Unconventional Mitigation. Carbon Dioxide Removal As a New
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Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times. -
Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases
POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS published: 04 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fclim.2021.638805 Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases Felix Schenuit 1,2*, Rebecca Colvin 3, Mathias Fridahl 4, Barry McMullin 5, Andy Reisinger 6, Daniel L. Sanchez 7, Stephen M. Smith 8, Asbjørn Torvanger 9, Anita Wreford 10 and Oliver Geden 2 1 Center for Sustainable Society Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2 German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), Berlin, Germany, 3 Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 4 Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, 5 Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, 6 Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand, 7 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, 8 Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, 9 Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway, 10 Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand Edited by: William C. Burns, Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, spurred by the 2018 IPCC Special American University, United States Report on Global Warming of 1.5◦C, net zero emission targets have emerged as a Reviewed by: new organizing principle of climate policy. In this context, climate policymakers and Phillip Williamson, University of East Anglia, stakeholders have been shifting their attention to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as United Kingdom an inevitable component of net zero targets. The importance of CDR would increase Charithea Charalambous, Heriot-Watt University, further if countries and other entities set net-negative emissions targets. -
Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020
Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 | April 2020 Table of contents Table of contents 2 Executive summary 3 Key findings 3 Context 3 About this report 4 Key issues in setting SBTs 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Understand the business case for science-based targets 12 3. Science-based target setting methods 18 3.1 Available methods and their applicability to different sectors 18 3.2 Recommendations on choosing an SBT method 25 3.3 Pros and cons of different types of targets 25 4. Set a science-based target: key considerations for all emissions scopes 29 4.1 Cross-cutting considerations 29 5. Set a science-based target: scope 1 and 2 sources 33 5.1 General considerations 33 6. Set a science-based target: scope 3 sources 36 6.1 Conduct a scope 3 Inventory 37 6.2 Identify which scope 3 categories should be included in the target boundary 40 6.3 Determine whether to set a single target or multiple targets 42 6.4 Identify an appropriate type of target 44 7. Building internal support for science-based targets 47 7.1 Get all levels of the company on board 47 7.2 Address challenges and push-back 49 8. Communicating and tracking progress 51 8.1 Publicly communicating SBTs and performance progress 51 8.2 Recalculating targets 56 Key terms 57 List of abbreviations 59 References 60 Acknowledgments 63 About the partner organizations in the Science Based Targets initiative 64 Science-Based Target Setting Manual Version 4.1 -2- Executive summary Key findings ● Companies can play their part in combating climate change by setting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets that are aligned with reduction pathways for limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C or well-below 2°C compared to pre-industrial temperatures. -
Assessing the Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal in Companies' Climate
Net Expectations Assessing the role of carbon dioxide removal in companies’ climate plans. Briefing by Greenpeace UK January 2021 ~ While a few companies plan to deliver CDR Executive in specific projects, many plan to simply purchase credits on carbon markets, summary which have been beset with integrity problems and dubious accounting, even where certified. To stabilise global temperatures at any level – whether 1.5˚C, 2˚C, 3˚C or 5˚C Limits and uncertainties – carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions must The IPCC warns that reliance on CDR is a major reach net zero at some point, because risk to humanity’s ability to achieve the Paris goals. of CO2’s long-term, cumulative effect. The uncertainties are not whether mechanisms to remove CO2 “work”: they all work in a laboratory According to the Intergovernmental at least. Rather, it is whether they can be delivered Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), at scale, with sufficient funding and regulation, to store CO2 over the long term without unacceptable limiting warming to 1.5˚C requires net- social and environmental impacts. zero CO2 to be reached by about 2050. To illustrate the need for regulation, the carbon A small proportion of emissions is likely to be dioxide captured by forests is highly dependent on unavoidable and must be offset by carbon dioxide their specific circumstances, including their removal (CDR), such as by tree-planting (afforestation/ species diversity, the prior land use, and future reforestation) or by technological approaches like risks to the forest (such as fires or pests). In some bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) cases, forests and BECCS can increase rather than or direct air carbon capture with storage (DACCS). -
OECD Policy Brief: Cost-Effective Actions to Tackle Climate Change
AUGUST 2009Policy Brief ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Cost-Effective Actions to Tackle Climate Change What is the Introduction economic rationale Governments around the world have reached consensus on the need to achieve for ambitious large cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades. They action against are working towards an international agreement on actions required to achieve climate change? these reductions at the Fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP15) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen at the How important is end of 2009. carbon pricing? Considering the costs and risks of inaction, taking action now, even in the What if not midst of a global economic crisis, makes good economic sense. Delaying all countries emission cuts would simply postpone the inevitable and undoubtedly require larger cuts at a later date, thus making it more costly than a more gradual participate? approach. In addition, there is an opportunity now to use the economic How will a stimulus packages that governments are putting in place to invest in global carbon innovative, clean technologies – which could both help stimulate the world’s struggling economies and also shift them onto a low-carbon growth path. market evolve? Given the magnitude of emission cuts required to stabilise GHG concentrations How do actions at an acceptable level, it is imperative that such action to mitigate climate compare across change is taken at the lowest cost. OECD analyses show that the cost of action countries? would be minimised if a cost-effective set of policy instruments, with a focus on carbon pricing, were applied as broadly as possible across all emission How can countries sources, including all countries, sectors, and greenhouse gases. -
The Eu Ets Emissions Reduction Target and Interactions with Energy and Climate Policies
CHAPTER THE EU ETS EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGET AND INTERACTIONS WITH ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICIES Authors: Matthieu JALARD, Lara DAHAN and Emilie ALBEROLA (I4CE – Institute for Climate 1 1 Economics), Sylvain CAIL and Kimon KERAMIDAS (ENERDATA) KEY MESSAGES • Introduction to the proposal for a revised EU ETS directive based on the European Council agreement - The -43% of CO2 emissions reduction EU ETS target and the linear reduction factor reduced at 2.2% from 2021 onwards correspond to a net additional reduction of 556 MtCO2e of the cumulative emissions cap by 2030. In addition, the European Council enforced in a binding EU target of at least 40% GHG reduction compared to 1990, a binding EU target of at least 27% Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in final energy, and an indicative EU target of at least 27% energy efficiency improvement compared to 2007 baseline - both without any binding targets for individual Member States. • In the EU 2020 energy & climate package, renewable energy policies account for a large share of emissions reductions but do not contributed significantly to the increasing surplus, in contrast to the impact of energy efficiency policies and offsets which were not factored into the cap - The surplus undermined the EUA price incentive which seems to have played a weak role, giving however a strong incentive for the 1.2 billion tons of CO2 emission reductions outside the EU ETS through Kyoto credits (CDM-JI). Steering technology developments in storage and demand response, together with more market based renewable supports and a targeted power market design are likely to enhance the ability of the EU ETS to drive emissions cost effectively in the power sector. -
C2G Evidence Brief: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Its Governance
Carnegie Climate EVIDENCE BRIEF Governance Initiative Carbon Dioxide Removal An initiative of and its Governance 2 March 2021 Summary This briefing summarises the latest evidence relating to Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) techniques and their governance. It describes a range of techniques currently under consideration, exploring their technical readiness, current research, applicable governance frameworks, and other socio-political considerations in section I. It also provides an overview of some generic CDR governance issues and the key instruments relevant for the governance of CDR in section II. About C2G The Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative (C2G) seeks to catalyse the creation of effective governance for climate-altering approaches, in particular for solar radiation modification (SRM) and large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reaffirmed that large-scale CDR is required in all pathways to limit global warming to 1.5°C with limited or no overshoot. Some scientists say SRM may also be needed to avoid that overshoot. C2G is impartial regarding the potential use of specific approaches, but not on the need for their governance - which includes multiple, diverse processes of learning, discussion and decision-making, involving all sectors of society. It is not C2G’s role to influence the outcome of these processes, but to raise awareness of the critical governance questions that underpin CDR and SRM. C2G’s mission will have been achieved once their governance is taken on board by governments and intergovernmental bodies, including awareness raising, knowledge generation, and facilitating collaboration. C2G has prepared several other briefs exploring various CDR and SRM technologies and associated issues. -
Principles for Thinking About Carbon Dioxide Removal in Just Climate Policy
ll Commentary Principles for Thinking about Carbon Dioxide Removal in Just Climate Policy David R. Morrow,1,* Michael S. Thompson,2 Angela Anderson,3 Maya Batres,4 Holly J. Buck,5 Kate Dooley,6 Oliver Geden,7,8 Arunabha Ghosh,9 Sean Low,10 Augustine Njamnshi,11 John Noel,€ 4 Olu´ fẹ́mi O. Ta´ ı´wo` ,12 Shuchi Talati,3 and Jennifer Wilcox13 1Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy, American University, Washington, DC, USA 2Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative, New York, NY, USA 3Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC, USA 4Independent scholar, USA 5UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, CA, USA 6Australian-German Climate and Energy College, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 7German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin, Germany 8International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria 9Council on Energy, Environment, and Water, New Delhi, India 10Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany 11Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance, Nairobi, Kenya 12Department of Philosophy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 13Chemical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.07.015 Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is rising up the climate-policy agenda. Four principles for thinking about its role in climate policy can help ensure that CDR supports the kind of robust, abatement-focused long-term climate strategy that is essential to fair and effective implementation. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), some- agencies are wrestling with the chal- Different people and institutions will times called carbon removal or negative lenge of forming positions on CDR, have different expectations about long- emissions, is the practice of capturing including whether to support it at all term climate strategies. -
The Need for Fast Near-Term Climate Mitigation to Slow Feedbacks and Tipping Points
The Need for Fast Near-Term Climate Mitigation to Slow Feedbacks and Tipping Points Critical Role of Short-lived Super Climate Pollutants in the Climate Emergency Background Note DRAFT: 27 September 2021 Institute for Governance Center for Human Rights and & Sustainable Development (IGSD) Environment (CHRE/CEDHA) Lead authors Durwood Zaelke, Romina Picolotti, Kristin Campbell, & Gabrielle Dreyfus Contributing authors Trina Thorbjornsen, Laura Bloomer, Blake Hite, Kiran Ghosh, & Daniel Taillant Acknowledgements We thank readers for comments that have allowed us to continue to update and improve this note. About the Institute for Governance & About the Center for Human Rights and Sustainable Development (IGSD) Environment (CHRE/CEDHA) IGSD’s mission is to promote just and Originally founded in 1999 in Argentina, the sustainable societies and to protect the Center for Human Rights and Environment environment by advancing the understanding, (CHRE or CEDHA by its Spanish acronym) development, and implementation of effective aims to build a more harmonious relationship and accountable systems of governance for between the environment and people. Its work sustainable development. centers on promoting greater access to justice and to guarantee human rights for victims of As part of its work, IGSD is pursuing “fast- environmental degradation, or due to the non- action” climate mitigation strategies that will sustainable management of natural resources, result in significant reductions of climate and to prevent future violations. To this end, emissions to limit temperature increase and other CHRE fosters the creation of public policy that climate impacts in the near-term. The focus is on promotes inclusive socially and environmentally strategies to reduce non-CO2 climate pollutants, sustainable development, through community protect sinks, and enhance urban albedo with participation, public interest litigation, smart surfaces, as a complement to cuts in CO2. -
Climate Intervention (July 2021)
State of the Science FACT SHEET Climate Intervention Climate Intervention (CI), also called climate engineering or geoengineering, refers to deliberate, large‐scale actions intended to counteract aspects of climate change. This Fact Sheet explains some of the fundamental principles and issues associated with CI (1). Why Might Climate Intervention Be Considered? The main driver of climate change over the past century has been anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas (GHG). Increasing emission rates have caused present‐day atmospheric CO2 to reach the highest value in over a million years based on studies of emissions of atmospheric CO2 and its accumulation in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere. The increased emissions of other GHGs, such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone, also contribute to anthropogenic climate change. The increased accumulation of GHGs has led to warming over much of the globe, to acidification of ocean surface waters (from CO2) (2), and to many other well‐documented climate impacts (3). As climate change continues, if the world does not make the desired greenhouse gas emissions reductions (4) such as those initiated by the Paris agreement (5), governments and other entities might turn to CI to counteract increasing climate change impacts. CI could potentially be implemented by consensus or unilaterally; either way, a thorough understanding of CI methods, and their associated uncertainties and unintended side effects is essential. Principal CI methods are divided into two How might CDR be accomplished? general categories (6) (see figure): Oceanic sequestration: Adding nutrients, such as iron, to “ferti‐ lize” the ocean enhances biological growth (e.g., phytoplank‐ Carbon dioxide removal (CDR): CDR is a process to remove ton), which removes CO2 from surface waters and leads to lower CO2 from the atmosphere for long‐term storage on land or atmospheric levels. -
DESIGNING and PREPARING INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (Indcs)
DESIGNING AND PREPARING INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (INDCs) KELLY LEVIN, DAVID RICH, YAMIL BONDUKI, MICHAEL COMSTOCK, DENNIS TIRPAK, HEATHER MCGRAY, IAN NOBLE, KATHLEEN MOGELGAARD, AND DAVID WASKOW WRI.ORG | UNDP.ORG TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Foreword 3 Executive Summary 7 Introduction PART I: OVERVIEW OF INDC PREPARATION AND DESIGN 13 CHAPTER I Background on INDCs 17 CHAPTER 2 How can Parties organize a national process to prepare an INDC? 23 CHAPTER 3 What data and analysis can inform an INDC? 31 CHAPTER 4 What form can the INDC take? 37 CHAPTER 5 How can Parties communicate their INDC transparently? PART II: TECHNICAL GUIDANCE 45 CHAPTER 6 What options exist for the design of an INDC for mitigation? 75 CHAPTER 7 What options exist for the design of an INDC for adaptation? 87 CHAPTER 8 What means can Parties use to implement the INDC? 94 Annexes 105 Glossary 107 Acronyms 109 References 113 Endnotes 116 Acknowledgments FOREWORD The commitment of Parties to develop Intended While the Paris climate agreement might not Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) will address all actions necessary to prevent a climate form a key part of the climate agreement expected crisis, it must mark the turning point for how to be agreed in Paris in December 2015 at the 21st the global community commits to solutions and Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework concrete steps for global action. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). INDCs will be foundational for the Paris As the impacts of climate change mount, the climate agreement, demonstrating countries’ urgency to take collective action has never been intent to decarbonize their economies and invest greater. -
Accounting for Mitigation Targets in Nationally Determined Contributions Under the Paris Agreement
www.oecd.org/environment/cc/ccxg.htm www.iea.org Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2017(5) Accounting for mitigation targets in Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement Christina Hood (IEA) and Carly Soo (OECD) October 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 Unclassified English - Or. English 31 October 2017 ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Accounting for mitigation targets in Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement The ideas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent views of the OECD, the IEA, or their member countries, or the endorsement of any approach described herein. Christina Hood (IEA) and Carly Soo (OECD) JT03421922 This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 │ This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Copyright OECD/IEA, 2017 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be addressed to: Head of Publications Service, OECD/IEA 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France or 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. Unclassified COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)5 3 │ Foreword This document was prepared by the OECD and IEA Secretariats in response to a request from the Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG) on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).