Part l: 's Defeat tn

uing $e6sr ddde of th.206 mtuy,c+ c.M/r 600,000 Jtu r€pd€d 1 'bout My ffi the fare.t Bbwhs indE6'riz.d Fd or ih. ?op,rador Ho{t€,rhg pFni@ F6on in EuoF_ Ge@n det prcduction - rh4 .f ,em nrbdl4atEiddsmdstu@de vrsededEndsinele indrabr otindeirrizatid lhd.vnibLnidi9,nda@bg4ot|gd, - hld iu.t d.Ed.r a* of Bi64 rhe b'dllPl:a ol @t Frahd hdd l.@ kbm a ed€€nnne dE Intuldial R@olud@ By 1919ca@ny pbdued @d6t bbh.d Ia@ olcgDh P.l1ri6 tEly u'E rirc @ .Et {an.tid Bribin. R.pid CerM .d@ wa3 epdialrt ricb dd rh€ devetopdd L' dE.IEnr6l nd deicl indarlB Gltln p€oPl€ @ ju.dy Pprd of 6dr olldire pd G6rny b dE foEftDnt.f what @ €tLd r€ lsibse MuidaB$&4 B..h ad Be.hl)qHir -sdid Induibl Revoludn. tn addtd@ rhe c:F dtuchacethea'dsch r,ddd'rl6op16.!dr nh popula6@ which rrl@&d lron {! hillion tl s xd aid Heget h.d md. {Eh nEt mt onlJ' o; $71 b mE rhd 6s nilion in 1911, @ sowinS G.dlq d:rb4 tdr d.n oI €uope 6e th,n dut of rh. orhe eior EwPen Po@ Mdt ol IIE l€0 nrdsrm dds M rh& aoubr€d O.m.n '. poltldl .y.t !,, dsi4dungthi! peid4a dlliN ofc@pee Th. adhPlidhadb of die c-tmd P&Pt€ 6Lft tlE out'€id. Byl9ll,trlErIDn|rl p.en w.E€p€.i.lyElEr, cn|uAtotth.ta*rhlr .r th. bel G@ian lator loe w.rr€d h hdlls. c.llhy.Ild tut edata aou6rudl 1a/r. UlJ*e b dE tud:rds or dE l@camn &ibn!Fl:@ddRGia-ofri6*erwftui si..y^dRlns w6 *all+duad ad lbnosltl@ Con- fied F&i6xy attl* 6d of dE Mddre &6 - tlp pulory.dedd ff .hildrq 6u rhe !s6 ofan( b Gm l,rl5 66a€d rIE nodfr lte divid.d up bdan Pdid€d all [email protected] witn ba6ic Ednl& dozd or b6r n!6 ln rll. 136&, ono 'bong rn wi|ine,edmlli3bU*flr.i0i!{a.tsbhC@y Biq.di tlr. p.nre Dinbte ot dE lgt p@elfd re b@ ln66rrof rtuoBrilin MlE -nie c.@ stib, Ihsi{ .nbr*ed .n . enp.jSn to Ped of G6@B we ctutrd.s-vior62p€td oabau,nbdcaery.Toadd*ln3selqB!trr* idqutr ngd@Edv6sEnbhbend3Tpffi ts led ?rusi, b qthory in 9e ag.iGr Dglluk, rhe Au&ifl Enl4,!d Fe Atbr cel!6 !.jriado& Bismrcl @k€d to *i:t and dl@l deb3e. Many of Empe-s n6t $€$den rhe Powd of rne dde and h indd* ndcal novemd i pdtidc ud dhid tuir ongiE C€Dan /s inft@ abmd. sbbirig a orderweF nighry vatued in 8Gm,r*,s cljffiy, Apeialty 6 FoluEonary pdrihEt mve'luts a foo$old 8'ined THE RoaD ro SARAJE\,o h ma.y Eftp€d @unbi€. Bimaftk bok a eG pbnsd .pproa.h b @u@ring rhe Fblurionria. A!,trE 20th century h€3&, cemhy had one on dle one hm4 rhe lny and rhe polre @re sivd inPlacbleqemy rd€. c.lrrh uin@dm rmk bed powa b.mtut.ivir u@51wMe&e gftm- plae onry aftd rh€ prsie any idti.rd a hudr- nd'cticbdtfury66dhbtrdoE6'heolna atugdder o. rhe FFtdr h $e rn hand,BLhjrcradoptedrtlolrubinpbveondi: or 13m. & a Eutt, Frre wa rdrd b 6 ove. drc 6otu ror workds rhat pur het ordhary c.rnans Fovinm oI abe Td Lornine b G€rnmy dd b ar4d oJ drer oukrpab in Bdhii bd Fm€. pay Gffiy s brlion iir6. e h nud of EftP€. cruy ha+.i3iddals cemy's sowins3ftlsrhad nndm nisd *lulqr€ No naft! how su(atur, fcw cs@c outd&abovetheddclasift6wnichtheywert w€ll rn 1907, they joired the Frrncn in fotus tle hn. The c.rtlE rridrgr.eduq4imlFE4whi.h Tripre Entcnre b .oun&' cemm peer. csmany w6vdyddvq69e$iw,ddng(rugtinf@ed t:d prcvoha Brihin by dbn!!d. ih*aivi'ioB Momve. dE ofiier6rpd of fiec6 pb8lam ro build up ib Mvr whle cene l.adeB mndxhyedbpFsitiofuiglvclllllEtwde algftd tur a lff8e nd wae n@s$ry to pFrRt tn i ffid 6i nhb€B ol dr€ uppd cra$. oD69/3 wqldwide dlMacial iikab ad d&- c€@yt npid hdEriati,?rion pas lrur€d,haiN 6bd6. the Bnr:sh sw the c€ifrd buitd np ae in cill'h Kie9. & dE num!€r of indusdial work a fr6r to theii ld\g4brdin€ doiiEne at sa e6 8Ew, s did tne #ngih of the s{ial Lren@atic Par9orc€@ny (sPD), ttu kadinswqr.ine .ra$ A Cetmen nanina srrtenary n*t be ac pdrr. c€l!m/3 prriddr. dE Rej.nsb& w* i- kitulznA?d tobe inmprnde @iA1 ds dbtm cE6ingry bm by kcion b.ke4 rhe upper clas, 6J rh. B;.ish EaPn , ad @ if thtt EftPne dnlpp.nrcd, the ulioh oI tle Sztt.st mititary p.rei md de KrrjnE cr6. l.i.n.nyl uik the rt n'u| pwt it de 3ylhelide6ism.klefioftreinr3$,hen,d aftdt stete wra @flN tteu d tt @nbiru hr tta hord€d . sbk tnat was efiicicnr bnt reeisrad ro tidd$e ofsr.h an inflbus Idit spintl. ctu3r. wnib ax aduu hid llm tne risht io rcb in -sdkr olFciol of the Bndrh Fofli'n ofre narl']s of lne k rer (a dld lnat o -oes!") le htle or ad hr ninide6. voiins dErrery€ dEir courys pdidons dr Iuldt lead- .r the resional l€vel €nsured rhnt 'eshfuions ihc ins *Pdr!. Tn€y Emkd cehan effda b celffi nobirity -d walthy indsbialisb h.rd thc 6h6lish dipro@ric and coDder&r foorhotds in hg6r shaE af inn!re. nle gbups oppced m- Africa rhe Midtlle risr, md dhs .@ or Bdtish in- id.hds6 in rhe lolidel6Fbadd rmined loJ,aj l]ugw. M@*ftile/ REie otriciair feared th* rhe gwth of c@n nitib'y power ua prt oi a plm C€trltry wa3 in tlny i6p€cb ude€atiq b srab enibr 6!n ure Rusim EnpiE Ttuy als. bur rhe soveffienr did not ah4pi io .ohptebly idt dur rhe hign bnfis camrmy inF3ed.n R6sn tupoutdisfrL A@GidrabledegEothhrebd md dric freedoa wE pcmitr.d. c,lrlny at the Fcd wifi tneh66le Po@ ce.nh rades M or se aruy wE ihe Ene or hrdse polirior, hc@insry believed rhi drr ]{n Mound€d. rn !€pore. they se.gthcncd then allane wirh the STALEMATE AT TI'E BATTLEFRONT AsteHunS.rir Empne horielly, rhis atliance brcushtcelru'bbdffuG'ontwndutnay Inthefusrmdn6ollh?wa,c€I]rwylaun.hed G.run lead6 h:d long $ught b avoid. a (a$ive olfetuive agaict Frece dEr almo* ep Erd Patu hsephmbd, hlraBs, Flgrhmd Bniish roFe h"xed rheadvre oI ihe G.lrrm rny. By tlu on June 23, 1e1,1, s€rb nadonarbb Essiturd ddly dnm D.$sid6 adopd bch snriaE, e! Hunsatu dudn4 E s.EFvo. rhe alssimdon er ding inio hishry roruhed pddoc $it wee dilfi.dr b aik.k the drydopftnr aI rtu m.hhe gu fd r wilh i\e suppon of rheircm allis, rne Aaba healy duery gave defeme rh€ advahge over oI- gdvemmenr cued an uld@tun demndinS rhat rer. Ddn€ t€ n*t tou }€G, dntoc or srdieF died in Fdeir barde rhat stftly.haig.d drb.r porid.rr dvi9. TIE Aubim dtuM prdpkd a

suestul.In he Au38i 1914 dE c.tu.ePul*d Arsd d€d:red wd asatur serbb i ld€ Jdy 1e14 RNian red6 orded tneirafry b be€in Fepring rhe lol1owing nonths. |rr.y t@k rhe ofre$i'e md .d- for wa! G€rrro GaaeF weE suddany ontrcnbd !tredde€Pne6el4iblyofdeRu$nEqP!F 3yMdch1912mjlibyqback,ndi@6ighG' celru niibry sbar€gy drl€d ror ceffiy b ery ar hone tolcd R@bt nnd, Ts Ni.rol6 Il, b atuck swiltly ad deisivelt as had b€a $e .e i ,EP don! Ei+t ttl4dB rad, a o.mGr s.vm d'e Fm. Wa, b pEvenr b€ing squ*d nent unde. rhe l6der+ip or v.L r?hjn *ized powa RKia. Acor.ting ro the ed b.ga biling pls ro pdr Rsia ari or rhe ffi- or the lxlm, Bnbin g{ ib uval sP{ionty kndkout blo* isajBr Fa€ 6y n.in8 iluoush B€l gi@ tudbu& rd dE NedEbn& b ou6,'*the m{y ws cut ofl frcn its colod6, a wen a fbh Fmch amy md €pM Pdd G€trlhy wotld thd be abre b .onenhe ib em€is o 1d of ihe bldkade weF rcEEd by pdr had6b in 1916 and le1z plus an mcually cold winrc! in rd rhe s.]'li€fiq plh b su@€d, dr cetu ould noi ano* the rKim amy b gd a head sd citi6 who mul'l nd alford dr bla.k mrkd pne ior in pRparilg lor wd cmequ{rly, fie Gelmn gov- food ud tuel, weF pushed b eE b e@cn|oldercdi6nilibrybmbirizcaidd.claEd More tlu! ,@,!co cffi civirid di€d dtrg h. wd agaiGr tu*ia on Au8!* 1. Two days lat.r, wd62elllofiJleblcradeMe cernanydedared sai dn Fran e, Ru66iatally. cellrhadian profpEd the Bn6sh b.ldlne ffi.n cmmy on Augur 4. wodd wd I had begun. unlike Eftgeh onllicb ol rlE 13rh dd 19th

which the shggle ffi .d limid b the bard€Iield ship oI ihe sPD in rhe RenhsbS supponed fte wa Each side bied b dipple rhe orhel3 glrmny d h- cffod byvoting b pftvide s€ hilibrywi$addiuoml deroine norate dn the hone tunL Even neltal rund! c€rl]E work6, ld\g ssFed or dftloyalty counbis, su.h 6 *r u.ibt sbb, foud rhi their by top govemnent officials, pabioliaily rarlied abilib/ b bde Gely wisr Ewpewas h dhgd. Frcn the dly mmhs or the we, tne Bnch tu6r blrlcde had rl butwiped out Amcrian fodgn tade with GE&MANY'S STRUGGT-E Fon VcroRY atacLr oo us shiPs lelt a deep€r inPresidn dn lnc€nan'stgnlidhpPGihonbt\e$aaF pcarcd in 1er7. h April, watkoub by ihousanrrs oI I broke out, President cemnworkeF nore L\an 200,000 in tedin ron wd.db* wjls.ndd the srai majonv olarui.s - ilhEticd rhe 8lowing discontenr. Ihar same gwndlssonlor'he'countrytobeomeivolv€d' non(l! radjel ne!$6 or i\e sm sp[t ofi b rom rwo new porjticd pdies. oie ol rl)e 8rotrps qas turcp€an p.lilic. By 1912 howev€r, PGpecb or a known s the spdhds l2asle in honq d the 'nE.im3ravevno bd. rhe 14 rior8rdad(K c.tuar b wiL.nk pl,nw4 rhepft- 'ftl!.saiNtRomin Htuy B.C rn the Rei.h.b& the spD had b€o6e &e cipr6 or*rf dehimriod op.ndiploecy, t€stam b!8etFrry, ardbueh ib ma''h€616d rctb.a Siven ay bb in 6e sovmsr In l,ly 1tZ tne sPD {d AdvMr€ or pse in G€llay bk han 1lom otnahrii3i pdi6 joined Iffi b p,a a@lution in rhe fa.t thrt wirsons Folfu Poin6 did not blam rhe R€i.h3bs dEt 6ned ror p€a.e wnhour annex- en @uqr fo' tr rA. L*eis, dE pLn did not inpoe 3P

UndeBbdably, mmY carlrrm courd mt ac- wdineladeB of theceffi hiub". B€bnn's in €pt ltd &ey wrerhe l(,36 of wondwrI And vet lar? le1e, !!hy oI c.ffiy's seneElt no* nodrv r|:r &e ubr ss pre.i*ry rhe basis or the Vecailles T@Fy Field Mmhal Ench von Ludqdorff, dsu€d bl

dr tdB/s b . Tney vis€d $e vesill$ Tearv den€brherubos'n1sno6onrhatc€lrrrEvhad ("stab in $e bacr") apFaled b s unlai ad hnilia$n& rtu erry mde ii llain ihar suftered a D.roisk qho cffay w6, de6ad Dtion For niLN or cer manY c*ffi .ould not bd iv* on the Illm, uE wddm Republi. i&lf w* identin€d dd believe dut drn comkyt mislq :ny (ln ra.t, as dd oue/s stane {d wah6s verge or collapse in Novemb€! 1913 G€mmy's bP miliby.onn'rdeB, Ludodorfi d Hindmbug haa Presd ror a qujck end to tu dd b€aue oI dre s!*hg mdl. mmg cdt]u boF ) lrc wdesrEr

hiui Mcanrhrle, prdes dn ihe lar lert ed the ra! Iuk (equivalst ro Prly s70 amuil budget wa srisrdv wd riSht of tne c€Imn Polind sp€tuF bgeth* cp_ the US. gdelmdrs $5 billiln). ftllen rhe ce.@ govmnt Proked rhe a_ tne l'reimr 3y3' lhat rhe was dcaiw and lr bevond foKs reided $ebasic legitu.y of 'nount tem. on the rd t.lt, the newly rormed cerM pacfy or cernany to PaY, ua Br milibry adion Afrer iee nesohaboN, colmuci Pdry 6rD) Polled 20 FenL roD suP- threabtud 132 pones wee Bp€cially btter thar sPD lade6 had rhec€mn 8ore@nr Eltutlv asre€d to Pat reparadoG For .alled in the amy b pur don th€ specist aukd binid mark (3bout !B biliDn) ir ldy&Ilr]G, rherepaEdoG ag@enr mebt ht foughththac€lrrnanydudngworldwalrir? rhen govmment hrd d..epted rhe ardde ol tne other Jh-mtional!5b, he viewa ihe venttles vdaillBldry tn* held Gendy dd ib allis luny TuV s huDring and braltd u\ mnt to! cefunt/s P6iddi T'l€ ftart also *verely Iimited d€ sia or the fte NSDAP 6d 8an'.d m6dMide aMthn n Gerru ady. & r 6ult, rhoEn Novemb€! 1923, when Hiirq dd Lldendortf bd ro s w@ lefi unemployed. May ol dEn Frtud ttu iNdgre a rebellion aSaict thc weinar 3Frem h oi the fdrarF (Fre corp€), wh.h w€E orsa_ Mmic{ rhe 6pih1 0f rhe euthn G€Ijltr sbre of 'nr

Eva s they tonrd a .es eovel:nst, rh. Fa*o'?s ofti&ll backed out of L\er!kl, but trt dta muon_ t@ps nd tu oPPosition fron trt cqn$ dny The alisb rmk theh 6!* to dE ste6 or MsicL wheE am/s d'idorserl Erukea,-d€r,&".r, ltu rhey md dGrde rron Brvdin Folie. Hidd sE auyl do6 rct 6rc upon dt [email protected]/' The .oup aGledfdo.vjcl€dofs€ditim'HeHsgl€md d'*! hol{ftn 6UiF€d w hina weel, li+ely d thc b kflenve1!s n Ftn Dun'gha EF$m4t a by L\e sPD r{'rd Mde Ma' rdl[Mystu8dd, bok dur PG Euu ol 3*61 sdk dgmiz€d ' I1f Fri[,?s uprisins d.atutizd rhe Pke or smied Hnkr's political thrcie ed framed de pdki.al viorenceio rhe weimr RcPubli. UIta_ proslan of the NsDAe Hider was Ele*ed after mtionnLt poliddl 3roups carded out hundreds or i.fu* arbcks lsaict rheL opp.nenb in tie .dry 1920s. Few of rhe rjSht wing te(oG6 ware proF eted, md rhce onvichd *de Senerally &eat€d re'imtry br oeryadve cd'nFdse. h odEst lefi'dg remtua rRived hdrh *nkn.es. A6one tne mst nddios &b ol hrcrnF bY

Focisn |"ln$!k waier RatieEu hr@e lerz urb! mdonalisb h"r€d Ranrenau lor his rcle in Eachg a E he sas aJew And-S€iitbm gained new d!flglh durins the wdG! da. Exren'isb bhmcd tvs for c*man)/s deJdt h world t{a I dd clajtrtd thit they tu'r mas bninded dE otuunist rcvoludon in ru$ia

A.totl llltlq'. pditical roots

sodalst cnnan rvorleF'P,fry O.ISDAP) wa otu dr llny smll s6lPs laming $e nm6 o, €xfthe tu tiqulisni rhe weilE Republic. wthila l€w yaE. hwee' the NsDrP (whe fenbs wse boM 3 Nzj3) wa &iven b natioul pMnrere by the cl$fuandambilionofibleadd,AdolfHjdei Hnler had been bor^ in Aadriaand did nor edg la dun a yw or his *nkft. hcd cr llidd s phio$phy. Hi.€r b€lhved rh* rha .oatd b. kaced ]a$elt to cenan rjrundr p.Ld6 dond. hhis mind, Jewsv* pobning the blmd md rhe Ruhr Gupdioq tldy ceffiblarFd rheir Ec nonic w(E on rhe idemtiorol b.ntina sFcm and At- lelyinEplion, Hiils. and hh part' !- mainea on dr ftig6 or cemm porftial lire ; &e rhe weihd syden w* agi €*hd. It0' In dry 1e2{ shon\ ans L\e railed ,!eh in HyFri rad@ pnodued wimeE md los6 h Mani.lrlhe|.SDAPwon6'6pertentollhevoGjn 5 cerutu. esPe_ crarioa ro ih€ Rei.hrhg In rhe elad otu of 1923, th. dany those h rcriRnenl sw the; lile svines wiFd NSD P3 she of the loh had falren ro 2 6 Pddr. o{t overniShr. At the same dne,hyPerinna(ionaL lowed c?rmN who and botuwed naney ro pay off thei. ,rcbb with ore.y Lhii wd wonh ody a dny REPARAToNS AxD HYPEFT{FLAIoN fKhon oa wh* dry had orieinally b.rcwed In ad Dap e thec(mn sovelMenfs pl€dge to pat ditioni rha huge aaomi of n o

In Novcmbs 194, e govelmmt t@k {eF b h* hypsiJ]adon. a ruw IEk varued * I Eiltion alamed 4 the @ugem oI natiourism in cs Dny tud $e Srowing opposltion b lepa.adotu. ltha6€mmy w6laG \ ddiwi4 a shipmd of erephone poles, Fr4.h ed B.l3im tuF6 cu- P;ed rhe tunr, c€lj]tr/s r:dEdd h6rhd, i Jmuary 1e?3. rtuy 3&d onbol ofc€h' nks,

wirhour tlE military 5bdgrh to opPo* rhe Nupatio& ilt Geman gevetr.nr rg.d ib cih' zm b 63ht ba.r wfth non violeni m€ds Gsmn

@Pdab * i& &e Fltrh ad P{l8ratu. The Ger IrB sovelr1md, she ritwol rsou.6 weft allady sekned b the limjt, pnnbd nort honey ro suppon the sbi*eF Alrq a dnenonth shle- nb, the Gq]]E sovmr abandoned ib Poliry of p'siv€ 6bhe md b€gr nesotiatims with dre Aui€ RepaGiios payneft weF evarudry r*me4 rrcmpting the wjihdc*at oI FfttuI and Belsid boops 6om tne Rubr i Aueut 19?t. Tne Ecupa6on ol rhe RuhJ spdred an m- nooic cl.i in cdmny. By printins noney to s,ppod stildng wo*e6 &e ce'rru sov€nieni tud $e inn:dql1-y p]slE dEt hrd L€n bdildins ni*dd.ally valued al loui to the Us dorta!- oldd{ks,wshdddffdskidfinancialPdd6 caino[6bdeP€ndrenalbgiane w.e adopr.d. Htpeiina{ion w4 dopped, bd rhe ccnler Paty €m4ed as a ddender ol c,rhok bEF ePbd?dRPen€ddeeeofifutdilymdanricty sb and enjoycd a loyal rollowins. uk€wjse, Dismrck 3 suspiionaf thc labd oryecntshngtn enea rhe .olmirmenr ot tuy workers to the sPD Trre dady defded p6iuons ol 6e sPD dd $e ccntcr Dade polittal compronie di(icult h rhe weinar Ratubuc. Iru6b3l, rhe so ladiDs mod eltrrrcdicdis in the 192&, exdtue bearthnusns in ei*. paiies round Lhemselve aivid€d by sPedli paddg archildure, nusi. €r:phic arb, lirn, ald bsu6 and the valus udertyhs rhcm Ddng $e l erahre vec bring plae. S.ne of th6e deuelop s{b were roobd i celjrn cultuc othe*, hke coaliiion gov€trmmt doniuld by L\. cenb Paty je- wft adapEd tuon ihc urhE rne sPD ftmined {E targe$ pdty in ih€ Rdcbb8, dg ai thc sme rinc in rhe Unitsd staies rhe "weind culbe" d ihe noveneni be.ame knosr, net officjar, un'il June 1e23 Meanwl e cc.'er officiak $ughr mw eattdon p:lfu b keP the sPI) out ol rhe govemnent rlEy orhn umed ro:marr, dghr*ine parh.s, run/ oJ which had.ngi:lly l rft€doG tor women weE a o\allenge io their badi ?

e6 rhat srodfied L\ecm pan. TlE mh'wq novel, I A atnt at thz ttah Etunt,byca

cendy. Ar aar o, n€ n6b' f/,,r depicred the

young men who wanied to go hone. wlrcn lhe Eovi vsion ol ihe novel Prtd.red in Bedin in Deenbe! 1930, orwahve Lna led by rhc NSDAP sbged msile potets and disruphd sren'nss rh. gov emnenr w8 eventualtt lor(d !o bm rhe tilm.

l-lt Rryablt. q Ttun@ H.ine culbld isu6 spillad over inro &e Gemaa Pq utqt atE@ i rfte 1920smd shinal ala66beeen alled ro! rhe dAhu.tion of tlt weilH sFkn tu Ley fourdiry patu6 or tne $reiffi Republic, thc rhe .ons{varive k€nd in c.]lrB p.ritc w5 dediy revaled in tJE Pr€sidential ddb6 ot APlil Borh paiis had develop.d drong i rmtiiiet in 1925 thit w*e clled :ner Pk3ident Fnedri.h Ebd, rhe 19th enhr/, la4rly in r€dion b the porEts d rhe sPD leader, died in oftice. Fo'ffi Field Mrshd carertor otu von Eisnwck. h lne 1376, tumd.k Hindenburs, whom many 3usP{ had ahdpEd to linit rhc innuence .I the carhoric rsble rhe md.hy, utuwtt defeled tne c€ntere ch[h incelrrsy' tIG ffis, howeve' ld runy the nod@re Mac asajNt Hidsburs. rnsba4 the b\6. Th€ sovemFenr wa dadto.red, ai c€m/3 budset derld b,]t@n d. hd€i banr, who poled 6 d rhe vok Frar en €ponded by .la*i8,rry cemny as a bad dr* ald blo.ked nry loa6 b rhe sovet:lrlhl rould use rhe poweB oJ Ltre presidd.y undo rhe rn i,rarh r%0, dre "etud drition" Sdejmet weinar corudrudon ro rdd{mine panincnrary di had bm f.med in JLn 1e23 by rhe cekr, rh€ dehdecy. nee yeaE dlier, Bdiio Mserbi md his FaGr Paq had osh€d a stusgtins demdda._1, raFed. For Lte nci rhr€ y66, no8 h thry, d€wbs addddon frn d be abre b .odi on rhs suppod df 'ndtudona[sb a maiorig o1 rhe ceruny. Nonerheless, Rei.nsbE?s membes rhe c?rtun pdfticar syskn Hindmburyr rute o,rked th€ hish point of rhe Ttuou8hod ure pdiod ofqnik, c.Illd chE.d- he rE$e df NalioE h 1926 {d p€a€tullJ' solved loa w€r 6oftd b Qll upm Pieidenr Hind&bus to smBr or ib dGpurE wiL\ the Ani6 [email protected], bre eme4€nry measures, as pem led ude! Ar, (onodc sbbre poricia paftd rhe way fo. srcwing ri.re 4 0f ihe weimar condn!

3ys&m,sparldme.bryd.hdd:c'. DEPiEssroN SpAFxs NEw CF|s|s ishr showed damaii. gaitu 4 the dor woEened. rn the Rci.nshgeldias orsepknb r$o,'helcDpolled13Djluonn@voeunnh2d ored6{then6nomyw*eFoallyvulndlble eo yen eiiei whjre tu NDAP b6t nln Much or dr pcp€n9 i cfrmmy frd41925 ro 192e 300,000bnoren\a6.4d|lbn_ 'uoFr rhe sednd ht36r Pdb, h ihe P€icnshg. dfdciais celftn 6ed rhe l()* ro net spaadon on dre she6, dcaDed vrorene by pdalnu- kry soupe su.h d 6. sem Irktus (slorn r!@e€n), qs a.. of $. NsDAf an 7hd6ba.resskdEvajueoftheninv6func counbrpans. become a r%ltar re suddelly dbp. To mare up tor rhei t6ee, rhey de p.hic. Exenbb oI boih the riehi and Lre lelt ar en orher foretn renPrd ro inridddre dEir oPPom neighborirocds. w]lne dr€autu,itB ri€d b b.n paa- As the cman {onony sPudere4 Gqmany niritry sroups dd finn demorurariotu, $en a budsd hd sowing defidL Duins |ne r920s, the mssu€ *ere he{kdk rn*M'jr]g t}D dde of vie sPD hd puhed a sqi6 af ftlorm rhrough rhe Reichsha rh:t weE inhded b inpidve condjtiotu rntomriatullr, h\e collap* cr 3robal hde and tor erke*. tflije trle en@y ex"anded, ltc gov the ce.mrn govelnnent', budset.dsis dppted qith €heerr was abh ro keep up the .*b of cermn/s 6nan€s. wiihout anirys rrm foieisn pmvidhs benefib b mmptoy€d wq*s ad dhn sdd pbSram. ft'jth drc emnomi. downtun, cq- Allis. rn repdme b rhe dnr, p.6ident Herbe( mu rdec ]qeaa8hi h a.ritell1m Tobarfte rhe H@va carred r.! a cmporary hilr b cell:w Epara- budset, ihey woutd eidu h,ve b cutb€ne6b or iai* tions paynenb. h add ior Hoover ! ow€d the le onenpror€G. As def€nd4 or ntu wo dnscrs, fte sPD md KPD fousht agaitur ab in sdial Fro. 3'am, whre the on*ryative podies opF.yd hjshq The July 1932 Reichstag Elections

a de,urr 1e32 Renhshs elcdons aFpr&.hat Esadres ofuicn p'iaon, o@p:ri.4 d r€gm As rhe tury 1932 parriane.iary erdions ap- ins. Ndly 6 mjUioncmrs re r.gided {idr tlE F.aclEJ, rhe NSDAT, dre sPD, rhe c.nr.r. and rhc 8.vffits une.mptoyd Tne actuar nuhbe orun- KPD wcre tha ri*.ly lavo.ir6 asmS d1e Red6bB,s .mplotcd ls pD$blynrh hiih.r. In inddry ed ri'teen poJiicar Frties (rr iacl rou padis 'h*e tus dod€,5, million jobs had b@n lo{ sind 1e23, wourd bse${ €eive nsrrr e0 Fftent of the vde ) rhe rad ytu dl pr.sp.lny Almod 50 pdent ol fe.h older psri6 had a di{tetErpedptrdR Dn &e cmn/s u,iq, memb$ wde ftnPhyed ch.nfnor rreiNich Bruening had not had a tundedbl var,,a /\nd €ch prcp.sed a dfi.le wdk4 tuFn9 in the Reihdls sd€ rhe srtus of PlogtantoBuidcc(n3nyldwdddrelufu!cldt 1930. hffiinglt, h. died on Rei mw llaly 3s y€r old, b g.reh tlft4h uM ard sour.e dt mPFd ror 6ch Pdv. w&'coGutudo In 1e3?, six+si\ lcidcn- iia|.ngrgltyd€ftsweEjs*d,whne$e

'lra palddrj:l ded@ ol rhe 3Ptug ol 1s2 hdi€(cd rhar mmy ccrhs kr rolidg Jo.a sbnalada to $lve crld,yt pror,lem. kAidsr nildenbu+ wa r€rercd by a dcr tujonb, bu! onrt, rrbr hc had ben rdc.d inb a run5ffeldd actur Adotr Hfle. h $c nFL Fund or banodn& r ridd GptuEd 30 F.eni or $e rb ro fRish 6o^d behind dE aging pr€si denr. In ldd:rion, rhe KPD cadidare won 14 perenr ol rhc voic whlle l nino! csndid*e p.rred 7 psoi RadEr drn ruo rh.ir ow. cJn dida€, &e c.nb Pury rd the sPD ienftheir

I Iiuq s stonG shown,6 ,n rhe peidenn,l rae w3 i rendion oi rhc NsDArs srowing polibcd iophisiicaron. Bl rhe 6ny 1e30!, rhe Nus hid sd uP t(al Pa:v organr,d!ro h bwc and dd6 ftousbur c'nrm/. n€), tEd arso reeed id rairor 6en Fropagada io win ov* sp€tu g-upe and rclioN. Moftovd, ln. [email protected] gy g:ve the p&ry an ed3e qq rb porili.ar dvar( un];re rhesP., and (1'D, n hich appear.d niinry b worki|s .la$ vor@, .nd the chE, whGe suppoit was lin- fd6El@lanfuh@ghyGedfu'ep G'Vfrdpdji€ltsd6 id bigery ro catrouc, rheNa* diBEd tien n.sage b lntually an erhni. cermani, KPD lcomnuntst P.rty or cetmany) Iranded * rhe rme ar $c raihd spa&cist up*Lrs n 1919, L\e Kpo ftj lcade6,,rnc(m,ssuppos$2srou ad 6e (PD uenprored in brg! ciiis. Th. had rifrh sftngrh F ln. .ounrrFide. Arh\luph borh rhe (?n o d,e wortins das, rhe 1wo Panr$ w€ro G,,!nv .-rF' Fo.liatp nt$.dJuo! d oerrtFm ,,d r!. had o

efrelge lrhrious 6on dre ashes ptraminbry lo!e' ndmb"r4g h rhc Lrupbd rhc m€d!€s or rh€jr !.[dol .PPonenG and r.u3ht srer b!ftle n igr$ofiiods Tn€ rD al$ shied

sPD (3oc1.l oehocrattc pa y ot cetnany) Iomdedduiry thglafrdP4to.the b€ed w6 in rlF SDwils indBbial woiking dss Thc j6dft of rhe tujo! no.-cadmr. !abo! miotu jdscrv shaFd srD poricies nrepr Jor a rricl Fljod ;*-;;;;;lTrff;#; ;ff i ta frl.Qifite&, Hl_j#iji,i,I",# | W*+3 proyer.emproy* dispur.s p6bt d rib.! lruos, md .@Fd kbl p&sratu drar ben, elikdlhckodjnEclasto&!l€smaldthe KPD drta lroh rhe barhlrys of&rl Mas, but tt'. sro )3*-Bv4'4l/ffi r-ry qo.r *i*,, ^,"',..* | tr,' ffi :1s:*'i5."fj,*;ff ;"T1lFF''"HS6',"-""fJ"5lBPFf"?,'! Mr\"r I '" rlbaat' " Jlttdtab' hhP*P " dd@€ nlul L+r,ard.'*h"d? '.ffiy." I s,a t\at'rLa-artu t bzna\ and$

Cdtet (ortgtna y dled th. Christian peopte,s part) Foulded dudng the Iatu p'r ot rhs . drr., 6e Grhoti. Bavatun peDrc,s Pbity (Bvq, dEwflpp.d lrgely flom c.mm/s Rorun Grh.li6 (}nk vdr€r eme rnn diff€rgr rceioG ,r.a J'rl"pa bs. ou' rri4 FF .^ed j l q, d- iF b p,d{,nrir*,h-,, h"".q",.". s.,_;..", hrdeenra Arthough c,dutie werd DuSrrty 37 Fcrmr o( cen,myr poputarioe m:ny 01 the wdDd Republict .h:enoB wert dEm Eln ihc hnrs of rhe c6hr lcade^htp, rhank tal:dy ro rhc loyalry of rhc carhls sp!ftE oe cflid reads si4 "tfu did noi j.j! rhe onic4 one e6 bon i,ro jr.- $d pordal ^5 d seiai oud@t or rh! cenbr ws ndnimhd by didihonal fid\-mbnil rdirious valu6. nr c€*t/s stun8 oppoidon b nGai.n r.d ,an]' badeE b rczad rhe sfD with s6 paiod, cldk po iciaG wdt ro great rensGs b kep rh. spD out ot tne govcimcnl NSDAP (Natlobdl So.lallst GBmar WotkeB' Pdtty) Lrk! rhe KrD, lhe NSD^P fjs'd ' drc hsiima.y of the w€imar Republi. a.d ar8ftd rhar wcimar r$de* had behyed rhe c€ftn peopte by NsDArs pogran was b*d on d @odennaliono'ihPv{$nl€TF,ty'n)epartylsuG$ly6duela€ely r dr. nov..&L Lr,rre! ws r eifted, hypnor. did. r rb highly .h4g€d spe.h6 ignjrd rhe s.M di in3( dcpllson b$d Be,ue he dnl n{* b€(Dre a cqmn ciiz€n until1932, I Po|lnt ouh dr! as rh. w.inar 1r aPa luPP.n.an. Pinarry fton hfren wlile-/oung vors aDd new

Reichsrag Election Besulls 1920-1930 {percenlage -

13.6% 12.1% 11910

SPD 2A 5"; 26.O1" 29.4"6 24.5./"

t3.I7"

6 54" 3.0% 26% The NSDAP and Totalitarlan Rule

In rhe J'!y 1ev pxline ry dctioN, rhe The da) dfisr thc dcshucdon of lhe Reid'sra& NSDAPdpfri€d37p{c ol rh. vo(s - rhe bEet 6bl dDr my Falty hnd i(.ived thus I{ under the penddt mon or ihc pohral lghb gurdteed in rhe weillw sysen Ar ilte ldgest pat h tne Renh*d8, weinrr co!*irurioa includiS lieedom at speede rha NsDAr .n@ Hdnia's coering a w he@ and tedon aI rhc pr!s, ind lEedom ol asehbly. I he cDainlefJe.iout|awcdfdLh€s'DDdd&l' l*toIature. Alihou8h c\f,nany s6 $irr beis n,v lo'ingweek,lhcNsDAlindeP Rckhda& Pr6idnt Hindenburg adiiv pdor b €bdo\ eE sP 'ne the gov.rmcm h $n€ .aF.iy

zis conkoucd x mrjoi't oI vo6 in rhc prnbmenl tary eletioE r Novenber r$1 hoeev{, rdsd rliile!roudd.lnpro is. thc NSDAPS shaF or the Irjrle! {nggled fiF oi the politi.al snsh;inb ia Ica,raslrjp rhar supPld fo. rhe \SD P had al&ady p*d by the onsdbrion L1 laic Mar.h, lrithr $on passase of ieu isldtion in ttrc P€i.}shg thatembled Ns The Novembor r9r2 clcrtions dGo .onvn ed many ol Hindobur8's rdviv* tld Hitrcr $.s r p:* ins fislE dn the politier shgc. Thcy now lavored app.intu€ tndci as.hrn..[on dEurl8 d8t the Nizi hidr!.dutd b! un,ed by surDlndrg hin vnh F dQl opP..enb o. 5Plnlil'le..oscrvdivc minbeis Lilewisg, lhey

I liler ivere themelva push..l outoi e govemnt vis6 bd.nsed io dE Df!IP m4 in rad, hd nev€r Hjtlere{endedNzionblloaxap€6dGm,n so.i!.9 i^dudins :dools, tk in|ib'y, the PPs, 'he rhp chu .ner, 4td cvcn thc ads when rhe aiins lfs i dent rtd.nburs dFd on Ausu* 2, re3a, Hi'lcr

bn' Hjd.nburg nand HrLr chincerlor on hnqdy 30, 1e3l on dE dshr of February 27. ]s.rr, rhc Rci.h'b8 Hnb and his pair sioyed Popurar suPPod buidugw6deshoyedLynrc Hikrnaimedlhdrl'e rhrcushoui rr€ €i ol tne 1t3ls. ftis

jrlcls xtditlotr, H {oftign porice - rhe ll:Nupahon ord€ PrrJdmd, rG +dq' oI rh. v{'ir15 rr,vs

rsrord 601 6any c{ffi 5hdea fire b iu*Iy a porrtal drlkdown. thcil ssr d nadonal Pri.le 'ne ti dr tonowng rwo pag6, you I fr h,vc an oppodunfty b c:ahie L\e la*s rd sp€.h6 thd provided d! € bhin{hn Nzi csn.

Otderc ta Prusslan Poll@, Febtuary 17, 1 3 (i5sue.l by tl6tn.nn Goeing) inhh rhe bes rcl,boru aith rhse orar arions ts.^ and sr,llturr, tlr uu€...nionalsr eekians orsaniad.nl rhd tumP nc th. Dcl imponm'conshudiveldr$ of trc srak...ft.

4d wirh all$vei), d wspo$ mud trculrd rorhlslt iI lil€{y'E{ry enof onnt€d in adjr8.

Enabling Law, Mar.h 24, 1933 1t7r; qtrd rtbulian rBsdulh t twthn.Ls dairr;.! afthc Rtit$tr{. ltE oltu Pqq d,rft \th\ry diddc nd pqv6 b Hrb.3 {tunnlnt 5i a d. r?, rs nod,!d,ar,, .rJ! r,r! srrr .d.d dsotrr rE,!4vn,l National ci6inct lH ler dd hjs nid.te*j 6 n ell a h:eorddce wjth

lno coturiturion so far a3 ihey do n

Law f6t the Rostotution ot tho clvit setuice, aptirT,1933 olfr.,rs of non-aryar dFai lrinunly lersl ac ro be rchrcd. t hore llhd hav€ handary mus irc al$ b .ve indided by rhe; previous pdrftn adidry ft* rhey @y nor en ihcm *l1es far rlD !*ionar nate wittoui

speh by Dt- , Mtnt.tettot Pubtic Entightennenr and Prcpaganda, al Meaa Aook Butning, hlay 1O,1933 f inc nishr to rrtrou 6h rhe nan$ r Nrrd hqe h#r, 6 ,Pntb'l 'he 'h* hundahos d ihe Nowmb t!!.ia{l rcpubtn sin} to thc srolnd But ( that$edehand,aFP]rilolwl.h{th,ve{{.pedibddisivcdEcdddd ns drhiv.Iurr6. so r be8 j ou, ny raloh nqd€nts, rd 3hd up tor rh.

oholsndsaJ.tudsLsttur,.tin{ bnwbdn6 o:lqire) b! the NsD^? it E{ hntu \tu.n,t! t@,; tuaa,t

*, @E 6Liad \d-*drh t - Deatee lot the caot.llration ol al activities, June 30, 1933 . .arr of rhe f{itowhS aF esretud io rr jrisdi.tim or the Nrinj,rer tor rubhc FnrishEmeN and rrcpa- sddd LrlEph .{ebbersl:.3tu&r pubrr cnliehtcmcnr on $e domehc fene, rh-" AGdcDry ot po1ih6, edns up dd elebatins mhoftl holidiys u rhe pr6, rhe radio rhc Gm.n Library irrudinE phrh&.rDt orhakar, rheaEr, ciner€ .

Law Condhingth. Fo.nauon ot New panies, Juty 14,19ss LG'Pdty is dr rnry pdi6lr pafr Minr.in ih? orgrn-*ion of rmihc protetion Law tq th. ot Harcdidty H@fth. Jrty 14, 1s33 A1,or" q5! .'Jf4 rDo, "1inl ..sidrjr iJr dplloco fr d rydjd

6!ne4red by 1) drc orndal prrysi@{ 4 $e !6crar h .ri4e d a ;.;plld.

Law t6 Prcnot. Nattonzl Labot- Jdnury 20 1931 labar tusFe *i bc appoinred for cr.ry h.se . ^ nniunridr a!.a rt $il bc rhc d!i' of rh,r olIicr ro pomob uruty F fBporsibre lor &. odlnrios s ondud Nu{ be su.h 6 b daerve rhe on, ind in paindd! h. m!$ b. .on$arry mindful ot hn dur] io dcvore en€rsis wholeh@tcdly b hjs fi. 34 hre hjmptf b dF gdehl go.d. tor L.w thc Reoryanization ot th6 Eetch, J\nurry 30, 1s34

3oyelmdi....Tne Rcicn govenorcnr nuy drak up ncr.sDriiu qlrur Ew,

Atmed For.e. oath ot perconal Lovany, Auqust 2. ,ss1 d r slErr Sive s$luk okde(c b rhe .r]lrt, oI rh. cflDtu nci.h and pepLe a&,f Hdq, the iprhe co"*ndc o! lhe w€lmrtrr rm,yl. ..,r . *1d'", ;,I;;.;; ar a! 6m6 ro lay down hy tifc for thc oatfi ", ".,,."s"-"

Lae Eegadiag Labt Setuic.. Juna 26, ls7s ap oblf,3trai pNe b [d!

Lew tor the Prctection of Gethtu Btood ahd Honot, seprnbet 15, 1rs5 AnthdndsebdyenJshjand.iriaNorcanan!!kindftlbtoodarthcw hfo.biddcn.lxhhrnbl dadms b€rw!!! Fws md orD4 .rwih rorbidden. ,€k de forbdd.n ro :iIl: od, eo qb. -l-'111'***' hP."q i, h. f-i,hd o tur odtu ' 'J 'or^udusi supptenent.ry Decr@ on citizenshjp, Nov.mher 11,1935

Eon ai f d lF3h dPd tfou.