Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic

POLICY REPORT

Innovation Policy Lab Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy University of Toronto

OCTOBER 27, 2020

Gabriel Cavalli1, Brennan Lake2, Anita M. McGahan1, 3, Emanuele Pepe4

1 Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto 2 Cuebiq, Data for Good Program 3 Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy and School of Cities, University of Toronto 4 The ISI Foundation Acknowledgements

We are grateful to colleagues at the ISI Foundation in Italy as well as leaders at Cuebiq for advice, data donation, code-sharing, and technical collaboration. E.P. gratefully acknowledges the support of the Lagrange Project of the ISI Foundation funded by CRT Foundation. Thanks to Bakersfield Visual for production design of this report.

Ethics Statement

This research was reviewed and approved by the University of Toronto’s Research Ethics Board in the Social Sciences on April 2, 2020, as protocol 00039205 under application HPR-00020664.

The COVID pandemic has had dramatic implications for whose focal point is in a specific census division. Changes the mobility and proximity of all Canadians. Before, during, in the ROG for an area represent changes in the mobility of and after the March 13th announcement by the Canadian the smartphones in that place. federal government of fiscal stimulus programs to soften The overall pattern across virtually all jurisdictions is the economic impact of COVID, the people of Canada ad- an initial sharp reduction in mobility in March followed by justed their behavior to reflect an evolving understanding of recovery. By June, mobility in most places had recovered the significance and implications of the disease and its con- somewhat, and by mid-July, mobility had recovered substan- sequences. Yet March 13th marked a turning point, as the tially in many but not all locations. Considerable variability evidence presented in this report demonstrates. in mobility by census division continued into the beginning The purpose of this report is to describe changes in be- of the fourth quarter of 2020. havior for the Canadian public, policymakers, and leaders Not all types of mobility have increased, however. The focused on the immediate and lasting impact of COVID so- results reported below suggest that the rebound was strongly cial-distancing restrictions on Canadian life. The analysis is driven by local ground rather than air travel. The presence of the result of a six-month study led by researchers from the smartphones at airports shows enduring reductions that are University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management and significant and persistent. In contrast, we find evidence of Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy working significant increases in travel between closely located cen- in tandem with partners from the ISI Foundation and from sus divisions within Canada, such as Toronto and Peel; and the Data for Good Program at Cuebiq. Under its Data for Vancouver and Victoria. Good Program, Cuebiq donated smartphone activity data The pattern of proximity differs from that of mobility. for this project. The data, which is described more fully in We estimate proximity within a particular hour as the propor- the body of the report, is collected through an opt-in pro- tion of active smartphones within an area that are co-located tocol and is anonymized and privacy-enhanced so that no with others (i.e., within 50 meters) for at least five minutes individual’s movements are identifiable. The methodology during that hour. Daily and weekly proximity measures are for conducting the analysis was reviewed and approved by the daily and weekly averages of the encompassed hourly the Social Sciences Research Ethics Board at the University proximity measures. Across most Canadian locations, prox- of Toronto. imity dropped very significantly in March and has not re- The pages that follow describe estimates of the mobil- covered as of the beginning of the 4th quarter of 2020. Ca- ity and proximity of Canadians across the country and in nadians may be more mobile than early in the pandemic, but major cities. The first focus is on mobility, which weas- overall they continue to avoid interacting with others, with sess using a technical measure called the “Radius of Gyra- results varying somewhat by location. Shifts in relationships tion” (ROG). The ROG for an individual on a specific day between mobility and proximity are as notable as the overall (or week) is assessed as the average distance that person’s decline in proximity. smartphone travels from a focal point such as a residence, Much more research is needed to understand these with the average weighted by the amount of time spent away changes in Canadian society. What is clear even at this early from that focal point. However, as noted, we do not report stage is that the pandemic has had nuanced and significant on the movements of any individual. Instead, we report on impact on the ways in which Canadians interact. the median ROG calculated for all individual smartphones

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2 2. Introduction

The purpose of this Policy Report is to describe the mo- orously traced. Health Canada determined that the only in- bility and proximity of Canadians before and during the fection by the traveler was to his spouse. Both were treated COVID pandemic in 2020. The primary audiences for the and recovered without further transmission. Canadian bor- report are policymakers, scholars, and the general public, ders remained open with travelers screened for illness over each of which has an interest in understanding the chang- the subsequent month. Evacuation flights for Canadians in es in Canadian mobility and proximity that have occurred China were arranged during late January and February. The during the pandemic. federal government allocated substantial funds for COVID The foundational data for the report was donated for control and investments into research funding. Air and other the purposes of research by Cuebiq through its Data for forms of travel began to diminish as provincial and territorial Good Program. Cuebiq, which is headquartered in the Unit- health ministers discouraged all but essential travel. By early ed States and Italy, gathers information on the locations of March, cases in Canada were increasing, with some tied to anonymous smartphones through a secure, opt-in, private, the U.S., Europe, and India. The day after the World Health and transparent protocol. The primary purposes are (i) to Organization (WHO) identified COVID as a global pandem- support commercial enterprises in understanding consumer ic on March 11th, Sophie Gregoire Trudeau, the spouse of behavior and (ii) to support academic research and humani- Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, was diagnosed with COVID, tarian initiatives related to human mobility. and the pair entered self-quarantine. On March 13th, a forth- In April of 2020, researchers at the University of To- coming fiscal stimulus plan was announced, and on March ronto, Cuebiq, and the ISI Foundation began a collaboration 16th the government called on all Canadians abroad to re- to address several research questions regarding the mobili- turn home and announced the imminent implementation ty and proximity of Canadians during the pandemic. These of restrictions on travel into Canada. Further restrictions include: on mobility and warnings about proximity were issued by • How did Canadians react to the restrictions on mobility health ministers in each province and territory. Some restric- that were implemented in March, 2020, and subse- tions have since been relaxed, while others have continued. quently to contain spread of COVID? How did Canadi- As of October 20th, 2020, Canada has reported more than ans respond to the lifting of restrictions? Has mobility 200 thousand cases and suffered nearly ten thousand deaths. recovered to pre-pandemic levels? Worldwide, more than 40 million COVID infections and • How did the proximity of Canadians to one another more than a million deaths have occurred. change with restrictions on mobility? Has contact re- Canadian life is built on norms of deep and robust so- covered to pre-pandemic levels with the lifting of re- cial interaction, much of which has been curtailed in the in- strictions? terests of preventing disease transmission. The impact of the • What evidence do we have of changes in air travel? pandemic on the mobility and proximity of Canadians has been a matter of grave concern to policy makers, business The pandemic itself served as the backdrop for the research leaders, governmental authorities, and the general public in as it unfolded after the beginning of the COVID outbreak the country. This report is designed to demonstrate the ex- in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019. The earliest report- tent of changes in Canadian society and to demonstrate the ed case of COVID in Canada was recorded on January 25, necessity of further investigations into the causes and con- 2020, in Toronto. The patient, who had traveled by air from sequences of impact of the pandemic on the ways in which Beijing to Toronto, was isolated and his contacts were rig- Canadians interact and collaborate.

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 3. Technical Approach

The data donated for this study under Cuebiq’s Data for in detail in a technical paper published in April, 2020, at Good program identifies measures of human location under https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.2003 a strict protocol that prioritizes privacy and anonymiza- 9933v2 (Pepe et. al., 2020).1 The methodology we employed tion. Cuebiq is a marketing firm that gathers anonymized to study the mobility and proximity of Canadians is the same data on the locations of opted-in individuals under stringent as that employed on the Italian data, which makes the results privacy protocols. The company assures that no personal- we obtain on Canada comparable with those reported for It- ly identifiable information is in its datasets. Researchers aly at https://covid19mm.github.io/ must sign a privacy pledge and code of conduct. Cuebiq’s From the location data provided by Cuebiq, and by data is collected by “opt-in” from participants. The follow- applying the algorithms produced and adopted by Pepe et ing statement appears on Cuebiq’s privacy page at www. al. (2020), we derived metrics of mobility and proximity, cuebiq.com/about/privacy-commitment: “Cuebiq develops including (i) the ROG, (ii) the proximity measure, (iii) an a Software Development Kit that is integrated in over 100 assessment of travel between co-located domestic census smartphone applications related to location-based services. divisions, and (iv) an assessment of airport traffic. The mea- Users of those apps may opt-in to share their location anony- sures are all reported as aggregations across individual data mously (no personally identifiable data is collected) through by census division. a number of clear and transparent opt-in paths. Users may The technical choices that we made to conduct the anal- also opt-out at any time through a number of paths, request ysis are aligned with those made in Pepe et. al. (2020). We a copy of their data, and request that data be deleted. Cue- considered data that were collected every day for 40 con- biq is CCPA and GDPR compliant.” This research was also secutive weeks, from January 1, 2020, to October 6, 2020, reviewed and approved by the University of Toronto’s Re- inclusive. The pre-outbreak period was assessed as prior to search Ethics Board in the Social Sciences and Humanities March 13, 2020. Both iOS and Android devices were in- on April 2nd, 2020, as protocol 00039205 under application cluded, with adoption of the same conventions as in Pepe HPR-00020664. Data is fully de-identified and anonymized. et. al. (2020) for eliminating spurious observations of both In order to further preserve privacy, the data provider aggre- devices and locations of devices. This included eliminating gates personal areas (such as home locations) to 360,000m2 short-term changes in location that occurred over periods grids, thereby obfuscating true home locations while allow- of fewer than five minutes, with the location of the user in ing for demographic analysis using census data. The infor- the five-minute period recorded as at the geometric center mation reported here is aggregated to census divisions. of the circumscribed area during that period. Each user was The measures of mobility and proximity employed in assigned to a census division and home location based on the this study were developed and employed by researchers at most prevalent location of the device during the period be- Cuebiq and the ISI Foundation, a partner in Cuebiq’s Data tween 8pm and 8am during the relevant day or week. After for Good Program, to study the mobility of people in Ita- screening the data to eliminate devices not in use and devic- ly during the pandemic. We are deeply grateful to the re- es that we believed might not be smartphones, we identified searchers involved in this project and in Cuebiq’s Data about 700,000 devices in Canada that could be assessed as of for Good community for sharing both advice and original the beginning of the year. This number increased to 870,000 code with us for this project. The approach is described units by mid-March.

1 Pepe, E., P. Bajardi, L. Gauvin, F. Privitera, B. Lake, C. Cattuto, and M. Tizzoni (2020). Covid- 19 outbreak response, a dataset to assess mobility changes in Italy following national lockdown. Scientific data 7 (1), 1-7.

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4 4. Mobility and Proximity of Canadians by Census Division

Canada is a vast country that covers a territory of more than below shows the concentration of identified users in the data 3.8 million square miles, of which 91% is land. Great vari- employed in this study, with the darker areas representing a ations in population density arise, with much of the popula- greater density of identified devices. Because the number of tion concentrated in urban areas and in the southern areas of users is lower in the north than in the south, the results we the country. About half the population of the country resides report below for the north should be interpreted as represent- in the most populated 30 of 293 census divisions. The map ing the movements and proximity of fewer people.

Active Devices in the week March 11 – March 17

40 -1 40 -1 20 -1 00 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 5 Changes in Mobility by Week During the Pandemic

During the period of the pandemic, large drops in mobility as measured by the ROG occurred over the entire Canadian territory and in all major cities. The lowest levels of mobility occurred during the week of April 8-14. Especially during and after the week May 6-12, mobility began to rise. By the end of July, the overall level of mobility across the country had returned to pre-outbreak levels. The charts below represent levels of mobility by census division for each week during the year 2020. Greater levels of mobility are associated with darker color on the maps. The results for far-northern regions of the country are more variable than for southern regions in part because of anomalies arising from the relatively smaller numbers of persons in these areas, and because of unusual weather events and other circumstances. We also note that, in the north, air travel for short trips is more prevalent per-capita than in the south. In subsequent analyses, we focus particularly on major cities defined by their census boundaries.

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 6 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Jan 01 – Jan 07 Jan 08 – Jan 14

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jan 15 – Jan 21 Jan 22 – Jan 28

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jan 29 – Feb 04 Feb 05 – Feb 11

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Feb 12 – Feb 18 Feb 19 – Feb 25

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Feb 26 – Mar 03 Mar 04 – Mar 10

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Mar 11 – Mar 17 Mar 18 – Mar 24

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 8 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Mar 25 – Mar 31 Apr 01 – Apr 07

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Apr 08 – Apr 14 Apr 15 – Apr 21

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Apr 22 – Apr 28 Apr 29 – May 05

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 9 WEEKLY MOBILITY

May 06 – May 12 May 13 – May 19

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

May 20 – May 26 May 27 – Jun 02

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jun 03 – Jun 09 Jun 10 – Jun 16

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 10 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Jun 17 – Jun 23 Jun 24 – Jun 30

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jul 01 – Jul 07 Jul 08 – Jul 14

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jul 15 – Jul 21 Jul 22 – Jul 28

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 11 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Jul 29 – Aug 04 Aug 05 – Aug 11

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Aug 12 – Aug 18 Aug 19 – Aug 25

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Aug 26 – Sep 01 Sep 02 – Sep 08

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 12 WEEKLY MOBILITY

Sep 09 – Sep 15 Sep 16 – Sep 22

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Sep 23 – Sep 29 Sep 30 – Oct 06

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 13 Changes in Proximity

The goal of public policies implemented during the pandem- over a period of time, such as a week. The proximity of Ca- ic was to reduce proximity of infected people with those nadians within cities is reported in the subsequent section. vulnerable to infection. In our analysis, we do not attempt The chart immediately below shows the drop in proximity to infer the medical conditions of individuals. Instead, we across the country that occurred between March 13th and measure the proximity of all covered devices rather than 14th – i.e., immediately after the announcement by the fed- those associated with infected patients. Nonetheless, the re- eral government of new policies to mitigate the economic sults demonstrate important behavioral changes with medi- impact of the pandemic. Red areas represent increases in cal, social, economic, and other consequences. proximity, and are relatively rare in the figure. Green areas To evaluate changes in the proximity of Canadians represent drops in proximity, and are relatively prevalent. to one another, we followed the approach used in Pepe et. In Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Ottawa and Winnipeg, the al. (2020) by measuring the co-location of users in public average proximity level dropped between 30% and 40% on spaces within a radial circle of 50 meters sustained over a this single day. In Vancouver and Edmonton, the average 1 hour period. We aggregated over users by assessing the proximity level dropped between 10% and 20%. proportion of users with proximity within a specific place

Change in Proximity from March 13 to March 14

40 -1 40 -1 20 -1 00 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 14 Changes in Proximity by One-Week Intervals

The charts below show changes in the proximity of people in Canada using the same approach as in the prior chart, with red indicating increases in proximity and green representing decreases in proximity. The maps are reported by week from January 1, 2020, through October 6, 2020. The results for northern regions reflect proximity of fewer people than the results for southern regions. In the north, even small changes in the behavior of a community of individuals can yield change in the proximity measures. By contrast, in the south, the calculation of the measure over a larger population leads to more consistent proximity measures.

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 15 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Jan 01 – Jan 08 Jan 08 – Jan 15

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jan 15 – Jan 22 Jan 22 – Jan 29

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jan 29 – Feb 05 Feb 05 – Feb 12

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 16 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Feb 12 – Feb 19 Feb 19 – Feb 26

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Feb 26 – Mar 04 Mar 04 – Mar 11

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Mar 11 – Mar 18 Mar 18 – Mar 25

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 17 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Mar 25 – Apr 01 Apr 01 – Apr 08

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Apr 08 – Apr 15 Apr 15 – Apr 22

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Apr 22 – Apr 29 Apr 29 – May 06

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 18 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

May 06 – May 13 May 13 – May 20

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

May 20 – May 27 May 27 – Jun 03

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jun 03 – Jun 10 Jun 10 – Jun 17

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 19 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Jun 17 – Jun 24 Jun 24 – Jul 01

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jul 01 – Jul 08 Jul 08 – Jul 15

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Jul 15 – Jul 22 Jul 22 – Jul 29

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 20 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Jul 29 – Aug 05 Aug 05 – Aug 12

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Aug 12 – Aug 19 Aug 19 – Aug 26

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Aug 26 – Sep 02 Sep 02 – Sep 09

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 21 CHANGE IN PROXIMITY BETWEEN THE WEEKS BEGINNING ON...

Sep 09 – Sep 16 Sep 16 – Sep 23

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

Sep 23 – Sep 30

40 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 22 5. Canadian Cities

THIS SECTION describes the mobility and proximity of as the announcements. The overall patterns are somewhat Canadians in six charts for each of the country’s 30 most different across cities, with some significant differences in populous census divisions, which generally correspond to persistence of reductions in mobility and proximity across metropolitan areas. The first two charts for each division cities. For example, reductions in Toronto, Ottawa, and represent mobility both daily and weekly. The next two Montreal have been more persistent than in Vancouver, Cal- represent proximity both daily and weekly. The final two gary, and Edmonton. represent transit into and out of cities from nearby census The 30 census divisions considered in this section divisions (indexed by an anchor on the amount of transit on belong to 8 of the 13 Canadian provinces and territories: January 1, 2020). Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and The results indicate that mobility and proximity in Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatche- cities generally began to decline about a week prior to wan. Ordered from the most to the least populous, the cen- the federal announcements on March 13th. Movements sus divisions considered in this section are: between co-located cities dropped at about the same time

1. Toronto (ON) 2. Greater Vancouver (BC) 3. Montreal (QC) 4. Calgary (AB) 5. Peel (ON) 6. Edmonton (AB) 7. York (ON) 8. Ottawa (ON) 9. Winnipeg (MB) 10. Durham (ON) 11. Quebec City (QC) 12. Hamilton (ON) 13. Waterloo (ON) 14. Halton (ON) 15. Simcoe (Barrie) (ON) 16. Middlesex (London) (ON) 17. Niagara (ON) 18. Laval (QC) 19. Longueuil (QC) 20. Halifax (NS) 21. Essex (Windsor) (ON) 22. Capital (Victoria) (BC) 23. Fraser Valley (BC) 24. Saskatoon (SK) 25. Gatineau (QC) 26. Avalon Pensinsula (St. John’s) (NL) 27. Regina (SK) 28. Wellington (Guelph) (ON) 29. Red Deer (AB) 30. Central Okanagan (Kelowna) (BC)

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 23 TORONTO

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

20 10 18 9 8 16 7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3 6 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 4

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

8 7

7 6 6 5 5

4 4

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 3

WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 3 2

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Toronto to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Toronto – Jan 01-Oct 06 Durham York Durham 1.2 1.2 Peel York 1.1 Halton Peel 1.0 Halton 1.0 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 24 VANCOUVER

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

9 18

8 16

7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 3

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 6

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.5

5.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.0 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 3.5 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 3.5

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Greater Vancouver to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Greater Vancouver – Jan 01-Oct 06

Calgary Calgary Fraser Valley 2.00 Fraser Valley 1.6 Capital (Victoria) 1.75 Capital (Victoria) 1.4 Squamish-Lillooet Squamish-Lillooet 1.50 1.2 1.25 1.0 1.00 0.8 0.75 0.6 0.50 0.4 0.25 0.2 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 25 MONTREAL

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

10 18 16 8 14

6 12 10 4 8 6 2

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

5.5

6 5.0 4.5 5 4.0 4 3.5

3 3.0

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 2.5

2 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 2.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Montreal to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Montreal – Jan 01-Oct 06

Longueuil 1.2 Longueuil 1.2 Laval Laval Roussillon Roussillon 1.0 1.0 Vaudreuil-Soulanges Vaudreuil-Soulanges

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 26 CALGARY

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

14 30 12 25 10 20 8

6 15

4 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 10 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

4.0 3.00 3.5 2.75

3.0 2.50

2.5 2.25 2.00 2.0 1.75 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

1.5 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.50

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Calgary to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Calgary – Jan 01-Oct 06 Drumheller Drumheller Red Deer Red Deer Edmonton Edmonton 1.8 Jasper-Banff Jasper-Banff 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0

1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 27 PEEL

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

9 18 8 16

7 14

6 12 5 10 4 8 3 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 6

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

4.0 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.0

3.0 2.8

2.6 2.5 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 2.4 2.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Peel to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Peel – Jan 01-Oct 06

York York Toronto 1.2 Toronto 1.2 Halton Halton Hamilton Hamilton 1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 28 EDMONTON

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

14 30 12 25 10

8 20

6 15

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 10

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.4 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.0 1.2

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Edmonton to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Edmonton – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200311_20200317 20200101_2020010720200205_20200211 20200415_20200421 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 Calgary WEEK Calgary WEEK Red Deer Red Deer Camrose-Vermillion River-Lloydminster Camrose-Vermillion River-Lloydminster Woodlands Woodlands

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 29 YORK

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

16 9 8 14

7 12 6 10 5 4 8 3 6 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.2 1.9 2.0 1.8

1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.2 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.3

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from York to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to York – Jan 01-Oct 06

Durham Durham Toronto Toronto Peel Peel 1.2 Simcoe (Barrie) 1.2 Simcoe (Barrie) 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 30 OTTAWA

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

9 20.0 8 17.5

7 15.0 6 12.5 5 10.0 4 7.5 3

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 2 5.0 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

4.5 5 4.0

4 3.5

3.0 3 2.5

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 2

WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 2.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Ottawa to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Ottawa – Jan 01-Oct 06 Gatineau Gatineau Prescott and Russell Prescott and Russell Leeds and Greenville Leeds and Greenville Lanark Lanark 1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 31 WINNIPEG

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

25.0 10 22.5 20.0 8 17.5 15.0 6 12.5

4 10.0

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 7.5 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.00 4.0 2.75 3.5 2.50 3.0 2.25 2.5 2.00 2.0 1.75 1.5 1.50 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

1.0 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.25

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Winnipeg to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Winnipeg – Jan 01-Oct 06

Hanover Hanover Springfield-Broken Head Springfield-Broken Head St Andrews St Andrews 1.3 Rookwood-Woodlands Rookwood-Woodlands 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 32 DURHAM

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

10 18 16 8 14

12 6 10

4 8 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 6

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.25 2.8 3.00 2.75 2.6 2.50 2.4 2.25 2.00 2.2 1.75 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 2.0 1.50 PROXIMITY WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Durham to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Durham – Jan 01-Oct 06 Northumberland Northumberland York York Toronto Toronto Peel Peel 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 33 QUEBEC CITY

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

25 10 20 8 15 6

10 4

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 2 5 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.2 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2

1.0 1.0 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.8

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Quebec City to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Quebec City – Jan 01-Oct 06

La Côte-de-Beaupré La Côte-de-Beaupré 1.2 La Jacques-Cartier La Jacques-Cartier 1.1 1.1 Lévis Lévis Portneuf 1.0 Portneuf 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 34 HAMILTON

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

18 10 9 16 8 14

7 12 6 10 5 4 8 6 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 3 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

4.0 3.4

3.5 3.2

3.0 3.0

2.8 2.5

2.6

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 2.0 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 2.4

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Hamilton to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Hamilton – Jan 01-Oct 06

Peel Peel 1.3 Halton 1.3 Halton 1.2 Niagara 1.2 Niagara Brant Brant 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 35 WATERLOO

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

10 18 16 8 14 12 6 10 4 8

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 6 2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.50 3.0 3.25 3.00 2.8 2.75 2.6 2.50 2.25 2.4 2.00

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.75 2.2 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.50

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Waterloo to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Waterloo – Jan 01-Oct 06

Peel Peel Wellington (Guelph) Wellington (Guelph) Halton Halton 1.2 Brant 1.2 Brant

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - NINDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_20200107 20200311_20200317 20200205_20200211 20200415_20200421 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 36 HALTON

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

20 10 18 16 8 14

6 12 10 4 8

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 6

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.6 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9

1.8 1.8

1.6 1.7 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

1.4 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.6

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Halton to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Halton – Jan 01-Oct 06

Toronto Toronto Peel Peel Hamilton Hamilton 1.2 Niagara 1.2 Niagara

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 37 SIMCOE (BARRIE)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

22 20 10 18

8 16 14 6 12 10 4

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 8 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.2 1.9

2.0 1.8

1.8 1.7

1.6 1.6

1.4 1.5

1.2 1.4

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.3 1.0 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.2

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Simcoe (Barrie) to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Simcoe (Barrie) – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

0.8 0.8 York 0.7 York Toronto Toronto 0.6 Peel 0.6 Peel 0.5 Grey Grey 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 38 MIDDLESEX (LONDON)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

10 18 9 16 8 7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 6

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.0 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.6

2.5 2.4

2.0 2.2

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 2.0

1.5 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.8

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Middlesex (London) to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Middlesex (London) – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 Oxford 0.8 Oxford Elgin 0.7 Elgin Chatham-Kent Chatham-Kent 0.6 0.6 Lambton Lambton 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 39 NIAGARA

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

16 8

7 14

6 12

5 10 4 8 3

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 6

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

8.5 7.0 8.0 6.5 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

4.5 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 4.5

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Niagara to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Niagara – Jan 01-Oct 06

Toronto Toronto Peel 1.4 Peel 1.2 Halton Halton Hamilton 1.2 Hamilton 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 40 LAVAL

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

9 18 8 16 7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3 6 2

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4 1 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.0 2.50

2.25 1.8 2.00 1.75 1.6 1.50 1.4 1.25

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.00 1.2 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.75

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Laval to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Laval – Jan 01-Oct 06

Les Moulins Les Moulins 1.1 Montreal 1.1 Montreal 1.0 Deux-Montagnes Deux-Montagnes 1.0 Thérèse-De-Blainville Thérèse-De-Blainville 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 41 LONGUEUIL

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

20.0 9 8 17.5 7 15.0

6 12.5 5 10.0 4 3 7.5 2 5.0 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

1 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 2.5

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.4 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.0 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.8 1.2

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Longueuil to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Longueuil – Jan 01-Oct 06

La Vallée-du-Richelieu 1.2 La Vallée-du-Richelieu 1.1 Lajemmerais Lajemmerais 1.0 Montreal 1.0 Montreal 0.9 Roussillon Roussillon 0.8 0.8 0.7

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 42 HALIFAX

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

14 35

12 30

10 25

8 20

6 15

4 10

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 2 5 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.4 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.4

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Halifax to Neighboring Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census

Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Lunenburg Divisions to Halifax – Jan 01-Oct 06 Lunenburg Kings Kings Hants Hants 1.2 1.2 Colchester Colchester

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 43 ESSEX (WINDSOR)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

8 16

7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 2 6 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

7.5 7.5 7.0 7.0

6.5 6.5

6.0 6.0

5.5 5.5 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

5.0 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 5.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Essex (Windsor) to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Essex (Windsor) – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_20200317 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200415_2020042120200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 Peel WEEK Peel WEEK Elgin Elgin Chatham-Kent Chatham-Kent Middlesex (London) Middlesex (London)

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 44 CAPITAL (VICTORIA)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

25.0 10 22.5 20.0 8 17.5 15.0 6 12.5

4 10.0 7.5 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 5.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.00 2.6 2.75 2.4 2.50 2.25 2.2

2.00 2.0 1.75 1.8

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.50 1.6 1.25 PROXIMITY WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 DATE

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Capital (Victoria) to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Capital (Victoria) – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 45 FRASER VALLEY

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

24 12 22 10 20 18 8 16 14 6 12 10

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 8

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.6 2.2

2.4 2.1

2.2 2.0

2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.6 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.6 1.4

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Fraser Valley to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Fraser Valley – Jan 01-Oct 06

Okanagan-Similkameen Okanagan-Similkameen 5 3.5 Greater Vancouver Greater Vancouver Thompson-Nicola 3.0 Thompson-Nicola 4 Central Okanagan (Kelowna) Central Okanagan (Kelowna) 2.5 3 2.0

2 1.5 1.0 1 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_20200317 20200415_20200421 20200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_20200526 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 46 SASKATOON

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

20 18 40 16 35 14 30 12 10 25 8 20

6 15

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 10

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.8 1.3

1.6 1.2

1.4 1.1

1.2 1.0

1.0 0.9 0.8 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.8 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.6 0.7

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Saskatoon to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Saskatoon – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_20200317 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200415_2020042120200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 Regina WEEK Regina WEEK Battleford-Biggar-Vanscoy Battleford-Biggar-Vanscoy Prince Albert Prince Albert North Battleford North Battleford

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 47 GATINEAU

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

10 20.0 17.5 8 15.0

6 12.5 10.0 4 7.5

2 5.0 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 2.5

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

3.0 3.5

3.0 2.5

2.5 2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY

1.0 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Gatineau to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Gatineau – Jan 01-Oct 06

Papineau Papineau Les Collines de l’Outaouais 1.2 Les Collines de l’Outaouais 1.2 Prescott and Russell Prescott and Russell Ottawa Ottawa 1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_20200107 20200311_20200317 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_20200317 20200205_20200211 20200415_2020042120200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_20200804 20200415_2020042120200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 20200902_20200908 WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 48 AVALON PENINSULA (ST. JOHN’S)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

35 12 30 10 25 8 20 6 15 4

2 10 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

0 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 5

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

0.7 0.55 0.6 0.50 0.5 0.45

0.4 0.40

0.3 0.35 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.2 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.30

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Avalon Peninsula Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census (St. John’s) to Neighboring Census Divisions – Divisions to Avalon Peninsula (St. John’s) – Jan 01-Oct 06 Jan 01-Oct 06 Burin Peninsula Burin Peninsula Central Newfoundland Central Newfoundland Bonavista Bay 2.5 Bonavista Bay 1.4 Halifax Halifax 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.5 0.8

1.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

20200101_20200107 20200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_20200317 20200715_20200721 20200205_20200211 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_20200804 20200415_2020042120200527_20200602 20200819_2020082520200923_20200929 20200902_20200908 WEEK WEEK

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 49 REGINA

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

18 40 16 35 14 30 12 10 25 8 20 6 15

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 4 10 WEEKLY MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.0

1.8 1.6

1.6 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.8 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.6 0.8

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Regina to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Census Divisions to Regina – Jan 01-Oct 06

Weyburn Weyburn Melville Melville 1.3 1.3 Moose Jaw Moose Jaw 1.2 1.2 Saskatoon Saskatoon 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 50 WELLINGTON (GUELPH)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

12 22.5

20.0 10 17.5

8 15.0

12.5 6 10.0 4 7.5 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY 5.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.8 1.6

1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.8 PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Wellington (Guelph) to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Wellington (Guelph) – Jan 01-Oct 06

Peel Peel Halton Halton 1.3 Hamilton 1.3 Hamilton 1.2 Waterloo 1.2 Waterloo 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 51 RED DEER

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

16 35 14 30 12 25 10 8 20

6 15 DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY

4 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

1.10 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.00 0.95 0.9 0.90 0.8 0.85

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 0.7 0.80 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 0.75

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Red Deer to Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census Neighboring Census Divisions – Jan 01-Oct 06 Divisions to Red Deer – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.0 Calgary 2.25 Calgary 1.8 Stettler-Wainwright 2.00 Stettler-Wainwright Rocky Mountain House 1.6 Rocky Mountain House Edmonton 1.75 Edmonton 1.4 1.50 1.2 1.25 1.0 1.00 0.8 0.75 0.6 0.50 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 52 CENTRAL OKANAGAN (KELOWNA)

DAILY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY MOBILITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

16 40 14 35

12 30

10 25 8 20

6 15 4

DAILY MOBILITY (KM) DAILY 10

2 MOBILITY (KM) WEEKLY

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 DATE 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

DAILY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06 WEEKLY PROXIMITY – Jan 01-Oct 06

2.0 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3

1.2 1.2

DAILY PROXIMITY DAILY 1.0 1.1 WEEKLY PROXIMITY WEEKLY 1.0

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10

DATE 20200101_2020010720200205_2020021120200311_2020031720200415_20200421 20200520_2020052620200624_2020063020200729_2020080420200902_20200908 WEEK

Weekly Movements from Central Okanagan Weekly Movements from Neighboring Census (Kelowna) to Neighboring Census Divisions – Divisions to Central Okanagan (Kelowna) – Jan 01-Oct 06 Jan 01-Oct 06

Kootenay Boundary Kootenay Boundary Okanagan-Similkameen Okanagan-Similkameen Thompson-Nicola Thompson-Nicola 2.0 North Okanagan 2.0 North Okanagan

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5 MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING MOVING DEVICES - INDEXED - DEVICES MOVING

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 53 6. Analysis of Activity at Canadian Airports

The charts below represent changes by day in the number anchor on the amount of traffic through each airport on Jan- of unique devices with locations within 3 kilometers of the uary 1, 2020. The seven international airports represented center of an airport for 1-1/2 hours or more. This analysis are associated with Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, Calgary, provides information on overall activity at airports arising Ottawa, Edmonton and Winnipeg. Overall, the results show from arrival and departure of passengers, staff, and service a dramatic and persistent drop in the amount of activity in personnel such as taxi drivers. The results are indexed by an Canada’s major airports.

Devices Passing Daily through Devices Passing Daily through TORONTO International Airport VANCOUVER International Airport January 01 – October 06 January 01 – October 06

1.6 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.8 0.6 0.6

Devices - Indexed Devices 0.4

Devices - Indexed Devices 0.4 0.2

2020-10 2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 DATE DATE

Devices Passing Daily through Devices Passing Daily through MONTREAL International Airport CALGARY International Airport January 01 – October 06 January 01 – October 06

2.00 1.2 1.75 1.0 1.50 1.25 0.8

1.00 0.6 0.75 0.4 Devices - Indexed Devices Devices - Indexed Devices 0.50 0.2 0.25

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 DATE DATE

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 54 Devices Passing Daily through OTTAWA International Airport January 01 – October 06

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

Devices - Indexed Devices 0.6 0.4

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 DATE

Devices Passing Daily through EDMONTON International Airport January 01 – October 06

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4 Devices - Indexed Devices 0.2

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 DATE

Devices Passing Daily through WINNIPEG International Airport January 01 – October 06

2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75

Devices - Indexed Devices 0.50 0.25

2020-01 2020-02 2020-03 2020-04 2020-05 2020-06 2020-07 2020-08 2020-09 2020-10 DATE

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 55 7. Discussion and Conclusion

In this report, we present data on the mobility and prox- more information is needed on whether the distribution of imity of Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proximity is skewed in ways that make low-income essential results indicate that, while Canadian mobility has largely workers more likely than others to be exposed to infection. recovered to pre-restriction levels in many areas, the move- The consequences of changes in mobility may be significant ments are not driven by air travel. Canadians appear to be for the structure of the downtown core areas of cities. Much traveling primarily locally within and between co-located more knowledge is needed on the consequences of changes cities. This movement is not accompanied by a return to in mobility patterns for air and ground travel, and the poten- pre-pandemic levels of proximity between individuals. On tial environmental impact. average, the number of people that an individual encoun- These and other questions are raised but not answered tered on a typical day during the Canadian summer and au- by the analyses presented in this report. What we do know tumn of 2020 is comparable to the number encountered on is that Canadians responded to the pandemic by radically a Canadian winter weekend prior to the implementation of changing behavior, and by gradually shifting that behavior pandemic restrictions. after March, 2020, in ways that continue to limit proximity. Social interaction is at the heart of Canadian life and While overall levels of mobility have increased since March, culture. The analysis raises significant questions for future the nature of mobility has changed significantly, with much research, such as whether and how changes in mobility and less air travel, and more ground travel within census divi- proximity have affected the experiences, opportunities, and sions. While local travel between census divisions increased relationships of Canadians. Specific questions also arise after the March decline, the amount of travel has not re- regarding the relationships between mobility, proximity, turned to pre-pandemic levels in many areas. and infection abatement. Further research is needed to un- While much is yet to be known about the causes and derstand how shifts on mobility and proximity have been consequences of these changes, what is already clear is that distributed across privileged and vulnerable populations Canadians have demonstrated a profound capacity for col- within Canada, and on the consequences for health, eco- lective behavioral change, and an equally remarkable ca- nomic, educational, and other social outcomes. We need to pacity to maintain social distance while restoring mobility know much more about how these changes have affected within local areas. economic and educational opportunity. For example, much

POLICY REPORT: Mobility and Proximity in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic 56