Chapter III THE ROAD TO SHILOH A. The War in the West - Kentucky announces neutrality - Governor pro-south - legislature pro-north - CSA troops move into the state breaking the neutrality - Kentucky invites the USA into the state

B. Forts Henry & Donelson February, 1862 - USA General Ulysses Simpson Grant invades Tennessee, teaming with the navy he takes both forts which gives the USA control of both the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, forcing CSA forces to abandon Nashville TN, the first southern capitol to fall to USA forces.

- surrender of Ft. Donelson - 2 of the 3 CSA commanders sneak out, leaving CSA Gen. Simon Buckner (an old friend of Grant’s) to deal with the surrender. - Buckner asks for conditions and Grant responds that he will only accept an “Unconditional Surrender”. - the press seizes on this victory to find a new hero, “Unconditional Surrender” Grant. (U. S. Grant)

C. The (Pittsburg Landing) April 6-7, 1862

Commanders: USA Major Gen. U. S. Grant 40,000 men - Army of the Tennessee USA Major Gen. 23,000 men - Army of the Ohio CSA Gen. 40,000 men CSA Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (advisor)

PHASE I Grant sets up camp near the Mississippi boarder and waits to link up with Buell. Johnston calls together all of the troops in the western theatre to attack Grant before he is reinforced by Buell. Due to inexperience, Johnston’s troops take 3 days to travel 23 miles, however, USA troops (USA Gen. William T. Sherman) don’t heed the warnings of enemy forces in the area. Johnston launches the attack and with the element of surprise forces Grant’s troops back. Johnston’s attack begins to loose steam due to the loss of command caused by the order of battle. Johnston lined up his corps in long lines so as the attack ensued they became disconnected from one another. The USA center fails to fall back due to a stubborn defense at an area dubbed the “Hornets Nest”. As Johnston arrives on the field to direct an attack on the “Hornet’s Nest”, he is wounded and eventually dies from his wound at around 2:30 in the afternoon. (an artery is severed behind his kneecap and he eventually bleeds to death).

PHASE II Grant organizes a defense around Pittsburg Landing and holds off a final attack following the collapse of the “Hornet’s Nest”. Another larger final attack was called off by Beauregard who was miles away, unaware of the situation Grant was in. During the night Buell’s troops arrive and reinforce Grant’s position. On the following day Grant & Buell attack Beauregard and begin to push him back. Beauregard eventually orders a retreat. Grant learns to always be prepared.

CASUALTIES*: Federal 13,000 CSA 10,700 (1/4 of all the troops involved)

RESULTS: Union Victory - CSA looses western & central Tennessee

Chapter IV LEE TAKES COMMAND

A. The Peninsular Campaign: March – May, 1862 Commanders: USA Maj. Gen. George McClellan Manassas 70,000 men Peninsula 100,000 men CSA Maj. Gen. Joseph Johnston Manassas 50,000 men Peninsula 10,000 men

1. The Plan - McClellan plans to bypass Johnston’s defenses near Manassas and using ships to transport his army to Ft. Monroe, VA move upon Richmond by land. 2. The Wrinkle – The Ironclads - USS Merrimack floated and outfitted, CSS - (in 1844 his newly designed naval gun exploded killing Secretary of State) designed USS Monitor. - The presence of the CSS Virginia brings a halt to McClellan’s plans. - March 8, 1862, CSS Virginia steams into and sinks the USS Cumberland & the USS Congress surrenders - Monitor arrives at dusk and is moored next to the USS Minnesota, the CSS Virginia’s next probable target. - March 9, 1862, CSS Virginia moves on the USS Minnesota but the Monitor intervenes. Both ships spar for four hours. - CSS Virginia hits the Monitor’s pilot house and wounds the pilot, the Monitor drifts uncontrolled. Virginia believes that it has won and steams back to port. - The CSS Virginia is eventually scuttled. - The age of the wooden ships has ended.

2. The Execution - Beginning in April, McClellan begins to inch his way toward Yorktown, then Williamsburg & then Richmond. - Johnston is able to bring his troops to the peninsula and slowly retreat backwards toward Richmond waiting until McClellan has moved up to his defenses and then pulling back to a new position.

3. The Diversion (Jackson’s Valley Campaign, March-June 1862)

- The was a major source of food for the Confederacy and it was a natural invasion route into the south. - With never more than 16,000 men, Jackson held off 64,000 Union troops fighting four large battles and six small engagements that resulted in 7,000 Union troops killed, wounded or captured.

- In 48 days Jackson marched his troops 676 miles over mountain passes and up and down valleys winning battles over and over again and referring to his men as “foot cavalry”. - Jackson’s presence also caused Lincoln to keep General McDowell’s command near Washington instead of allowing it to move on Richmond preventing a link up with McClellan. - The Confederacy had its first hero!

4. The – , 1862 Commanders: USA Maj. Gen. George McClellan 100,000 men CSA Maj. Gen. Joseph Johnston 60,000 men – McClellan’s army is divided by the . – Johnston plans an attack with a complicated timetable. – Johnston’s attack is piecemeal and McClellan is pushed back but is able to hold on. – Johnston moves up to the front but is wounded in the shoulder by a bullet and the chest by a shell fragment. – The following day Davis appoints Gen. Robert E. Lee to take over for Johnston. – Lee orders his troops back into the defenses of Richmond.

5. Results of the Battle of Seven Pines - McClellan is convinced that since the Confederates attacked him they must have him outnumbered. - By shifting troops to the southern side of the Chickahominy River McClellan has now weakened his right flank which also protects his major supply base.

6. Lee Prepares - Lee takes the next four weeks to strengthen the defenses around Richmond which his soldiers criticize him and begin calling him the “King of Spades”. - Lee uses the time to gather troops in from the south and also secretly calls Jackson and his troops from the valley. - Lee send cavalry leader Jeb Stuart on a reconnaissance mission to determine the exact location of the .

- Stuart and 1,200 men ride completely around McClellan’s army and inform Lee that McClellan’s right flank is only covered by 30,000 men.

7. Lee Strikes (The , June 26-July 1, 1862) - Leaving only 25,000 men to protect the trenches outside of Richmond, Lee attacks McClellan’s right flank and pushes him back across the Chickahominy River until McClellan is finally able to hold off Lee at Malvern Hill. - Lee attempts to dislodge McClellan but is repeatedly beaten off. - McClellan withdraws to the shore of the under the protection of his naval guns.

CASUALTIES: Federal 16,000 CSA 20,000

Results: Richmond is saved and Lee evolves into a major military commander.

Chapter V LEE MOVES NORTH

A. A New Command Structure for the Union Army - Gen. Henry Hallack is named General in Chief and he organizes two armies in Virginia: 1. The Army of Virginia under the command of Gen. John Pope (who openly stated that western soldiers were better fighters) and who would keep his headquarters in his saddle (often altered to say that he seemed to have his headquarters where his hindquarters ought to be!).

2. The Army of the Potomac under the command of Gen. George McClellan which was then recalled from the Peninsula leaving Pope isolated.

- Lee names his army the Army of Northern Virginia and sends Jackson north to cut off Pope’s lines of communication and supply. - Jackson raids Popes supplies at Manassas and then goes into hiding on the old Manassas battlefield. - Lee & Gen. move north with the remaining army once it is clear the McClellan is returning to Washington.

B. The Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) August 29-30, 1862

USA Maj. Gen. John Pope 70,000 men The Army of Virginia USA Maj. Gen. George McClellan The Army of the Potomac CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee 55,000 men The Army of Northern Virginia

Phase I - Jackson battles Pope from an excellent defensive position in an old railroad cut. - Pope attacks piecemeal throughout the day and is convinced that Jackson is retreating. - Longstreet arrives late in the day and but doesn’t attack. Phase II - On the following day Pope renews the attack on Jackson’s troops but Longstreet launches his attack and throws Pope’s army into disarray. - Pope is able to stave off a disaster only by heroic fighting around the Henry House Hill. - Pope is able to retreat the next day.

CASUALTIES: Federal 14,000 CSA 9,000

B. The Antietam Campaign

- Lee crosses the Potomac River into Maryland, his objective is Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania and the hope that a victory on northern soil would bring in the much sought after European intervention. - Lee’s army is divided with Jackson’s portion laying siege on the Union troops at Harpers Ferry. - McClellan is given the command of all of the Union forces and quickly rebuilds them and begins an uncharacteristic swift pursuit of Lee. - At Frederick Maryland a copy of Lee’s Special Order 191 is found wrapped around 3 cigars and Lee’s entire troop disposition is now in McClellan’s hands. - McClellan again moves and pursues Lee to Sharpsburg Maryland where Lee has ordered his troops to converge. - Jackson is able to capture Harpers Ferry and rejoins Lee’s Army with all except one division under Gen. A.P. Hill which he leaves behind to parole the Union prisoners. - Lee is in an unfortunate position with his back to the Potomac River.

C. The (Sharpsburg) September 17, 1862

USA Maj. Gen. George McClellan 75,000 men The Army of the Potomac CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee 38,000 men The Army of Northern Virginia Phase I

- McClellan send 3 corps against Lee’s left flank and one corps against his right. - There is bitter fighting throughout the morning on Lee’s left in the cornfield and near the Dunker’s Church but McClellan is unable to push Lee back.

Phase II - The fighting shifts to the Confederate center where they are able to withstand multiple attacks in a sunken lane. - The sunken lane is eventually flanked and it quickly becomes the “Bloody Lane”. - Lee’s center is bent but McClellan fails to deliver the coup de gras.

Phase III - On Lee’s right flank Union General Ambrose Burnsides attempts to cross Antietam Creek via a bridge but is repeatedly held off by 500 Confederate soldiers. - Late in the afternoon Burnside finally crosses the bridge and prepares an attack on Lee’s troops. - As the attack is being carried out troops in blue uniforms appear on the Union left flank. They are A.P. Hill’s Confederate troops returning from Harpers Ferry wearing captured uniforms. - Hill’s attack stops Burnside’s attack and ends the fighting. - The next day McClellan doesn’t attack, convinced that Lee still outnumbers him even though McClellan hasn’t even used a third of his available troops. - The following night Lee withdraws across the Potomac and back into Virginia allowing the Battle of Antietam to be known forever as the “Bloodiest Day”.

CASUALTIES: Federal 12,400 CSA 10,300

Results: Southern invasion of the North is stopped and Lincoln is able to announce the “Emancipation Proclamation”.

D. The Emancipation Proclamation - On September 22nd, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation stating that unless the Southern states returned to the Union by January 1st, 1863, all slaves in those states “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free.” - This allowed a new direction in the Northern war effort. Not only was it a war for the restoration of the Union it was now a war for human liberation and freedom. - The Emancipation Proclamation however did not affect slaves in the border states and those areas under the control of the Union armies – a definite political maneuver to keep the northern slaves states content. - The Emancipation Proclamation almost certainly took the European powers out of the picture.