Archaeological Resources Assessment and Evaluation of Strauss, Monica, LA- "Maintenance of Way" Building Candace Ehringer, and 2007 Outside 09271 for the Asphalt Plant No. 1 Street Angel Tomes: EDAW, Services Truck Route Project Inc City of Los Angeles, California Finding of Effect - 6th Street LA- Architectural/ Chasteen, Carrie: Viaduct Seismic Improvement 2008 Outside 10451 historical Parsons Project Historical Resources Evaluation LA- Smith, Francesca: Report - 6th Street Viaduct 2007 Outside 10452 Parsons Seismic Improvement Project Greenwood, Roberta Cultural Resources Monitoring: S., Scott Savastio, and LA- North Outfall Sewer - East Monitoring Peter Messick: 2004 Outside 10506 Central Interceptor Sewer Project Greenwood and Associates Preliminary Historical/ Archaeological Resources Study, Southern California Regional Rail LA- Authority (SCRRA) River Archaeological, Tang, Bai "Tom": CRM 2010 Outside 10638 Subdivision Positive Train Field study Tech Control Project, City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California Cultural Resources Technical Carmack, Shannon Report for the Olympic and LA- Archaeological, and Cheryle Hunt: Mateo Street Improvements 2010 Outside 10789 Field study SWCA Environmental Project, City of Los Angeles, Los Consultants Angeles County, California

SWCA Environmental Consultants 22 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resource Studies within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

SCCIC Title Study Type Author: Affiliation Year Relationship Report to Project Number Site Starzak, Richard, Alma Historic Property Survey Report Carlisle, Gail Miller, for the North Outfall Sewer-East LA- Catherine Barner, and Central Interceptor Sewer, City of Other research 2001 Outside 10887 Jessica Feldman: Myra Los Angeles, County of Los L. Frank& Associates, Angeles, California Inc. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Funded Security Enhancement Project (PRJ29112359) - LA- Improved Access Controls, Archaeological, Speed, Lawrence: 2009 Outside 11048 Station Hardening, CCTV Field study URS Surveillance System, and Airborne Particle Detection at Los Angeles Station and Maintenance Yard, LA, CA Archaeological Monitoring Report Slawson, Dana N.: LA- - Asphalt Plant No. 1 Project, Monitoring Greenwood and 2011 Outside 11166 2484 East Olympic Boulevard, Associates Los Angeles, California Construction Phase Cultural Resources Monitoring and Management/ Horne, Melinda C.: LA- Treatment Plan for the City of planning, Myra L. Frank & 2000 Outside 11409 Los Angeles North Outfall - East Monitoring Associates Central Interceptor Sewer Project Grimes, Teresa, Architectural/ Jessica MacKenzie, LA- Los Angeles Wholesale Terminal historical, and Jessica Fatone: 2007 Outside 11618 Market Historic Resource Report Evaluation, Christopher A. Joseph Other research & Associates Westside Subway Extension Project, Historic Properties and Archaeological, LA- Daly, Pam and Nancy Archaeological Resources Field study, 2012 Outside 11642 Sikes: Cogstone Supplemental Survey Technical Other research Reports Rogers, Leslie: U.S. Final Environmental Impact Department of LA- Statement/Final Environmental Management/ Transportation 2012 Outside 11785 Impact Report for the Westside planning Fedreral Transit Subway Extension Admin. & LA County Metro Transit Authority Archaeological Survey Report for Archaeological, the 6th Street Viaduct Architectural/ Glenn, Brian and LA- Improvement Project City of Los Historical, Patrick Maxon: 2008 Outside 12586 Angeles Los Angeles County, Evaluation, BonTerra Consulting California Field study LA- Extent of Zanja Madre Map Only Gust, Sherri: Cogstone 2017 Within 13239

SWCA Environmental Consultants 23 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Previously Recorded Cultural Resources The CHRIS records search identified a total of five previously documented archaeological resources within a 0.8-km (0.5-mile) radius of the Project site (Table 2), none of which were recorded within the Project site (Figure 314). Four of the resources are Historic-period archaeological sites, of which three contained only small quantities of historic materials (P-19-03777, P-19-004192, P-19-004193). The fourth site, P-19- 003683, was identified during construction monitoring in 2003 for the North Outfall Sewer–East Central Interceptor near the intersection of Mission Road and Jesse Street, north of 7th Street, on the east side of the Los Angeles River. The site included more than 100 artifacts deposited between the 1880s and 1930s. In addition to the resources identified in the 0.5-mile radius, SWCA also acquired records for Site P-19- 003287 (LAN-4460H). This is a Historic-period archaeological site that consisted of early twentieth- century refuse deposits and structural foundations. The site was buried below existing developments and identified in 2004 during construction monitoring for the La Kretz Innovation Campus Project, located within the Arts District neighborhood approximately 0.75 mile north of the Project site. The site is included here because of its relevance to the current analysis and is described in greater detail below.

Table 2. Previously Recorded Resources Within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

Primary Time Resource Resource Recording Year, Relationship Trinomial Number Period Type Description Name, Affiliation to Project Site

P-19- Domestic refuse, ca. -- Historic Site 2003 (Alice Hale) Outside 003683 1880s–1930s 2008 (Candace Isolated pieces of Ehringer, Frank industrial debris, P-19- CA-LAN- Humphries, EDAW, Historic Site wooden posts, mid- Outside 003777 003777H Inc.); 2011 (Dana nineteenth to mid- Slawson, Greenwood twentieth century and Associates) Historic brick and P-19- CA-LAN- glass fragment, early 2010 (L. Solis, N. Orsi, Historic Site Outside 004192 004192H to middle twentieth URS Corporation) century Concrete foundation P-19- CA-LAN- 2010 (L. Solis, N. Orsi, Historic Site near the 6th Street Outside 004193 004193H URS Corporation) Viaduct, ca. 1930s. 2002 (Daniel Ballester and Bail "Tom" Tang, CRM Tech); 2007 Burlington Northern (Steven McCormick); P-19- Structure, & Santa Fe Railroad, -- Historic 2007 (Francesca G. Outside 186804 Site Atchison Topeka & Smith and Caprice D. Santa Fe RR Harper, Parsons); 2011 (Pam Daly, Cogstone)

4 Figures depicting the site boundary are included in a confidential appendix (Appendix B) and have been excluded from publicly circulated drafts of this report. Also, note that the figure numbers listed in this section do not follow the sequence in the preceding and subsequent sections.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 24 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

The closest sites that with physical remains that could be reliably associated with Native Americans are located approximately 1.5 miles north of the Project site, near Union Station and the MWD Headquarters building. These include four sites: P-19-00007, P-19-001575/H, P-19-004662, and P-19-100515. Of these sites, only P-19-001575/H included a large and diverse assemblage of artifacts and features, which included human remains, in a location that largely retained its physical integrity. Archaeological data recovery was conducted for the site and the results were published by Goldberg et al. (1999). Although P-19-001575/H is in the purported location of the Gabrielino village known as Yaanga, Goldberg et al. did not identify conclusive evidence to support the association. Rather, scholarly research suggests Yaanga was likely located across a wide zone between the Los Angeles plaza and present-day Union Station, approximately 2.1 km (1.3 miles) north-northwest of the Project site. The materials identified at P-19-00007, P-19-004662, and P-19-100515 include only isolated artifacts recovered from settings subject to extensive disturbances, both from historical developments and flooding along the Los Angeles River, which posed significant constraints on the ability of the resources to provide important scientific information and contribute to our understanding of Native American lifeways.

CA-LAN-4460H LAN-4460H was a site with archaeological resources from the Historic period that was identified in 2014 by Environmental Science Associates during construction monitoring within the boundaries of a city block bound by Fifth Street to the north, Colyton Street to the west, Palmetto Street to the south, and South Hewitt Street to the east (Figure 31). The site included 27 features—25 refuse deposits and two structural remains—observed between 10 and 43 inches below the ground surface (Figure 32). The refuse deposits consisted of varied historic archaeological materials consistent with residential refuse, such as bottles and ceramic or earthenware dishes. Diagnostic artifacts from these refuse piles place the material as having been deposited within the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century. These were scattered throughout the site but, based on inspection of Sanborn Fire Insurance maps, were found to be primarily located in the backyards of the residential buildings present between 1884 and 1955 (Figure 32). Among the features documented, Environmental Science Associates identified two AT&SF railroad spurs that serviced the Palmetto Street neighborhoods. Environmental Science Associates also documented a rectangular brick foundation, the size and location of which indicated that it was a structural feature related either to the building at 548 Colyton Street—the home of the Sunset Telegraph and Telephone Company in 1906 and the National Creamery and Produce Company in 1921—or a portion of the later Barker Brothers Warehouse Complex. The site was recorded during construction of the La Kretz Innovation Campus Project and the results were documented in a technical report submitted to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (Bray and Vader 2014). That project area and surrounding neighborhood were developed at the same time as the current Project site and went through similar cycles of redevelopment through the 1920s during the conversion of the property into more industrial uses (Figure 33). Archival Research The Project site is located within the original limits of the City of Los Angeles patent boundary and on the southern periphery the city’s historic core, centered around the pueblo site and plaza (Figure 11 and Figure 16). The first survey maps of the city were made first by Lieutenant E. O. C. Ord in 1849 and then updated and expanded by Henry Hancock and George Hanson in 1853 and 1857. According to these maps, the Project site is situated on what was the southern periphery of agricultural lands established in the Los Angeles River floodplain, outside the historic core (Figure 11). Although there is some margin of error when plotting these early survey maps on a contemporary street map, the Project site appears to have been located partially within or near a former agricultural plot identified on Ord’s map as a corn field, outside of which was undeveloped land within the floodplain. As discussed above, the agricultural fields were irrigated through a series of ditches known as zanjas, which were formally managed as part of a water

SWCA Environmental Consultants 25 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California conveyance system established by the Spanish. Under American control, the main arteries of the zanja system were formally designated and given names, but the system still included many smaller ditches and water control features that reflect the primarily agricultural land use practices outside the residential and commercial parts of the city. The crops in the lands surrounding the Project site were irrigated from water taken from the south-flowing Zanja No. 1 (Figure 10).

With the transition from agricultural to urban setting, streets and property lines in this part of the city were partly established according to the boundaries of the former agricultural plots. For example, the northern edge of the agricultural field mapped near the Project site became 7th Street, and its western edge became a smaller arterial street known Lemon Street (now Wilson Street). In comparing city maps from the 1880s that include property lines and zanja alignments, there is some variation in the location of parcels boundaries and the alignment of Zanja No. 1 relative to the Project site (Figure 17–Figure 19). However, the more reliable maps by Stevenson (1884) and Rowan and Koeberle (1886) make it apparent that the agricultural field in which the Project site is plotted on earlier maps was subdivided into two properties: a northern half owned by J. Kiefer, and a southern half, which includes the Project site, owned by Lorezo Leck, a German merchant who came to Los Angeles in 1849. According to these maps, the north of the Kiefer parcel was bound by 7th Street. Lemon Street formed the western boundary of the Kiefer parcel and part of the Leck property. The north-south running Mateo Street would eventually bisect the two properties. Along with the map included in William Hall’s 1888 irrigation report, maps from this period clearly show Zanja No. 1 running on a north-south alignment through the middle portions of the Kiefer and Leck properties. Because of the scale at which the maps were produced, the exact position of Zanja No. 1 relative to the Project site cannot be reliably determined from these maps alone, similarly for later maps of the zanja system that used these original sources for reference (for example, Gumprecht 2001).

One map was identified that was drawn to scale using street alignments that reliably fit the contemporary grid and parcel boundaries. Alfred S. Solano conducted a survey in 1891 that included the parcels east of Alameda Street to the Los Angeles River, and south of 7th Street to 20th Street (Figure 20 and Figure 21). At this time, several of the street alignments and parcel boundaries established in this area have been retained to the present day, and because the map was drawn to scale, it could be reliably matched with contemporary street maps and aerial photographs. Solano’s survey map included a more detailed route of Zanja No. 1 that also included several smaller, unnamed irrigation channels and ditches. According to the 1891 map, Zanja No. 1 splits at 7th Street and has one segment continuing south, initially in concrete conduit and then wooden flume, 265 feet west of the Project site (Figure 22). The other segment turns east and runs as an open ditch for 620 feet along 7th Street, then flows south along the property line, approximately 200 feet east of the Project site. The notes in the map identify the segment to the east of the Project site as having a “gas pipe on bank of zanja,” which splits again and is labeled “gas pipe bottom of old ditch” (Figure 22). The other large-scale overview maps of the city that include the zanja system components did not typically include this type of small-scale variation in the zanja paths or include smaller unnamed or older segments.

The 1880s population boom in Los Angeles quickly manifested in the sale and subdivision of agricultural properties like Leck and Kiefer’s. The Project site was developed as part of the Hiscock and Smiths First Addition Tract. Sale of parcels within the Hiscock and Smiths First Addition Tract had commenced by 1900, at which point residential developments had already begun in the adjacent areas. An updated version of Rowan and Koeberle’s map in 1886 shows the various lots delineated within the tract, south of a preserved segment of Zanja No. 1, north of 7th Street (Figure 23). The development of this tract established Sacramento and Bay Streets, which have remained in the same alignment to the present day (Figure 24 and Figure 25).

Review of Sanborn Fire Insurance maps, newspaper articles, building permits, and the City Directory document the development of the Project site as part of a residential block, before conversion to its use as

SWCA Environmental Consultants 26 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California a service station or truck yard. Table 3 summarizes the residential history for the respective lots within the Project site (ca.1891–1938), including former addresses and occupants, and estimates of construction and demolition dates. The first Sanborn Fire Insurance maps showing the Project site were published in 1900 and show five single-story dwellings located in Lots 78–82 and two detached structures at the back of Lots 80 and 79 (Figure 26). The construction dates for the dwellings are not known but based on review of the City Directories, it appears they were constructed as early as 1891.

The Sanborn map from 1910 shows all but one of the lots in the Project site was developed with single- story dwellings, as were most of the lots in the block. Street car maps show the Project site being served by a line as early as 1910 that ran along Mateo Street as part of the Los Angeles Railway Company’s Santa Fe Avenue Line before becoming the “J” Line in 1920 (Figure 25). All 14 of the residential buildings present in the 1910 Sanborn map were also still present in the 1921 when the Baist Real Estate map was published (Figure 27), but by 1927 the entire south half of the Project site was vacant and the northern half was almost entirely re-developed with commercial and industrial buildings (Figure 28). Several building permits approved in 1925 indicate that at least six of the dwellings were relocated. By 1930, Lot 78 (2016 Bay Street) contained the only dwelling in the Project site and was either relocated or demolished by 1938. Aerial photographs from 1927 to 1938 show that all but Lots 80, 82, and 84 remained largely vacant and unpaved (Figure 28); Lots 80, 82, and 84 were developed with what appear to have been six industrial buildings, plus a small restaurant located at 1010–1012 Mateo Street that Sanborn maps indicate was present at least until the mid-1950s.

In the early 1950s the Project site was developed as a storage, repair, and re-fueling yard for the Transfer Company. A certificate of completion was issued from the City in 1941 for a service station located at 2007 Sacramento Street, within Lots 81 and 83. The storage shed structure currently in the southeast corner of the Project site (Lot 73) can be seen in aerial photographs beginning in 1948. It was likely constructed around the same time the Project site was being redeveloped in the early 1940s, and was likely re-purposed for various uses throughout the history of the Project site.

After 1950 storage buildings in Lots 80 and 82 and an auto shop in Lots 77 and 79 were demolished. By 1956 only the office building located in the northwest corner of the Project site (Lot 87, 1000 Mateo Street) and possibly the restaurant were the only remaining structures constructed before 1950. Between 1953 and 1958 a small office building was also present in the middle of the Project site (behind the restaurant). In the 1950s railway spurs had been constructed along Sacramento Street, south of the Project site, connecting to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company tracks along Alameda Street. In the early 1960s the service station was still in operation and an auto laundry facility was present in the southeastern portion of the Project site within Lots 73 and 75.

With the exception of the structure in the southeast corner of the Project site, all former buildings and structures in the Project site were demolished and the building that currently occupies the Project site was constructed. The property history after 1961 is further summarized in the Project’s Phase I ESA prepared by Environmental Managers & Auditors, Inc. (Mahmood 2015). The report identified extant and former buildings and structures associated with the historical uses, which included a wash rack with a clarifier, grease pit, above-ground storage tank, and at least two underground storage tanks (USTs). A 1975 grading permit for the storage tank backfill was approved but did not specify whether the tanks would be or already had been removed.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 27 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Table 3. Residential Developments within Project Lots

Lot Current Street Associated Building Type Selected Permits Earliest City Directory Residential Residential Construction Address Addresses Listing Construction Demolition- Notes Relocation

76 2018 E Bay St 2018 E Bay St Single-story -- 1905 (B. James, ca.1900 1927–1930 -- dwelling carpenter, Killefer- Griffith Manufacturing Co.) 78 2016 E Bay St 2016 E Bay St Single-story -- 1896 (William W. pre-1900 1930–1938 -- dwelling Riner, warehouse, S.I. Merrill Oil Co.) 80 2010 E Bay St 2010 E Bay St Single-story 1926 - New 1891 (Joseph J. pre-1900 1921–1927 -- dwelling Construction Northmore, driver, (garage) Wells Fargo & Co.) 82 2006 E Bay St 2006 E Bay St Single-story 1923 - Relocation 1901 (Ambrose Searl, pre-1900 1923 Wood dwelling teacher) foundation 2006 ½ E Bay St Detached 1910 - New -- 1910 1923 12 x 24 feet; building construction sleeping room 84 1000 S Mateo 1000 S Mateo St Non-residential ------St 1000 ¼ S Mateo St Non-residential ------

1010 S Mateo St Non-residential ------

1012 S Mateo St Non-residential ------

73 2023 E 2023 E Single-story 1914 - Plumbing; -- ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St Sacramento St dwelling 1925 - Relocation 2023 ½ E Detached -- -- ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St building/structure 75 2019 E 2019 E Single-story 1914 - Plumbing; 1904 (Albert Edmiston, ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St Sacramento St dwelling 1925 - Relocation teamster) 2019 ½ E Detached -- -- ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St building/structure

SWCA Environmental Consultants 28 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Lot Current Street Associated Building Type Selected Permits Earliest City Directory Residential Residential Construction Address Addresses Listing Construction Demolition- Notes Relocation

77 2015 E 2015 E Single-story 1914 - Plumbing; 1904 (Luther Torrey; ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St Sacramento St dwelling 1925 - Relocation Albert Torrey, Deputy Sheriff) 2015 ½ E Detached -- -- ca.1900 1925 -- Sacramento St building/structure 79 2011 E 2011 E Non-residential ------Sacramento St Sacramento St 2009 E Single-story 1914 - Plumbing; 1900 (Richard Collins, pre-1900 1925 -- Sacramento St dwelling 1925 - Relocation driver) 81 2007 E 2007 E Non-residential ------Sacramento St Sacramento St 2005 E Single-story 1914 - Plumbing; 1900 (Chase Roe, pre-1900 1925 12-inch Sacramento St dwelling 1925 - Relocation clerk, M.A. Newmark & footings; Co.) concrete foundation, 12 inches below surface 2001 E Auto Service 1941 - Certificate ------Sacramento St Station of Completion 83 1026 S Mateo 1026 S Mateo St Non-residential ------St 1024 S Mateo St Single-story 1905 - New 1907 (William B. & 1905 1921–1927 Wood dwelling construction Bernard O'Connor, car foundation, cleaner) 22 x 22 ft. 1020 S Mateo St Single-story 1905 - New 1909 (Charles H. 1905 1921–1927 Wood dwelling construction Gesselman, cooper) foundation, 22 x 22 ft. 1018 S Mateo St Single-story 1905 - New 1907 (Amos V. 1905 1921–1927 Wood dwelling construction Boatright, engineer) foundation, 22 x 22 ft. 1014 S Mateo St Single-story 1905 - New 1907 (Samuel H. 1905 1921–1927 Wood dwelling construction Smith, painter) foundation, 22 x 22 ft.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 29 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

The Phase I ESA concluded that additional work was required to assess the presence or absence of these subsurface structures, and a Phase II ESA and geophysical survey were conducted (Feldman 2015; Johannes 2015). As a result of this work, the presence of several subsurface anomalies was identified and seemed to coincide with a previous service pump station, storage buildings, hydraulic hoists, and a grease pit (Figure 29 and Figure 30). None of the anomalies were found to be consistent with the presence of any USTs, which seem to confirm that the USTs had been removed and backfilled when the 1975 permit was issued (Johannes 2015:3–4). The geophysical survey concluded that anomalies were reliably detected to a depth of 8 feet below grade, except where constraints prevented any investigation (Feldman 2015:5). Geotechnical work conducted for the Project (currently underway) estimates up to 2 feet of artificial fill within the Project site, which provides a good approximation of the area in which Historic-period archaeological deposits are likely to be encountered. Interpretations of the geophysical survey data and findings in the Phase II ESA with respect to archaeological sensitivity are discussed below (see Sensitivity Assessment: Historic-Period Archaeological Resources). NATIVE AMERICAN COORDINATION Sacred Lands File Search On April XX, 2019, SWCA received the results of a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search from the NAHC. The NAHC letter indicated negative results. The NAHC letter is included in Appendix B. SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT The physical environment of the Project site has undergone massive alterations in the last 170 or more years—from its existence as a corn field on the Los Angeles River flood plain in the mid-nineteenth century, to one of many residential neighborhoods developed during the population boom of the 1880s, to cycles of redevelopment and conversion into commercial and industrial uses during the nineteenth century. As a result, most of the sediments below the paved surfaces within the Project site have been subject to at least some amount of ground disturbance, which, in most cases, diminishes the likelihood that any archaeological resources once present are still preserved. More recent construction of underground structures associated with the operation of a service station have likely compromised the archaeological preservation potential within portions of the Project site. The following section considers the historical land uses and physical setting to assess the likelihood that different types of archaeological resources could exist below the surface within the Project site. Prehistoric and Historic-Period Native American Archaeological Resources No archaeological resources with Native Americans components were identified in a CHRIS records search within the project site and a 0.5-mile radius. The SLF records search did not identify any sacred lands or sites in the project site. The closest known sites with Native American-affiliated materials on file at the CHRIS are mapped in approximately 1.5 miles north of the Project site, between the Los Angeles Plaza, Union Station, and MWD Headquarters building. The Gabrielino village known as Yaanga and several other important Historic-period Gabrielino sites (e.g., Pueblito. Rancheria de los Poblanos, and two unnamed rancherias) were located in the same approximate area, more than 1 mile from the Project site.

The Project site is located in the floodplain of the Los Angeles River, which is currently located approximately 0.4 km (0.25 miles) to the east of the Project site. Shifts in the main channel of the Los Angeles River have occurred numerous times in recorded history, including two significant shifts in 1815 and 1825, the most recent which realigned the channel to its current location. The significance of the Los Angeles River to the Gabrielino is well-documented in ethnographic works and oral history. Waterways

SWCA Environmental Consultants 30 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California likely also influenced the location of footpaths and travel corridors used by foragers, increasing the likelihood that temporary camps may have been located within these travel corridors. The general proximity of the Project site to areas of known habitation, the river, and broad travel corridors has the effect of an overall increase in the sensitivity for unknown archaeological resources, at least higher than low background levels, particularly for the physical remains of temporary open camps. Such camps are typically identified by the presence of hearth features, ground stone and other types of artifact assemblages.

Additional criteria are required to distinguish levels of sensitivity for archaeological resource potential. Specifically, the scale of the Project site, land use history, depositional (soil) setting, and existing subsurface disturbances must also be considered and given weight in determining the sensitivity. Beginning at least by 1849, the Project site or at least portions were likely plowed and planted as a corn field. Subsequent development as a residential block between the 1890s and 1910s, and multiple episodes of redevelopment through the twentieth century would have displaced any former archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans that were once present on the surface or near surface. This significantly reduces the sensitivity for prehistoric or Historic-period Native American archaeological resources within the Project site but does not preclude the potential for archaeological deposits to be preserved as more deeply buried sites.

Prehistoric or Historic-period Native American archaeological sites can be preserved as deeply buried deposits that underlay Historic-period disturbances, particularly in Quaternary alluvium—soils deposited through flood events between 11,700 and 1000 years ago. It has been demonstrated elsewhere in the downtown portion of Los Angeles that deeply buried Native American archaeological sites can exist within alluvium below Historic-period disturbances and may also be intermixed with Historic-period debris. Alluvial deposits within the Los Angeles Basin can be massive, extending hundreds of feet below the surface, and may contain sediments deposited before human occupation of North America. Furthermore, most accumulations of alluvial sediments in the Los Angeles Basin were formed by a combination of high- and low-energy depositional events. High-energy events are less likely to have preserved any material remains left on the surface by Native Americans, while low-energy floods tend to produce more favorable environments for the preservation of cultural materials. Thus, low-energy Quaternary alluvial sediments have the greatest potential for preserving tribal cultural resources. There is no absolute measure of depth below the surface in which sediments with these properties occur and site-specific conditions must be considered. Also, such soil conditions are an indicator of a setting favorable for preservation, but the presence of soils with these properties is not an absolute indicator of archaeological resources presence.

Preliminary geotechnical work at the Project site reports up to 2 feet of artificial fill present within the Project site. Prior soil testing included four samples taken at 5-foot intervals to a depth of 30 feet below grade. The sediment profiles described multiple alluvial layers of fine-grained sand and silty sand, some with gravel inclusions, extending down to 10 to 30 feet. Below this the soil consisted of poorly graded sand. Three of the bores identified a stratum of decomposing granite mixed with sand between 15 and 25 feet below the surface. This is typical of deposits within the Los Angeles River floodplain and reflects a mixture of high- and low-energy deposition. Although subtle variations may exist within the alluvial substratum that were not distinguished here, which could have relevance for tribal cultural resource preservation potential, SWCA interprets the disturbances from flood events represented in the soil profiles as having a net reduction in the sensitivity for archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans. To the extent that the proposed ground disturbance extends into undisturbed alluvial soils buried beneath previously disturbed sediments, there may be some potential for preservation, but it is considered very unlikely for any resource to be present.

Based on the above considerations, SWCA finds a low potential for encountering prehistoric or Historic-period Native American archaeological resources within the Project site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 31 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Historic-Period Archaeological Resources Zanja No. 1 One segment of the Los Angeles zanja system—Zanja No. 1—was historically located approximately 250 feet (76.2 m), between Mateo and Wilson Streets. A second, unnamed branch of the zanja was also mapped 300 feet (91.4 m) east of the Project site. While several overview maps depicting the zanja system trace the route of Zanja No. 1 either within or very near the Project site, an 1891 survey map was able to more precisely and reliably confirm its relative location. The survey map depicts the main channel of Zanja No. 1 as being constructed of a concrete conduit in the parcels northwest of the Project site and then transitioning into a wooden flume, within the former Leck property, directly east of the Project site. The unnamed segment to the east appears to have been constructed as an open earthen ditch, and is described as an “old ditch,” possibly an earlier route of the zanja. Because the 1891 survey map was drawn to scale and depicted streets are close to their current alignments, the map can be considered a reliable source for assessing the sensitivity for any physical remains of the zanja system within the Project site, and supports the conclusion that the project site has a low sensitivity for Zanja No. 1 and any other zanja system components.

Household and Industrial Refuse and Building Foundations A CHRIS records search and archival research identified five archaeological resources, four of which are Historic-period sites, within a 0.8-km (0.5-mile) radius of the Project site. One additional archaeological site, LAN-4460H, was also identified in the CHRIS search, although it was located outside the 0.5-mile radius. LAN-4460H is a Historic-period archaeological site identified during construction monitoring. The site contained a substantial deposit of domestic items and structural remains associated with residential development between the 1880s and 1920s. Archival research documents the land use history of the Project site in its conversion from agriculture in the mid-nineteenth century, to mixed residential and industrial properties in the 1880s, to primarily industrial uses after the 1910s. Because the historical developments of LAN-4460H so closely resemble those within the current Project site, including the existing conditions at the time of construction, the likelihood of encountering similar Historic-period archaeological resources is considered very high.

Prior to the development of the site as a residential block, the Project site was partially within a former corn field identified on maps published between 1849 and 1857. Plowing and other ground disturbances from any other agricultural uses would have disturbed any native surface sediments and displaced any archaeological material that might have been located within the Project site. Though no specific figures are available for middle nineteenth century agricultural practices in Los Angeles, plow zones observed in archaeological contexts typically do not extend more than a few feet (less than 1 m) below the surface.

Historic-period archaeological resources could be preserved below the current ground surface, especially within any sediments identified as artificial fill. Specifically, there is potential to encounter structural remains, features, and artifacts associated with the residential neighborhood from the 1890s to the mid- 1920s. Refuse was commonly deposited in trash pits and privies prior to the establishment of sewer lines and trash services. Because these types of historical features were originally excavated into pits, which can extend several feet below the surface, they are frequently found preserved below subsequent modifications. The various industrial uses of the Project site from the mid-1920s through the 1950s are also likely to occur as archaeological deposits such as pieces of refuse, hardware, tools, buildings materials, machine parts, as well as former building foundations or other structural remains. The preservation potential is reduced in at least some portions of the Project site as a result of the construction and removal of some subterranean structures in the Project site after 1970. This includes hydraulic hoists, USTs, island pumps, a grease pit, wash-down drain, and clarifier that were identified in Phase I and II ESAs, and a Site Characterization Report.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 32 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

A geophysical survey conducted as part of the Phase II ESA identified several subsurface anomalies, which are also frequently used to detect buried archaeological features. An anomaly in the southwestern portion of the Project site was interpreted as the location of the island pumps and one of the USTs, which suggested that the UST was likely removed and backfilled as a 1975 permit suggested. Any archaeological features once located in the footprint of this anomaly was likely destroyed and the sensitivity is considered to be low for that location. The presence of reinforced concrete in large areas on the eastern side of the Project site constrained the ability to identify subsurface anomalies in that location. Plotting the geophysical survey results onto the 1906 Sanborn map shows no obvious correlations that would suggest the presence of intact foundations, but the variability in the results across the survey area suggests there is likely to be portions of the Project site that have been subject to less disturbance than others, and have an increased likelihood of preserving intact archaeological features.

For these reasons, SWCA finds the Project site has a high sensitivity for containing Historic-period (non- Native American) archaeological resources. IMPACTS TO HISTORIC-PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Household and Industrial Refuse and Building Foundations The potential for unidentified Historic-period archaeological resources within the Project site is found to be high. Specifically, there is potential to encounter structural remains, features, and artifacts associated with the Historic-period domestic and industrial use of the Project site beginning in the 1890s. These resources have not been confirmed archaeologically and may occur across the entire horizontal extent of the Project site, with the highest potential in soils described as fill, estimated to extend at least 2 feet below the surface. If a Historic-period refuse deposit or building foundation is present in the Project site, it would be evaluated for significance under the CRHR and as a unique archaeological resource as required by the mitigation measures defined below.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE Significance for most archaeological sites of this type is typically found under Criterion 4, but significance can also be found eligible under Criteria 1 and 2 where the archaeological materials can be correlated with a historically significant event or person. The nature of Historic-period refuse scatters and building foundations are such that they are not commonly found eligible for the CRHR under Criterion 3, i.e., refuse scatters and buildings foundations do not typically convey any distinctive characteristics in type, period, region, or method, and they are not the focus of masterful design or artistry. As such, a more detailed discussion of the considerations under Criterion 3 is omitted from the subsequent section. Determining the integrity and the extent (horizontal and vertical) of the archaeological remains is an important component of CRHR eligibility evaluation. Information on the horizontal distribution and vertical depth of the cultural material provides baseline data about the site (e.g., size, presence or absence of subsurface components, discrete activity areas) that contribute to a determination of the site’s integrity. For an archeological site to be considered CRHR eligible, it must be considered significant under the CRHR criteria for evaluation and possess the quality of integrity (location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association). The integrity of an archeological site, particularly the elements of location, setting, and association, can be seriously impacted by disturbance due to natural or cultural transformations.

CRHR Criteria 1 and 2. An archaeological site can be found significant where a direct association can be demonstrated with a historically significant event (Criterion 1) or person (Criterion 2). No known historically significant events or persons were identified that have direct associations with the location of the Project site. Additional archival research would be required in order to assess whether any archaeological materials identified in the Project site (if present) are significant under Criteria 1 and 2. The same integrity considerations described under Criterion 4 would equally apply when determining CRHR

SWCA Environmental Consultants 33 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California eligibility under Criteria 1 and 2. For any refuse deposits or building foundations identified in the Project site, the CRHR eligibility under Criteria 1 and 2 is considered to be unlikely compared to Criterion 4, but cannot be categorically ruled out.

CRHR Criterion 4. Properties that are significant under Criterion 4 have yielded, or have the potential to yield, information important to the history of the local area, California or the nation. The Project site has a history of residential and industrial development from the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Although much is known about the history of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Los Angeles, questions remain about details of daily life for the diverse people who came to make Los Angeles their home in this period. Archaeological deposits that date to this key period of growth for the city have the potential to contribute to the understanding of individuals and communities and industrial development in the early twentieth century. When historical archaeological investigations integrate both archival and archaeological data sets, they are even better positioned to meet this potential. Archaeological materials from refuse deposits could provide household- and community-level data, although certain types of data have the potential to answer some research questions better than others. For instance, economic status and consumer choices can be ascertained through an analysis of household artifacts, and the spatial organization of a neighborhood can be understood through analysis of structural remains. Refuse from household activities is one of the main sources of archaeological information in historically settled areas. Refuse can be discarded during everyday activities or can be intentionally deposited in disposal areas. Concentrated disposal areas such as privies, trash pits, and wells constitute one of the best sources of information on residents and their behavioral patterns. Refuse from commercial activities may also be identified. A variety of historical businesses operated within or adjacent to the Project site in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including a cooperage, wood and iron manufacture, offices, restaurant, warehouse storage, freight and shipping, automotive manufacturing, repair, and service stations, and wire rope production. Much like household activities, industrial activities resulted in discard of refuse as part of daily activities or in intentional deposition of refuse in disposal areas.

Assessing the integrity of archaeological materials is important for establishing the eligibility of sites under Criterion 4. The integrity of any refuse deposits or building foundations depends on whether or not surfaces or features are preserved, and also includes the potential for identifying and analyzing horizontal and vertical spatial patterning in past behavior. If post-depositional natural or cultural processes have disturbed the context of the artifacts, potential information can be lost or its value highly compromised. As a result, a site with poor integrity often has a diminished capacity to yield information important in history (Criterion 4). Exploring both the horizontal and vertical aspects of the site allows for an evaluation of the information potential of the site and determination of the level of disturbance, if any.

Unique archaeological resource. For a Historic-period refuse scatter or building foundation to be considered a unique archaeological resource it must contain information needed to answer important scientific research questions of public interest, possess a unique quality such as being the oldest or best example of a resource type, or be directly associated with a scientifically recognized important historic event or person. A historic archaeological site that does not meet the significance threshold for any CRHR eligibility criteria is unlikely to be considered a unique archaeological resource.

If present, Historic-period refuse scatters or building foundations have the potential to be significant under CEQA and would require mitigation to avoid potentially significant impacts. Implementation of MM Arch- 1 through Arch-4 will ensure that previously unrecorded archaeological resources are properly identified by a qualified archaeologist so that they can be evaluated for the CRHR under the applicable criteria. Specifically, MM Arch-4 requires an archaeological monitor to be present during excavation or grading in the area of sensitivity so that any Historic-period archaeological sites are identified, and impacts are avoided. MM Arch-2 requires preparation of an Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (ARMMP) that addresses the means by which CRHR eligibility will be assessed in the event of a discovery.

SWCA Environmental Consultants 34 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

This includes but is not limited to the considerations under Criterion 1, 2, and 4 discussed above. The ARMMP will also outline a procedure for treatment of any Historic-period archaeological sites determined to be historical resources under CEQA such that potentially adverse impacts are reduced to less than significant levels. RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES Construction at the Project site would adhere to applicable regulatory compliance measures intended to avoid creating or to reduce significant impacts to archeological resources in the event of a discovery during grading, excavation, or other ground disturbing activities. As noted above, certain soils at the Project site have high sensitivity based on reviewed archival materials and databases. Given the likelihood of encountering previously unrecorded resources, mitigation measures are required to ensure that potential impacts to archeological resources that may be present in the Project site are less than significant. The mitigation measures recommended here have been developed in accordance with, and incorporate the performance standards of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for professional archaeology, Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, Title 14 California Code of Regulations, Sections 15064.5 and 15126.4 of the CEQA Guidelines, and PRC Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1, Office of Historic Preservation’s Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format, and the guidelines of the City of Los Angeles General Plan Conservation Element. Feasibility of Preservation in Place According to CEQA Guidelines 15126.4(b)(3), preservation in place (i.e., avoidance) is the preferred manner of treatment of a significant archaeological site. If avoidance is not feasible, treatment may include archaeological data recovery (i.e., excavation, laboratory processing, and analysis) to obtain important information and thereby reduce potential impacts under Criterion 4 to less than significant. Architectural documentation of engineered properties may reduce potential impacts under Criterion 3 to less than significant. Treatment options for impacts to properties eligible under Criteria 1 and 2 are described below.

Preservation in place may include any of the following: planning construction to avoid archaeological sites; incorporating archaeological sites into a park, greenspace, or open space; covering the archaeological site with a layer of chemically stable soil; and deeding the site into a permanent conservation easement. There are no known, previously recorded archaeological sites identified in the Project site; therefore, planning for avoidance is not applicable to this Project. Archaeological sensitivity was assessed as high for the entire horizontal extent of the Project site and extending to an estimated depth of 2 feet. The Project design currently includes approximately 25 feet of excavation below grade to meet the geotechnical requirements for the building foundations and accommodate two levels of subterranean parking, which precludes the potential for incorporating any archaeological sites that may be discovered during construction into a park, greenspace, or open space, protecting the archaeological site under a soil stratum, or deeding the property into a conservation easement. Thus, if a previously unrecorded archaeological resource is identified within the Project site and found to be significant, it is very unlikely that preservation in place will be a feasible form of mitigation under any of the examples listed in CEQA Guidelines. As a result, mitigation measures including, but not limited to, architectural documentation in conformance with HAER standards and archaeological data recovery is proposed in the event that a previously unrecorded archaeological site is identified during construction and found to meet CRHR eligibility.

The recommended mitigation measures presented here provide a framework for mitigating impacts to a variety of resource types. Under MM Arch-2, an ARMMP must be prepared that further describes treatment of the specific archaeological resources that may be identified during the archaeological monitoring (implemented under MM Arch-4) and outlines protocols to follow in the event that a resource is found to meet CRHR eligibility criteria. The recommended mitigation measures are as follows:

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▪ MM Arch-1: Retain a Qualified Archaeologist. Prior to the issuance of a demolition permit, the project proponent shall retain a qualified archaeologist, defined as an archaeologist who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s (SOI) Standards for professional archaeology, during the excavation phase to carry out and ensure proper implementation of the mitigation measures related to archaeological resources. The qualified archaeologist shall submit a letter of retention to the project proponent no fewer than 15 days before demolition or excavation activities commence. The letter shall include a resume for the qualified archaeologist that demonstrates fulfillment of the SOI standards. ▪ MM Arch-2: Prepare an Archaeological Resources Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (ARMMP). Prior to the commencement of demolition and excavation, an ARMMP shall be prepared. The ARMMP shall include, but not be limited to, a construction worker training program (described in MM Arch-3), monitoring protocol for demolition and excavation activities, discovery and processing protocol for inadvertent discoveries of archaeological resources, and identification of a curation facility should artifacts be collected. The ARMMP shall identify areas that require monitoring, provide a framework for assessing the geoarchaeological setting to determine whether sediments capable of preserving archaeological remains are present, and include a protocol for identifying the conditions under which additional or reduced levels of monitoring (e.g., spot- checking) may be appropriate. The duration and timing of the monitoring shall be determined based on the rate of excavation, geoarchaeological assessment, and, if present, the quantity, type, and spatial distribution of archaeological resources identified. The ARMMP shall minimally include a historical context statement, research design, and methodology by which any newly identified archaeological sites will be evaluated for CRHR eligibility and as unique archaeological resources. The ARMMP will specify the specific types of archaeological sites likely to be encountered, the means by which significance will be assessed. If any archaeological resources are identified and are found not to be significant or do not retain integrity, then they will be recorded to a level sufficient to document the contents and condition. The ARMMP shall include a proactive identification and documentation protocol that would facilitate preservation or mitigation of impacts to any archaeological sites identified in a cost- effective manner. The ARMMP will include potential treatment plans to be implemented in the event a newly discovered archaeological resource is determined by the qualified archaeologist to constitute a “historical resource” pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(a) or a “unique archaeological resource” pursuant to PRC 21083.2(g). The ARMMP will require that if the treatment plans outlined therein are found to be infeasible or other alternatives are proposed, the qualified archaeologist shall coordinate with the project proponent and City Planning to amend the ARMMP with a formal treatment plan that would reduce impacts to the resource(s). The treatment plans stated in the ARMMP or prepared after the discovery of a historical resource, shall be in accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(f) for historical resources and Public Resources Code Sections 21083.2(b) for unique archaeological resources. Preservation in place (i.e., avoidance) is the preferred manner of treatment and if it is determined avoidance is not feasible, treatment may include but not be limited to any of the following depending on the type of resource and the significance evaluation:

o Prehistoric archaeological sites. Data recovery shall be conducted (i.e., excavation, laboratory processing and analysis) to remove the resource(s) and reduce potential impacts to less than significant where significance is determined under CRHR Criterion 4 and integrity is retained.

o Historic-period archaeological sites. If a Historic-period site, including but not limited to a refuse scatter or building foundation(s), is present and found to retain integrity, data recovery shall be conducted (i.e., excavation, laboratory processing and

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analysis) to remove the resource(s) and reduce potential impacts to less than significant. In addition to data recovery, specific treatments shall be developed and implemented based on potential CRHR or eligibility criteria or as a unique archaeological resource as follows:

▪ Treatment Under Criteria 1 and 2, or as a unique archaeological resource: Treatment shall include interpretation for the public. Interpretive materials may include, but not be limited to, signage at the Project site, relocating preserved materials in a publicly accessible display, or visual representations of recovered materials. The interpretive materials shall be prepared, at the expense of the project applicant, by professionals meeting the Secretary of the Interior standards in history or historical archeology. The details of the interpretive materials, including the form, content, and timing of their preparation, shall be completed to the satisfaction and subject to the approval of the Department of City Planning. The results of the historical and archaeological studies conducted for the Project shall be made available to the public through repositories such as the local main library branch or identified non-profit historic groups interested in the subject matter.

▪ Treatment Under Criterion 3: Architectural documentation of exposed features shall be conducted by producing narrative records, measured drawings, and photographs in conformance with HAER standards prior to any alteration or demolition activity.

▪ Treatment Under Criterion 4: No additional work; data recovery is sufficient.

The ARMMP shall summarize the requirements for tribal coordination in the event of an inadvertent discovery of Native American archaeological resources, including the applicable regulatory compliance measures or conditions of approval for the inadvertent discovery of tribal cultural resources to be carried out in concert. The ARMMP shall be prepared in compliance with Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, Title 14 California Code of Regulations, Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines, and PRC Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1.

▪ MM Arch-3: Worker Environmental Awareness Program (WEAP) Training. Before the commencement of initial demolition or excavation at the Project site, the retained qualified archaeologist or their designee shall provide a WEAP training to on-site project personnel responsible for supervising demolition and excavation (i.e., foreman or supervisor) and machine operators. The WEAP training shall brief construction crews regarding the regulatory compliance requirements and applicable mitigation measures that must be adhered to during demolition and excavation activities for the protection of archaeological resources. As an element of the WEAP training, the qualified archaeologist or their designee shall advise the construction crews on proper procedures to follow if an unanticipated archaeological resource is discovered during construction. The qualified archaeologist or their designee shall also provide the construction workers with contact information for the qualified archaeologist and their designee(s) and protocols to follow if inadvertent discoveries are made. In addition, workers shall be shown examples of the types of archaeological resources that would require notification of the archaeologist, if encountered. Once the ground disturbances have commenced, the need for additional or supplemental WEAP training shall be determined through consultation with the qualified archaeologist, project proponent or their designated project supervisor. Within five days of completing a WEAP training, a list of those in attendance shall be provided by the qualified archaeologist to the project proponent.

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▪ MM Arch-4: Monitoring for Archaeological Resources. Before the commencement of demolition or excavation activities, an archaeological monitor shall be present during ground disturbing activities as stipulated in the ARMMP. The qualified archaeologist may designate an archaeologist to conduct the monitoring under their direction. The monitor shall have the authority to temporarily halt or redirect construction activities in soils that are likely to contain potentially significant archaeological resources, as determined by the qualified archaeologist. The monitor shall complete a daily log documenting construction activities and observations. The field observations shall include assessment of the geoarchaeological setting and whether sediments are identified that are no longer capable or unlikely to contain archaeological material (i.e., sterile), which may be encountered prior to reaching the total depth of excavation expected for the project. If initial archaeological monitoring identifies low archaeological sensitivity (i.e., sterile soil strata) below a certain depth or within a certain portion of the Project site, a corresponding reduction of monitoring coverage would be appropriate. In the event that potentially significant archaeological resources are exposed during construction, work in the immediate vicinity of the find (within 8 meters [25 feet]) shall stop until a qualified archaeologist can evaluate the significance of the find. Construction activities may continue in other areas in coordination with the qualified archaeologist. If the discovery is determined by the qualified archaeologist to constitute a “historical resource” pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(a) or a “unique archaeological resource” pursuant to PRC 21083.2(g), and the treatments proposed in the ARMMP are found to be infeasible or other alternatives are proposed, the qualified archaeologist shall coordinate with the project proponent and the Department of City Planning to amend the ARMMP with a formal treatment plan that would reduce impacts to the resource(s). The treatment plan established for the resource(s) shall be in accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(f) for historical resources and Public Resources Code Sections 21083.2(b) for unique archaeological resources. Preservation in place (i.e., avoidance) is the preferred manner of treatment and if it is determined avoidance is not feasible, treatment may include architectural documentation and archaeological data recovery (i.e., excavation, laboratory processing and analysis) to remove the resource(s) and reduce potential impacts to less than significant.

Within 30 days of concluding the archaeological monitoring, the qualified archaeologist shall prepare a memo stating that the archaeological monitoring requirement of the mitigation measure has been fulfilled and summarize the results of any archaeological finds. The memo shall be submitted to the project proponent and the Department of City Planning. Following submittal of the memo, the qualified archaeologist shall prepare a technical report documenting the methods and results of all work completed under the ARMMP, including, if any, treatment of archaeological materials, results of artifact processing, analysis, and research, and evaluation of the resource(s) for the California Register of Historical Resources. Once laboratory analysis is complete, any recovered archaeological materials shall be curated at a public, non-profit research institution that will ensure their long-term preservation and allow access to interested scholars, and shall be done at the expense of the project applicant. Should no such institutions accept the materials, they shall be donated to an educational institution or historical society. The format and content of the report shall follow the California Office of Historic Preservation’s Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format. Any archaeological resources identified shall be documented on appropriate California Department of Parks and Recreation 523-Series Forms. The report shall be prepared under the supervision of a qualified archaeologist and submitted to the Department of City Planning within 12 months of completion of the monitoring. The final draft of the report shall be submitted to the South Central Coastal Information Center.

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CONCLUSION This evaluation included a review of historical archival sources and archaeological records. A CHRIS records search did not identify any known archaeological sites in the Project site. The SLF results returned by the NAHC were negative. Background research indicates that subsurface archaeological deposits are commonly encountered during construction projects in downtown Los Angeles and previously unrecorded Historic-period archaeological sites have a high likelihood of occurring within the Project site. Specifically, there is potential to encounter domestic and industrial refuse associated with residences from about 1891 to 1938, as well as construction material and building foundations associated with the residences, as well as those from several industrial and commercial buildings present after 1925. These resources have the highest probability to occur in the soil strata defined as fill, which are estimated to extend at least 2 feet below the surface. The total depth of excavation required for the Project is expected to be approximately 25 feet below the surface. Without mitigation, physical destruction of an archaeological resource eligible for listing in the CRHR would result in a significant impact under CEQA. To address potential impacts to previously undiscovered archaeological resources, the Project will include retaining a qualified archaeologist (MM Arch-1), producing and implementing a detailed ARMMP (MM Arch-2 and Arch-4), and conducting a worker training (MM Arch-3). Doing so will ensure any archaeological sites are identified and determined to be historical resources or unique archaeological resources, to which project-related impacts would be mitigated on the basis of their eligibility under each CRHR criterion and as a unique archaeological resource.

Therefore, after mitigation, potential impacts to archaeological resources would be reduced to less than significant under CEQA. The measures described above address potential impacts to archaeological resources. In the event of a discovery of archaeological resources affiliated with Native Americans that might be considered tribal cultural resources, the City’s standard condition of approval for the inadvertent discovery of tribal cultural resources will be followed.

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Appendix A.

Report Figures

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SWCA Environmental Consultants Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 1. Project site plotted on city map of Los Angeles.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-1 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 2. Project site with associated parcels on a 2013 aerial and street map.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-2 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 3. Former street addresses associated with each lot in the Project Site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-3 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 4. Project site and 0.5-mile records search radius plotted on USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-4 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 5. Surficial geology from Bedrossian and Roffers (2012) and former courses of the Los Angeles River from Gumprecht (2001).

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-5 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 6. Project site plotted on McCawley’s (1996:36) map of Gabrielieno placenames cited in ethongraphic sources.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-6 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 7. Project site plotted on a map of Native American and historical sites in the Los Angeles Basin published by the Southwest Museum (1962) and re-printed in Johnston (1962).

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-7 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 8. Project site plotted on the Kirkman-Harriman map (Kirkman 1938).

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-8 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 9. Historical reference points associated with Gabrielino settlement in the downtown Los Angeles area. The base map is a reconstruction of the late nineteenth century topography (gray contours) that includes former stream courses, irrigation channels (zanjas), and parcels composing the downtown “Lower District” (now downtown Los Angeles). Sources for the locations are indicated in the legend and footer.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-9 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 10. Project site plotted on a Gumprecht’s (2001) map of the Los Angeles Zanja system.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-10 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 11. Project site plotted on an appended draft of Hancock’s 1857 map, which was based on Ord’s original map of the City (Ord 1849). The parcel overlapped by the Project site was identified as a corn field in Ord’s original map. The colored property lines were added after 1857.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-11 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 12. Bird’s eye view of Los Angeles facing southwest illustrated by E.S. Glover in 1877. The Project site is located in the area southwest of 7th and Alameda Streets.

Figure 13. Illustration of Los Angeles by H.B. Elliott in 1891 facing southwest showing the vicinity of the Project site and an early alignment of Zanja No. 1. The zanja alignment corresponds to the same approximate route depicted by Ord, Hancock, and Hanson’s survey maps. The Project site is located in the open space between the Los Angeles River and Alameda Street, south of 7th Street.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-12 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 14. View of 7th Street at Mateo Street, facing west toward Alameda Street, 1933. (Source: USC Libraries Special Collections, Dick Whittington Studio, File DW-1933-05-27-153, Image 2)

Figure 15. View of 7th Street at Mateo Street, facing east towards the Los Angeles River, 1933. (Source: USC Libraries Special Collections, Dick Whittington Studio, File DW-1933-05-27-153, Image 3)

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-13 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 16. Project site plotted on the original plat for the City of Los Angeles, surveyed in 1858 by Henry Hancock and published in 1859. The city limits are outlined light red. The historic core— including the Los Angeles Plaza and pueblo site—are located in the center.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-14 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 17. The project site plotted on Stevenson’s 1884 real estate map. The project site is in a parcel owned by Lorenzo Leck, and Zanja No. 1 is located directly within the Project site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-15 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 18. The Project site plotted on Rowan and Koeberle’s 1886 map of Los Angeles. Note the alignment of Zanja No. 1 east of the Project site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-16 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 19. Project site plotted on a map from Hall’s (1888) irrigation report. The map depicts Zanja No. 1 west of Project site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-17 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 20. 1891 parcel map showing detailed location of Zanja No. 1 in relation to the Project Site. The green line on the left is labeled as “Old Willow Hedge.”

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-18 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 21. 1891 parcel map projected on a 2013 aerial photograph with current street alignments.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-19 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 22. 1891 parcel map with detailed views of the labels (insets) identifying the location and materials (concrete pipe and wood flume) of Zanja No. 1 and unnamed spurs, labeled “Old Ditch.”

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-20 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 23. Project site plotted on an 1887 city map. This map is an updated version of Rowan and Koeberle’s earlier 1886 map, showing the extensive development that occurred at the time. Zanja No. 1 can still be seen north of 7th Street but appears to longer exist within the Project site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-21 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 24. Project site plotted on USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles from 1894 to 2018. Note that Mateo Street was present but not included in the 1894 map.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-22 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 25. Project site plotted on Los Angeles street maps published between 1895 and 1935. Note railway spurs and street car tracks.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-23 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 26. Project site plotted on Sanborn Fire Insurance maps from 1900 to 1953.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-24 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 27. Project site plotted on a 1921 Baist Real Estate map.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-25 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 28. Project site plotted on aerial photographs from 1927, 1930, 1938, and 1956.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-26 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 29. Previous and extant Subsurface structures identified in the Phase II ESA (Johannes 2015) overlaid on 1906 Sanborn Insurance Map.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-27 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 30. Geophysical survey results (Feldman 2015) superimposed on the 1906 Sanborn Insurance Map.

SWCA Environmental Consultants A-28 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Appendix B.

Confidential Report Figures

[CONFIDENTIAL—NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION]

Archaeological and other heritage resources can be damaged or destroyed through uncontrolled public disclosure of information regarding their location. This appendix contains sensitive information regarding the nature and location of archaeological sites, which should not be disclosed to the general public or unauthorized persons and are exempt from public disclosure pursuant to the Public Records Act (California Code of Regulations Section 15120(d)).

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SWCA Environmental Consultants Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 31. Archaeological resources identified in the CHRIS records search.

SWCA Environmental Consultants B-1 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 32. Archaeological features (gray dots) from Site P-19-004460 plotted on a 1906 Sanborn map. The site was recorded during archaeological monitoring for the La Kretz Innovation Campus Project (Bray and Vader 2014:72). The features indicated here were recorded between 10 and 43 inches below the surface.

SWCA Environmental Consultants B-2 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Figure 33. Site P-19-004460 and the Project site plotted on a 1927 aerial photograph.

SWCA Environmental Consultants B-3 Archaeological Resources Assessment for the 1024 Mateo Street Project, Los Angeles, California

Appendix C.

Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) Search Results Letter

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