FINAL REPORT of the MARIJUANA POLICY REVIEW PANEL on the IMPLEMENTATION of INITIATIVE 75 December 4, 2007
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FINAL REPORT OF THE MARIJUANA POLICY REVIEW PANEL ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INITIATIVE 75 December 4, 2007 Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Acknowledgements v Introduction 1 Legislation 1 The Marijuana Policy Review Panel 2 Findings 4 Implementation of the Ordinance 4 Public Safety 16 Public Administration 19 Public Health 20 Fiscal Impact 28 Conclusions and Recommendations 32 Appendices Appendix 1 Ordinance Number 121509 A-1 Appendix 2 Resolution Number 30648 A-3 Appendix 3 Ordinance Number 122025 A-5 Appendix 4 Memorandum Re: Reporting Criteria for the A-8 Seattle Police Department and City Attorney’s Office Appendix 5 Panel Membership A-11 Appendix 6 Meeting Minutes A-12 Appendix 7 Consultant Curriculum Vitae A-35 i Appendix 8 Marijuana Policy Review Panel Project Scope A-44 for Production of Final Report Appendix 9 Marijuana Policy Review Panel Consultant Tasks, A-47 Deadlines, Costs Appendix 10 Seattle Police Department Complaint Report, A-48 OPA Investigations Section, Case No. IIS-2005-0144 Appendix 11 Marijuana Policy Review Panel Report of Progress A-53 to Seattle City Council ii Executive Summary Initiative 75 (I-75) was passed by Seattle voters in the September 16, 2003 primary election. Its passage resulted in the addition of a new section, 12A.20.060, to the Seattle Municipal Code (SMC). Subsection A stated that “[t]he Seattle Police Department and City Attorney’s Office shall make the investigation, arrest and prosecution of marijuana offenses, when the marijuana was intended for adult personal use, the City’s lowest law enforcement priority.” Subsection B called for the President of the City Council to appoint an eleven- member Marijuana Policy Review Panel “to assess and report on the effects of this ordinance.” Working with a consultant, the Panel collected and analyzed data to address the following questions: 1. Was subsection A of Section 12A.20.060 of the Seattle Municipal Code implemented? 2. Did the implementation have an impact on public safety? 3. Did the implementation have an impact on public administration? 4. Did the implementation have an impact on public health? 5. Were there fiscal impacts associated with the implementation? The Panel concluded that I-75 was clearly implemented in that it was enacted into law by the City Council. It appears that following the adoption of I-75, there were reductions in both the number of referrals of marijuana-related incidents from the Seattle Police Department to the City Attorney, and in the number of cases filed by the City Attorney that charged individuals with possession of marijuana. However, the Panel was unable to conclude definitively that these reductions were attributable to I-75’s passage. Bearing in mind that the numbers of marijuana case referrals and filings were already small before I-75’s passage, the Panel also concluded that there was no evidence of any adverse effect of the implementation of I-75 in any of the substantive areas examined, including: (a) no evident increase in marijuana use among young people, (b) no evident increase in crime, and (c) no adverse impact on public health. The Panel did observe some evidence of arguably positive effects, assuming that the caseload reduction was caused by the passage of I- 75: (a) fewer adults experiencing the consequences of involvement in the criminal justice system due to their personal use of marijuana; and (b) a small reduction in the amount of public safety resources dedicated to marijuana possession cases, accompanied by a corresponding slight increase in the availability of these resources for other public safety priorities. iii The Panel makes the following recommendations to the Seattle City Council: 1. Let stand Ordinance Number 121509, Seattle Municipal Code Section 12A.20.060, Resolution 30648, and Ordinance Number 122025.1 2. Revise the reporting criteria established by the Panel so that the Seattle City Attorney’s Office shall provide the Council President spreadsheets listing all cases in which an individual was referred for misdemeanor possession of marijuana charges, and describing the disposition of each. These reports may, but need not, contain case numbers. The reports shall continue to monitor the race and gender of the subject of the marijuana case referrals and filings. The spreadsheets are to be produced on an annual basis on or before June 30 of the following year. The Council President shall determine the appropriate committee to review the reports and the means for making them available to the public for review. 3. Disband the Marijuana Policy Review Panel. 1 Two Panel members voted against adoption of Recommendation 1. iv Acknowledgements Caleb Banta-Green Ruth Bowman Devon Bushnell Gary Cox Dennis Donovan William Edwards Bonnie Glenn Kerri Grechishkin Kathryn Harper Lisa Herbold Zuzka Lehocká-Howell Tom Mahaffey Norm Maleng Erika Nuerenberg Allison O’Rourke Neil Powers Nancy Roberts Peter Steinbrueck v Introduction Legislation Initiative 75 (I-75) was passed by Seattle voters in the September 16, 2003 primary election. Subsequently, Ordinance No. 121509 was adopted by the Seattle City Council and signed by the Mayor on September 23, 2003. Appendix 1. The ordinance added a new section, 12A.20.060, to the Seattle Municipal Code (SMC). Subsection A of the ordinance stated that “[t]he Seattle Police Department and City Attorney’s Office shall make the investigation, arrest and prosecution of marijuana offenses, when the marijuana was intended for adult personal use, the City’s lowest law enforcement priority.” The ordinance also called for the President of the City Council to appoint an eleven-member Marijuana Policy Review Panel “to assess and report on the effects of this ordinance.” The Seattle Municipal Code does not contain a provision making the adult personal use of marijuana a crime; the law enforced by Seattle police officers and prosecutors is, like many others, a Washington state law, specifically the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, Chapter 69.50 of the Revised Code of Washington (RCW). Under state law, possession of up to forty grams of marijuana for personal use is a misdemeanor and carries a mandatory minimum sentence of one day in jail and a $250 fine (the fine doubles on a second or subsequent offense and is in addition to any other fees or costs associated with prosecution and conviction). RCW 69.50.4014, 69.50.425. Selling or growing marijuana is a felony, as is the possession of more than forty grams of marijuana. RCW 69.50.401(1), (2)(c); RCW 69.50.4013. Felonies are prosecuted by the King County Prosecuting Attorney, to whom SMC 12A.20.060 does not apply. The ordinance does apply to the Seattle Police Department, though, and would apply to the referral of a case involving more than forty grams of marijuana to the King County Prosecuting Attorney if the evidence indicated the marijuana was intended for adult personal use. The Washington State Medical Use of Marijuana Act, which provides qualifying patients and their designated providers a defense to criminal charges related to the production, possession, or administration of medical marijuana, permits patients and providers to possess up to a sixty-day supply of medical marijuana at any given time. See Chapter 69.51A RCW. The use of items to store or ingest marijuana (“paraphernalia”) is a misdemeanor. RCW 69.50.412. Use of paraphernalia in connection with marijuana, then, where the marijuana is intended for adult personal use, may be a “marijuana offense” subject to the requirements of SMC 12A.20.060(A). The Panel was not able to isolate marijuana paraphernalia cases from other drug paraphernalia cases as the available data is not coded by substance. 1 RCW 69.50.608 establishes state preemption of “the entire field of setting penalties for violations of the controlled substances act,” so that individual Washington municipalities are unable to remove the criminal penalties associated with adult personal use of marijuana. This provision would have to be amended by the Washington State Legislature in order for the City of Seattle to decriminalize the adult personal use of marijuana altogether rather than simply making it the City’s lowest law enforcement priority. Furthermore, RCW 69.50.500 imposes on local law enforcement and prosecutors an affirmative duty to “enforce all provisions” of Washington’s Uniform Controlled Substances Act. The Washington State Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court have recognized that prosecutors enjoy wide discretion in deciding whether to charge, or not to charge, a suspect (see Appendix 4), but the Courts’ analyses did not involve a specific enforcement provision such as RCW 69.50.500. The Marijuana Policy Review Panel Initiative 75 required the President of the City Council to appoint an eleven- member Marijuana Policy Review Panel “to assess and report on the effects of this ordinance.” SMC 12A.20.060(B). The membership of the Panel included “two (2) members of the City Council, two (2) citizen members, one (1) drug abuse prevention counselor, one (1) harm reduction advocate, one (1) representative of the Seattle Police Department, two (2) criminal defense attorneys, one (1) representative of the King County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office and one (1) representative of the Seattle City Attorney’s Office.” Id . See Appendix 5 for a list of Panel members. Resolution No. 30648 was adopted by the Seattle City Council and signed by the Mayor on December 15, 2003, and it: (a) recognized the President’s appointment of Panel members, (b) called for meetings to be open to the public, (c) called for the Panel to establish reporting criteria for marijuana arrests and prosecutions, and (d) stated that the Panel would disband after it had presented its comprehensive written report with recommendations to the City Council. Appendix 2.