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Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18805 Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration ISBN Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and 978-0-309-30529-7 Discussion of Impacts; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Ocean Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National 140 pages Research Council 8.5 x 11 PAPERBACK (2015) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration Committee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, NW • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-SC0011701, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract Number NNX13A041G, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Contract Number WC133R-11-CQ-0048, the National Academy of Sciences’ Arthur L. Day Fund, and the intelligence community. Any opin- ions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring agencies or any of their subagencies. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-30529-7 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-30529-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938933 Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http:// www.nap.edu/. Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover photo credits: Top: © Fotolia Middle: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Bottom: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distin- guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to se- cure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and educa- tion. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering com- munities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration COMMITTEE ON GEOENGINEERING CLIMATE: TECHNICAL EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION OF IMPACTS MARCIA K. MCNUTT (Chair), Science, Washington, DC WALEED ABDALATI, University of Colorado, Boulder KEN CALDEIRA, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California SCOTT C. DONEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts PAUL G. FALKOWSKI, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick STEVE FETTER, University of Maryland, College Park JAMES R. FLEMING, Colby College, Waterville, Maine STEVEN P. HAMBURG, Environmental Defense Fund, Boston, Massachusetts M. GRANGER MORGAN, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania JOYCE E. PENNER, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor RAYMOND T. PIERREHUMBERT, University of Chicago, Illinois PHILIP J. RASCH, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington LYNN M. RUSSELL, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California JOHN T. SNOW, University of Oklahoma, Norman DAVID W. TITLEY, Pennsylvania State University, University Park JENNIFER WILCOX, Stanford University, California NRC Staff EDWARD DUNLEA, Senior Program Officer CLAUDIA MENGELT, Senior Program Officer KATHERINE THOMAS, Program Officer AMANDA PURCELL, Research Associate SHELLY FREELAND, Administrative and Financial Assistant ROB GREENWAY, Program Associate iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE A.R. RAVISHANKARA (Chair), Colorado State University, Fort Collins GERALD A. MEEHL (Vice Chair), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado LANCE F. BOSART, State University of New York, Albany MARK A. CANE, Columbia University, Palisades, New York SHUYI S. CHEN, University of Miami, Florida HEIDI CULLEN, Climate Central, Princeton, New Jersey PAMELA EMCH, Northrup Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, California ARLENE FIORE, Columbia University, Palisades, New York WILLIAM B. GAIL, Global Weather Corporation, Boulder, Colorado LISA GODDARD, Columbia University, Palisades, New York MAURA HAGAN, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado TERRI S. HOGUE, Colorado School of Mines, Golden ANTHONY JANETOS, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, Maryland EVERETTE JOSEPH, SUNY at Albany, New York RONALD “NICK” KEENER, JR., Duke Energy Corporation, Charlotte, North Carolina JOHN R. NORDGREN, The Kresge Foundation, Troy, Michigan JONATHAN OVERPECK, University of Arizona, Tucson STEPHEN W. PACALA, Princeton University, New Jersey ARISTIDES A.N. PATRINOS, New York University, Brooklyn S.T. RAO, North Carolina State University, Raleigh DAVID A. ROBINSON, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway CLAUDIA TEBALDI, Climate Central, Princeton, New Jersey Ocean Studies Board Liaison DAVID HALPERN, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California Polar Research Board Liaison JENNIFER FRANCIS, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Marion, Massachusetts NRC Staff AMANDA STAUDT, Director EDWARD DUNLEA, Senior Program Officer LAURIE GELLER, Senior Program Officer KATHERINE THOMAS, Program Officer LAUREN EVERETT, Associate Program Officer AMANDA PURCELL, Research and Financial Associate RITA GASKINS, Administrative Coordinator SHELLY FREELAND, Administrative and Financial Assistant ROB GREENWAY, Program Associate v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration OCEAN STUDIES BOARD ROBERT A. DUCE (Chair), Texas A&M University, College Station E. VIRGINIA ARMBRUST, University of Washington, Seattle KEVIN R. ARRIGO, Stanford University,
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