Das Beispiel Kabul, Afghanistan

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Das Beispiel Kabul, Afghanistan Justus-von-Liebig-Universität Gießen Fachbereich 07: Mathematik und Informatik, Physik, Geographie Institut für Geographie Baukultur als Symbol nationaler Identität: Das Beispiel Kabul, Afghanistan. vorgelegt von Christine Issa, Geographin M.A. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer.nat im Fachbereich Geographie Gießen, September 2009 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einführung ................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Einordnung Forschungslandschaft ...............................................................................7 1.2 Zentrale Forschungsfrage und These...........................................................................7 1.3 Forschungsstand und Quellenlage ...............................................................................8 1.4 Angewandte Forschungsmethoden und Datenerhebung ................................................9 2 Theoretische Ansätze der Geographie..................................................................... 12 2.1 Die „Neue Kulturgeographie“ und ihre Relevanz für die Baukultur ................................ 13 2.2 Die Frage der Messbarkeit: Baukultur als „Maßeinheit“ für kulturelle Identität ............... 14 2.2.1 Purdah: der bauliche Ausdruck kultureller Identität in Afghanistan......................... 16 2.2.2 Denkmäler als Ausdruck kultureller und nationaler Identität.................................. 18 2.2.3 Die Rahmenbedingungen für die Baukultur Afghanistans nach 2001 ...................... 20 2.2.3.1 Sicherheit: Stabilität als Voraussetzung für gesellschaftlichen Wandel................ 20 2.2.3.2 Ortsloyalität: die Pflege der alten neuen Heimat .............................................. 24 2.2.3.3 Netzwerke und Loyalitäten: Machtinstrumente der Akteure............................... 25 2.2.3.4 Symbolische Ethnizität: Baukultur als Mittel der Gruppenbindung ...................... 26 2.2.3.5 Die Maßstabsbereiche raumbezogener Identität und ihr Ausdruck in der afghanischen Baukultur........................................................................ 28 2.3 Die Stadt – das „Gesicht“ einer Nation....................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Kabul, eine orientalisch-islamische Stadt?............................................................ 33 2.3.2 Kabul, eine mittelasiatisch-islamische Handelsstadt: baukulturelle Vielfalt als Markenzeichen afghanischer Identität............................................................ 38 3 Identitätsfindung der afghanischen Nation und ihr Ausdruck in der Baukultur..... 42 3.1 Afghanistan – die Identitätssuche einer Nation........................................................... 43 3.1.1 Die Schwierigkeiten der nationalen Identitätsfindung............................................ 44 3.1.1.1 Zwischen Stammesdenken, moderner und ethnischer Nation ............................ 47 3.1.1.2 Der stabile Identitätsbezug: religiöse Vielfalt und Toleranz ............................... 49 3.1.1.3 Der Einfluss europäischer und islamischer Nationalismen auf die Regierenden in Kabul ....................................................................................................... 53 3.1.1.4 Muslimbruderschaft, Deobandi, Wahabi: das Ringen um Einfluss in Kabul .......... 56 3.1.2 Bestandsaufnahme: Die Prozesse der Identitätsfindung bis 1979......................... 60 3.1.3 Auswirkungen des Krieges: die Verschiebung der Identitätsbezüge........................ 61 3.1.3.1 Religiöse Identitäten: das Ende der Toleranz................................................... 64 3.1.3.2 Tribale Identitäten: die Verstärkung der „Purdah-Maxime“................................ 65 3.1.3.3 Ethnische Identitäten: das neue Selbstbewusstsein.......................................... 67 3.1.4 Bestandsaufnahme: Die Prozesse der Identitätsfindung 2001................................ 68 3.2 Die Lesbarkeit nationaler Identität in der Baukultur – die afghanische Hauptstadt Kabul als „Bühne der Nation“ ................................................................................... 69 3.2.1 Architektur als Ausdruck der afghanischen Geisteshaltung .................................... 72 3.2.1.1 Moschee, Madrassa, Ziyarat: Baukultur religiöser und nationaler Identität.......... 73 3.2.1.2 Repräsentationsarchitektur: „Zweifelst Du an unserer Macht, dann schau auf unsere Bauwerke“ ........................................................................................ 76 3.2.1.3 Handelsarchitektur: Ausdruck kommerzieller Identität ...................................... 82 3.2.1.4 Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit: „Purdah“ und die Gestaltung der Lebensräume...... 83 3.2.2 Bestandsaufnahme: Baukultur als Indikator nationaler Identität ............................ 85 - 1 - 4 Baukultur und ihre Akteure: das afghanische Städtewesen und die Stadtgesellschaft in Kabul....................................................................................... 86 4.1 Die neue Dynamik im afghanischen Städtewesen ...................................................... 86 4.2 Das afghanische Städtewesen im Wandel .................................................................. 88 4.2.1 Die Krise des afghanischen Städtewesens im 19. Jahrhundert ............................... 89 4.2.2 Städtebau und Stadtplanung in Afghanistan im 20. Jahrhundert............................ 90 4.2.3 Der Wiederaufbau des afghanischen Städtewesen im 21. Jahrhundert ................... 93 4.3 Die Akteure in der afghanischen Stadtgesellschaft Kabuls............................................ 95 4.3.1 Neue Identitäten: der Wandel in der Kabuler Stadtgesellschaft ............................. 96 4.3.2 Traditionelle Identitäten: die urbane politische Elite ........................................... 100 4.3.3 Säkulare Identitäten: Intelligenz und „westliche Afghanen“................................ 100 4.3.4 Kommerzielle Identitäten: Unternehmer, Händler und Arbeiter............................ 103 4.3.5 Zivile Identitäten: Administrative und Beamte.................................................... 103 4.3.6 Ideologische Identitäten: Kommunisten, Mujahedin, Taliban............................... 104 4.3.7 Ausländische Identitäten: Helfer und Militärs ..................................................... 105 4.3.8 Dörfliche Identitäten: Kleinbauern und Saisonarbeiter ........................................ 106 4.3.9 Namenlose Identitäten: Besitzlose .................................................................... 107 4.4 Das Aufeinandertreffen der Akteure in Kabul: Raummacher und Raumopfer ............... 108 4.5 Schlüsselakteure im urbanen Sektor von Kabul: die Kultur des Wiederaufbaus ............ 111 5 Die Hauptstadt Kabul und ihre nationale Identität im Wiederaufbau .................. 113 5.1 Kabul im 21. Jahrhundert – ein zentraler Ort der Einheit?.......................................... 113 5.2 Das ethnische Kabul .............................................................................................. 116 5.2.1 Die neuen Helden des Krieges und ihre Denkmäler ............................................ 116 5.2.1.1 Mazari-Denkmal: das neue Selbstbewusstsein der Hazara............................... 116 5.2.1.2 Massoud-Denkmal: der Nationalheld Afghanistans ......................................... 119 5.2.1.3 Abdul Haqq: der Traum einer pan-ethnischen Demokratie .............................. 121 5.2.2 Bestandsaufnahme: die neue Zeichensetzung ethnischer Vielfalt ......................... 122 5.3 Das religiöse Kabul ................................................................................................ 123 5.3.1 Das buddhistische Kabul: die Wiederentdeckung des buddhistischen Erbes .......... 124 5.3.2 Das hinduistische Kabul: anonyme Tempelarchitektur als Zeichen neuer Intoleranz?..................................................................................................... 127 5.3.3 Das islamische Kabul ....................................................................................... 130 5.3.3.1 Asheqan wa Arefan: die Schutzpatrone Kabuls .............................................. 131 5.3.3.2 Mystisches Kabul: Zitadelle des Naqshbandia-Ordens ..................................... 132 5.3.3.3 Moschee, Madrassa und Hochschule: die neue Größe..................................... 134 5.3.3.4 Panislamische Zeichensetzung: die späte Rückkehr al-Afghanis....................... 140 5.3.4 Bestandsaufnahme: die neue religiöse Identität der afghanischen Nachkriegsgesellschaft .................................................................................... 141 5.4 Das säkulare Kabul ................................................................................................ 142 5.4.1 Viktorianismus und Moghulstil: Architekturmix im 20. Jahrhundert....................... 143 5.4.2 Zour Abad: mit Kraft gebaut ............................................................................ 145 5.4.3 Mikrorayan: Plattenbau als Symbol neuer Machtverhältnisse ............................... 146 5.4.4 Babur-Garten: Friedensstifter und Begegnungsraum .......................................... 148 5.4.5 Stadion – zwischen Scharia und olympischen Träumen....................................... 150 - 2 - 5.4.6 Die „Hayatabad- Erfahrung“: Transfer neuer Wohnformen aus Pakistan............... 151 5.4.6.1 Sherpur: von der Garnisionsstadt zu den Palästen der neuen Macht ................ 154 5.4.6.2 Khairkhana: vom Mittelschichts- zum Luxusviertel?
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