DOCSLIB.ORG

Bayesian Methods for Gas-Phase Tomography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bayesian Methods for Gas-Phase Tomography Bayesian Methods for Gas-Phase Tomography by Samuel Jacobi Grauer A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2018 © Samuel Jacobi Grauer 2018 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner Ashley F. Emery Professor, University of Washington Supervisor Kyle J. Daun Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Serhiy Yarusevych Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Internal Member Steven L. Waslander Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Internal-external Member Christopher Batty Assistant Professor, University of Waterloo ii Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract Gas-phase tomography refers to a set of techniques that determine the 2D or 3D distribution of a target species in a jet, plume, or flame using measurements of light, made around the boundary of a flow area. Reconstructed quantities may include the concentration of one or more species, temperature, pressure, and optical density, among others. Tomography is increasingly used to study fundamental aspects of turbulent combustion and monitor emissions for regulatory compliance. This thesis develops statistical methods to improve gas-phase tomography and reports two novel experimental applications. Tomography is an inverse problem, meaning that a forward model (calculating measurements of light for a known distribution of gas) is inverted to estimate the model parameters (transforming experimental data into a gas distribution). The measurement modality varies with the problem geometry and objective of the experiment. For instance, transmittance data from an array of laser beams that transect a jet may be inverted to recover 2D fields of concentration and temperature; and multiple high-resolution images of a flame, captured from different angles, are used to reconstruct wrinkling of the 3D reacting zone. Forward models for gas-phase tomography modalities share a common mathematical form, that of a Fredholm integral equation of the first- kind (IFK). The inversion of coupled IFKs is necessarily ill-posed, however, meaning that solutions are either unstable or non-unique. Measurements are thus insufficient in themselves to generate a realistic image of the gas and additional information must be incorporated into the reconstruction procedure. Statistical inversion is an approach to inverse problems in which the measurements, experimental parameters, and quantities of interest are treated as random variables, characterized by a probability distribution. These distributions reflect uncertainty about the target due to fluctuations in the flow field, noise in the data, errors in the forward model, and the ill-posed nature of reconstruction. The Bayesian framework for tomography features a likelihood probability density function (pdf), which describes the chance of observing a measurement for a given distribution of gas, and prior pdf, which assigns a relative plausibility to candidate distributions based on assumptions about the flow physics. Bayes’ equation updates information about the target iv in response to measurement data, combining the likelihood and prior functions to form a posterior pdf. The posterior is usually summarized by the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate, which is the most likely distribution of gas for a set of data, subject to the effects of noise, model errors, and prior information. The framework can be used to estimate credibility intervals for a reconstruction and the form of Bayes’ equation suggests procedures for improving gas tomography. The accuracy of reconstructions depends on the information content of the data, which is a function of the experimental design, as well as the specificity and validity of the prior. This thesis employs theoretical arguments and experimental measurements of scalar fluctuations to justify joint-normal likelihood and prior pdfs for gas-phase tomography. Three methods are introduced to improve each stage of the inverse problem: to develop priors, design optimal experiments, and select a discretization scheme. First, a self-similarity analysis of turbulent jets—common targets in gas tomography—is used to construct an advanced prior, informed by an estimate of the jet’s spatial covariance. Next, a Bayesian objective function is proposed to optimize beam positions in limited-data arrays, which are necessary in scenarios where optical access to the flow area is restricted. Finally, a Bayesian expression for model selection is derived from the joint-normal pdfs and employed to select a mathematical basis to reconstruct a flow. Extensive numerical evidence is presented to validate these methods. The dissertation continues with two novel experiments, conducted in a Bayesian way. Broadband absorption tomography is a new technique intended for quantitative emissions detection from spectrally-convolved absorption signals. Theoretical foundations for the diagnostic are developed and the results of a proof-of-concept emissions detection experiment are reported. Lastly, background-oriented schlieren (BOS) tomography is applied to combustion for the first time. BOS tomography employs measurements of beam steering to reconstruct a fluid’s optical density field, which can be used to infer temperature and density. The application of BOS tomography to flame imaging sets the stage for instantaneous 3D combustion thermometry. Numerical and experimental results reported in this thesis support a Bayesian approach to gas- phase tomography. Bayesian tomography makes the role of prior information explicit, which can be leveraged to optimize reconstructions and design better imaging systems in support of research on fluid flow and combustion dynamics. v Acknowledgements To begin, I would like to thank Professor Kyle James Daun, noted “really nice person,” wizard of inverse analysis, heat transfer expert, proud Manitoban, and benevolent supervisor. Professor Daun, you sold me on Waterloo during our first meeting with your warmth and enthusiasm. When I arrived in Duisburg, I would tell people “you may have met my supervisor, Kyle from Waterloo” and they would light up in recognition and relay some charming anecdote from your last visit. Ditto for the inverse conferences at Michigan State and VMI. Anyone would be glad to leave such an impression. You got me hooked on Bayesian analysis and ill-posed inverse problems in math and engineering,1 which warrants appreciation. I admire your energy and patience, your literary flair, and your deep understanding of applied research. It has been an honour and a pleasure to study under your guidance and I truly cannot thank you enough. Four other researchers played an outsized role in my trajectory. In chronological order: I thank Prof. Scott Ormiston, for his mentorship during my undergraduate studies. I thank Prof. Mary Wells, for first inviting me to Waterloo and giving me free rein to tackle a challenging problem. I thank Dr. Paul Hadwin, for entertaining my dumb questions and troubleshooting my code; for tolerating my argumentative streak; and for coaching me through my statistics coursework. And I thank Prof. Dr. Khadijeh Mohri, for bringing me to Duisburg. You believed in our project and made sure we saw it through; your determination is remarkable. I have fond memories of our daily run and hope to continue our collaboration. My labmates have been wonderful and deserve my gratitude, as well. I will name several of you without elaboration, but know that I could (and would) go on at great length, had I the time and motivation. Again chronologically: Etienne Caron, Noel Chester, Kamal Jhajj, Josh Rasera, Cangji Shi, Nigel Singh, Brad Conrad (h.c.), Roger Tsang, Natalie Field, Tim Thompson, Simon Trivett, Tim Sipkens, Sina Talebi Moghaddam, Mohit Verma, Rodrigo Miguel, Cory Yang, and Kaihsiang Lin.2 Each of you has taught me a great deal and I wish you all the best. To the 1 To the uninitiated reader, this development has been mostly positive. More hooked on phonics than hooked on drugs. 2 Past members are listed in order of their departure; current members are listed by seniority. vi Germans—Andreas3, Johannes, Torsten, Patrick, et al.—you were first-rate hosts and your refusal to jaywalk was delightful. Some elaboration is in order, of course. Roger, thanks for putting up with me, thanks for your resilience and for the good conversation; you’re a tennis trivia champ and you’ve always got a spot on my team. Natalie, much of the same—sans tennis trivia. And Josh, Alanis Morissette has nothing on you, man. Keep on rockin’ in the free world. To Tim, I owe you a swimming pool of ice cream. You have been the consummate roommate and labmate. You are a brilliant researcher and I wish you every success on your journey to Emeritus. I look forward to visiting you in Vancouver and hosting you whenever you’re able to make it out my way. To other friends from Waterloo, who know who they are, the pasta parties were a romp and your companionship will be dearly missed. And Emily, the writing cafés were a godsend. Brilliant suggestion (insert OK hand emoji). Lastly, to my parents, Hermann and Sheryl Grauer, thank you a thousand times. You taught me what is Good and showed me how to live well. You instilled in me a spirit to work hard and serve others. You fostered my curiosity and encouraged me to persist when I did not think I could. I never wanted for love nor support. In return, I love you from the bottom of my heart and it is my greatest ambition to follow in your footsteps. To my siblings, Elizabeth and Joseph (also Grauer), you guys are alright. Thanks for being there.4 3 Andreas3 refers to Andreases Unterberger, Rittler, and Kempf (Prof.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Replace This with the Actual Title Using All Caps
    RADAR POLARIZATION PROPERTIES AND LUNAR SECONDARY CRATERING A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kassandra Martin-Wells January 2013 © 2013 Kassandra Martin-Wells RADAR POLARIZATION PROPERTIES AND LUNAR SECONDARY CRATERING Kassandra Martin-Wells, Ph. D. Cornell University 2013 Age dating of planetary surfaces relies on an accurate correlation between lunar crater size-frequency distributions and radiometric ages of samples returned from the Moon. For decades, it has been assumed that cratering records are dominated by “primary” impacts of interplanetary bolides [McEwen et al., 2005]. Unlike primary craters, secondary craters, which originate as ejecta from large primary events, occur in large clusters in both space and time. It was long believed that the majority of secondary craters formed at low velocities near their parent crater, resulting in a class of craters with morphologies which are easily distinguished from primary craters of a similar size [McEwen et al., 2005]. However, recent work by Bierhaus et al. (2005), McEwen et al. (2005) argues that cratering records in the Solar System may be strongly contaminated by hard-to-identify secondary craters. They advise caution when relying on counts at small diameters [McEwen et al., 2005; Bierhaus et al., 2005]. Despite the difficulties, something must be done to improve the accuracy of age dates derived from size-frequency distributions of small craters. In this thesis, a method of secondary crater identification based on radar circular polarization properties is presented. The radar polarization and photographic studies of lunar secondary craters in this thesis reveal that secondary cratering is a widespread phenomenon on the lunar surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Chance, Luck and Statistics : the Science of Chance
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Alberta Gambling Research Institute Alberta Gambling Research Institute 1963 Chance, luck and statistics : the science of chance Levinson, Horace C. Dover Publications, Inc. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/41334 book Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Chance, Luck and Statistics THE SCIENCE OF CHANCE (formerly titled: The Science of Chance) BY Horace C. Levinson, Ph. D. Dover Publications, Inc., New York Copyright @ 1939, 1950, 1963 by Horace C. Levinson All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions. Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario. Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd., 10 Orange Street, London, W.C. 2. This new Dover edition, first published in 1963. is a revised and enlarged version ot the work pub- lished by Rinehart & Company in 1950 under the former title: The Science of Chance. The first edi- tion of this work, published in 1939, was called Your Chance to Win. International Standard Rook Number: 0-486-21007-3 Libraiy of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-3453 Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc. 180 Varick Street New York, N.Y. 10014 PREFACE TO DOVER EDITION THE present edition is essentially unchanged from that of 1950. There are only a few revisions that call for comment. On the other hand, the edition of 1950 contained far more extensive revisions of the first edition, which appeared in 1939 under the title Your Chance to Win. One major revision was required by the appearance in 1953 of a very important work, a life of Cardan,* a brief account of whom is given in Chapter 11.
    [Show full text]
  • 13Th Valley John M. Del Vecchio Fiction 25.00 ABC of Architecture
    13th Valley John M. Del Vecchio Fiction 25.00 ABC of Architecture James F. O’Gorman Non-fiction 38.65 ACROSS THE SEA OF GREGORY BENFORD SF 9.95 SUNS Affluent Society John Kenneth Galbraith 13.99 African Exodus: The Origins Christopher Stringer and Non-fiction 6.49 of Modern Humanity Robin McKie AGAINST INFINITY GREGORY BENFORD SF 25.00 Age of Anxiety: A Baroque W. H. Auden Eclogue Alabanza: New and Selected Martin Espada Poetry 24.95 Poems, 1982-2002 Alexandria Quartet Lawrence Durell ALIEN LIGHT NANCY KRESS SF Alva & Irva: The Twins Who Edward Carey Fiction Saved a City And Quiet Flows the Don Mikhail Sholokhov Fiction AND ETERNITY PIERS ANTHONY SF ANDROMEDA STRAIN MICHAEL CRICHTON SF Annotated Mona Lisa: A Carol Strickland and Non-fiction Crash Course in Art History John Boswell From Prehistoric to Post- Modern ANTHONOLOGY PIERS ANTHONY SF Appointment in Samarra John O’Hara ARSLAN M. J. ENGH SF Art of Living: The Classic Epictetus and Sharon Lebell Non-fiction Manual on Virtue, Happiness, and Effectiveness Art Attack: A Short Cultural Marc Aronson Non-fiction History of the Avant-Garde AT WINTER’S END ROBERT SILVERBERG SF Austerlitz W.G. Sebald Auto biography of Miss Jane Ernest Gaines Fiction Pittman Backlash: The Undeclared Susan Faludi Non-fiction War Against American Women Bad Publicity Jeffrey Frank Bad Land Jonathan Raban Badenheim 1939 Aharon Appelfeld Fiction Ball Four: My Life and Hard Jim Bouton Time Throwing the Knuckleball in the Big Leagues Barefoot to Balanchine: How Mary Kerner Non-fiction to Watch Dance Battle with the Slum Jacob Riis Bear William Faulkner Fiction Beauty Robin McKinley Fiction BEGGARS IN SPAIN NANCY KRESS SF BEHOLD THE MAN MICHAEL MOORCOCK SF Being Dead Jim Crace Bend in the River V.
    [Show full text]
  • Inis: Terminology Charts
    IAEA-INIS-13A(Rev.0) XA0400071 INIS: TERMINOLOGY CHARTS agree INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, AUGUST 1970 INISs TERMINOLOGY CHARTS TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ... ......... *.* 1 PREFACE 2 INTRODUCTION ... .... *a ... oo 3 LIST OF SUBJECT FIELDS REPRESENTED BY THE CHARTS ........ 5 GENERAL DESCRIPTOR INDEX ................ 9*999.9o.ooo .... 7 FOREWORD This document is one in a series of publications known as the INIS Reference Series. It is to be used in conjunction with the indexing manual 1) and the thesaurus 2) for the preparation of INIS input by national and regional centrea. The thesaurus and terminology charts in their first edition (Rev.0) were produced as the result of an agreement between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Except for minor changesq the terminology and the interrela- tionships btween rms are those of the December 1969 edition of the Euratom Thesaurus 3) In all matters of subject indexing and ontrol, the IAEA followed the recommendations of Euratom for these charts. Credit and responsibility for the present version of these charts must go to Euratom. Suggestions for improvement from all interested parties. particularly those that are contributing to or utilizing the INIS magnetic-tape services are welcomed. These should be addressed to: The Thesaurus Speoialist/INIS Section Division of Scientific and Tohnioal Information International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 590 A-1011 Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy Agency Division of Sientific and Technical Information INIS Section June 1970 1) IAEA-INIS-12 (INIS: Manual for Indexing) 2) IAEA-INIS-13 (INIS: Thesaurus) 3) EURATOM Thesaurusq, Euratom Nuclear Documentation System.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts & Features Lunar Surface Elevations Six Apollo Lunar
    Greek Mythology Quadrants Maria & Related Features Lunar Surface Elevations Facts & Features Selene is the Moon and 12 234 the goddess of the Moon, 32 Diameter: 2,160 miles which is 27.3% of Earth’s equatorial diameter of 7,926 miles 260 Lacus daughter of the titans 71 13 113 Mare Frigoris Mare Humboldtianum Volume: 2.03% of Earth’s volume; 49 Moons would fit inside Earth 51 103 Mortis Hyperion and Theia. Her 282 44 II I Sinus Iridum 167 125 321 Lacus Somniorum Near Side Mass: 1.62 x 1023 pounds; 1.23% of Earth’s mass sister Eos is the goddess 329 18 299 Sinus Roris Surface Area: 7.4% of Earth’s surface area of dawn and her brother 173 Mare Imbrium Mare Serenitatis 85 279 133 3 3 3 Helios is the Sun. Selene 291 Palus Mare Crisium Average Density: 3.34 gm/cm (water is 1.00 gm/cm ). Earth’s density is 5.52 gm/cm 55 270 112 is often pictured with a 156 Putredinis Color-coded elevation maps Gravity: 0.165 times the gravity of Earth 224 22 237 III IV cresent Moon on her head. 126 Mare Marginis of the Moon. The difference in 41 Mare Undarum Escape Velocity: 1.5 miles/sec; 5,369 miles/hour Selenology, the modern-day 229 Oceanus elevation from the lowest to 62 162 25 Procellarum Mare Smythii Distances from Earth (measured from the centers of both bodies): Average: 238,856 term used for the study 310 116 223 the highest point is 11 miles.
    [Show full text]
  • James Hutton's Reputation Among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
    The Geological Society of America Memoir 216 Revising the Revisions: James Hutton’s Reputation among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries A. M. Celâl Şengör* İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü ve Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Bölümü, Ayazağa 34469 İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT A recent fad in the historiography of geology is to consider the Scottish polymath James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth the last of the “theories of the earth” genre of publications that had begun developing in the seventeenth century and to regard it as something behind the times already in the late eighteenth century and which was subsequently remembered only because some later geologists, particularly Hutton’s countryman Sir Archibald Geikie, found it convenient to represent it as a precursor of the prevailing opinions of the day. By contrast, the available documentation, pub- lished and unpublished, shows that Hutton’s theory was considered as something completely new by his contemporaries, very different from anything that preceded it, whether they agreed with him or not, and that it was widely discussed both in his own country and abroad—from St. Petersburg through Europe to New York. By the end of the third decade in the nineteenth century, many very respectable geologists began seeing in him “the father of modern geology” even before Sir Archibald was born (in 1835). Before long, even popular books on geology and general encyclopedias began spreading the same conviction. A review of the geological literature of the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries shows that Hutton was not only remembered, but his ideas were in fact considered part of the current science and discussed accord- ingly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at Homestake
    The Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at Homestake: Conceptual Design Report 9 January 20071 1 Some edits, mainly for reference updates, are incorporated in this version, released after site selection announcement: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109694&org=NSF&from=news This Conceptual Design Report is presented by: Kevin T. Lesko, Principal Investigator The University of California, Berkeley Department of Physics & Institute for Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory William M. Roggenthen, co-Principal Investigator South Dakota School of Mines & Technology and Homestake Scientific Collaboration Senior Personnel: Willi Chinowsky, Hitoshi Murayama, Department of Physics Steven D. Glaser, Civil and Environmental Engineering Lane R. Johnson, Earth and Planetary Science Kai Vetter*, Department of Nuclear Engineering University of California, Berkeley Richard DiGennaro, Project Manager and Systems Engineer, Engineering Division Mark S. Conrad, Terry C. Hazen, Rohit Salve, Eric L. Sonnenthal, Joseph S. Y. Wang, Earth Sciences Division Michael Barnett, Stewart Loken, Physics Division Yuen-dat Chan, Alan W.P. Poon, Nikolai Tolich, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Ben Sayler Black Hills State University Milind Diwan, Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Robert Lanou, Department of Physics Brown University Tom Shutt, Physics Department Case Western Reserve Andrew
    [Show full text]
  • Galileo, Ignoramus: Mathematics Versus Philosophy in the Scientific Revolution
    Galileo, Ignoramus: Mathematics versus Philosophy in the Scientific Revolution Viktor Blåsjö Abstract I offer a revisionist interpretation of Galileo’s role in the history of science. My overarching thesis is that Galileo lacked technical ability in mathematics, and that this can be seen as directly explaining numerous aspects of his life’s work. I suggest that it is precisely because he was bad at mathematics that Galileo was keen on experiment and empiricism, and eagerly adopted the telescope. His reliance on these hands-on modes of research was not a pioneering contribution to scientific method, but a last resort of a mind ill equipped to make a contribution on mathematical grounds. Likewise, it is precisely because he was bad at mathematics that Galileo expounded at length about basic principles of scientific method. “Those who can’t do, teach.” The vision of science articulated by Galileo was less original than is commonly assumed. It had long been taken for granted by mathematicians, who, however, did not stop to pontificate about such things in philosophical prose because they were too busy doing advanced scientific work. Contents 4 Astronomy 38 4.1 Adoption of Copernicanism . 38 1 Introduction 2 4.2 Pre-telescopic heliocentrism . 40 4.3 Tycho Brahe’s system . 42 2 Mathematics 2 4.4 Against Tycho . 45 2.1 Cycloid . .2 4.5 The telescope . 46 2.2 Mathematicians versus philosophers . .4 4.6 Optics . 48 2.3 Professor . .7 4.7 Mountains on the moon . 49 2.4 Sector . .8 4.8 Double-star parallax . 50 2.5 Book of nature .
    [Show full text]
  • Communications of the LUNAR and PLANETARY LABORATORY
    Communications of the LUNAR AND PLANETARY LABORATORY Number 70 Volume 5 Part 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1966 Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory These Communications contain the shorter publications and reports by the staff of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. They may be either original contributions, reprints of articles published in professional journals, preliminary reports, or announcements. Tabular material too bulky or specialized for regular journals is included if future use of such material appears to warrant it. The Communications are issued as separate numbers, but they are paged and indexed by volumes. The Communications are mailed to observatories and to laboratories known to be engaged in planetary, interplanetary or geophysical research in exchange for their reports and publica- tions. The University of Arizona Press can supply at cost copies to other libraries and interested persons. The University of Arizona GERARD P. KUIPER, Director Tucson, Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory Published with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Library of Congress Catalog Number 62-63619 NO. 70 THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT IV by D. W. G. ARTHUR, RUTH H. PELLICORI, AND C. A. WOOD May25,1966 , ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central peak information, and state of completeness are listed for each discernible crater with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km in the fourth lunar quadrant. The catalog contains about 8,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. hiS Communication is the fourth and final part of listed in the catalog nor shown in the accompanying e System of Lunar Craters, which is a_calalag maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Clair-Obscur (/Clair-Obscur) # Edit ! 7 (/Clair-Obscur#Discussion) " 171 (/Page/History/Clair-Obscur)
    clair-obscur (/clair-obscur) # Edit ! 7 (/clair-obscur#discussion) " 171 (/page/history/clair-obscur) … (/page/menu/clair-obscur) Clair-Obscur Effects on the moon's surface (Also spelled clair-obscure and clare-obscure) (glossary entry) Table of Contents Clair-Obscur Effects on the moon's surface Description Additional Information List of Clair-Obscur Effects and Informal Optical Feature Names Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4 Other Informal Optical Feature Names New terminator-page? LPOD Articles APOD articles Bibliography Description French for "light" (clair) and “shadow” (obscur): the term is used here to mean any effect on the Moon's surface created by the interplay of light and shadow. See also: Pareidolia and Trompe-l'oeil Additional Information The term clair-obscur was reportedly introduced by seventeenth century French painter and art-critic Roger de Piles in a discussion of effects that could be created with color and drawing. In connection with paintings, the equivalent Italian expression chiaroscuro is now more often used to express the same idea. Most clair-obscur effects on the Moon are short-lived, but they are not one-time or rare events. Because lunar lighting patterns repeat in a cycle of approximately 29.5 days, each effect can be observed from somewhere on Earth once every month. The 0.5 day part of http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/clair-obscur#Clair-Obscur%…Effects%20and%20Informal%20Optical%20Feature%20Names 07/07/2018, 08H00 Page 1 of 16 the lunar cycle gives many observers the impression that many of these effects are rarer than they actually are.
    [Show full text]
  • Sonora High School Oct 29, 2020 at 9:21 Am Page 1 Reordering Details (709) by Alexandria 6.22.6 Selected: Discarded on Date 08/01/2020 - 10/29/2020
    Sonora High School Oct 29, 2020 at 9:21 am Page 1 Reordering Details (709) by Alexandria 6.22.6 Selected: Discarded on Date 08/01/2020 - 10/29/2020 Title / Author / ISBN / Publisher / Call Number Cost LCCN Publication Year Castle Gravett, Christopher, 0679960007 Knopf 623 GRAVETT 25.00 93032594 1994 Castle Macaulay, David. 0395257840 Houghton Mifflin 623.19 Mac 25.00 77007159 1977 Zoo year Schick, Alice. 0397318138 Lippincott 590.744 Schick 25.00 c1978 Wildflowers in color. Stupka, Arthur. Harper & Row 582 Stupka 25.00 65021010 1965 The oceans Wroble, Lisa A. 1560064641 Lucent Books 577.7 WROBLE 25.00 97027275 c1998 Deserts Allaby, Michael. 0816039291 Facts on File 577.54 ALLABY 25.00 00041749 c2001 Darwin's black box : the biochemical challeng... Behe, Michael J., 0684827549 The Free Press 576.8 BEHE 25.00 96000695 c1996 T. rex and the crater of doom Alvarez, Walter, 0691016305 Princeton University Press 576.8 ALVAREZ 25.00 96049208 c1997 Life lines : the story of the new genetics Kidd, J S. 0816035865 Facts on File 575.1 KID 25.00 98022219 1999 Shadows of night : the hidden world of the littl... Bash, Barbara. 0871565625 Sierra Club Books for Children 599.4 BASH 25.00 92022713 1993 Genetics and heredity Edelson, Edward, 0791000184 Chelsea House 575.1 EDE 25.00 1990 The origin of species by means of natural sel... Darwin, Charles, The Modern library 575.01 Darwin 25.00 3602722892 1936 Who's out there? : The search for extraterrest... Aylesworth, Thoma... 0070026378 McGraw-Hill 574.999 Aylesworth 25.00 74031236 1975 The life of the seashore Amos, William Hop..
    [Show full text]
  • In Starland with a Three=Inch Telescope a Conveniently
    In Starlan d With a Three = In ch Tel es cope A Conveniently Arranged Guide fo r t he U s e o f the Amateur Astronomer - W ith Forty Diagrams o f t he C onstellations and Eight o f the M oon By William Ty ler Qlcott “ Author of A Field Book of the Stars O P YRI GH T 1 0 C , 9 9 B Y WI LL I A M T YLER OLCOT T t he k nick et bock er pres s , n ew mot h I NTRODUCTION HE s ole purpos e of this book is t o afford a c onvenient guide for th e amat eur ast ronomer when engaged in 0 i s o t el es c p c Ob ervati n . ’ s o st of t h e oo s s t h e s A ide fr m a udy m n urface , Ob erva tion of double st ars is s ure t o prove th e mos t att ractive for h e os s s o of o t work t p e s r a s mall t ele s c pe . The brigh er o s th e o no f t i d uble n vice will have di ficul y n finding , bu t t hos e below t he t hird magnitude are O ften difficult t o locate wit hout reference t o a diagram of th e con st ella tion of which it is a part - hence t h e aut hor h a s s een fit o s it s o s t t place uch a diagram where can be ea ily c n ul ed .
    [Show full text]