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Isma'il Al-Faruqi on Muslim-Christian Dialogue,” 268-282

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Isma'il Al-Faruqi on Muslim-Christian Dialogue,” 268-282 ISMAʿIL AL-FARUQI (1921-1986) AND INTER-FAITH DIALOGUE: THE MAN, THE SCHOLAR, THE PARTICIPANT The Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University, Montreal December 2008 A Thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Charles D. Fletcher 2008 Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv Résumé ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1 Part One: The Life and Thought of al-Faruqi 1. A biography of Ismaʿil al-Faruqi ………………………………………………………………………………… 15 A. Life in Palestine B. Life in North America and academia C. Academic interests and pursuits D. The deaths of Ismaʿil and Lamyaʾ (Lois) al-Faruqi 2. The development of his life and thought ………………………………………………...………………… 35 A. Personal Identity Theory B. Al-Faruqi and narrative self-constitution C. Conclusion Part Two: Religionswissenschaft and the Context of Muslim-Christian Engagement 3. The study of religion ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73 A. Limitations B. Introductory Issues C. Methods in the study of religion (Religionswissenschaft) D. Al-Faruqi and Religionswissenschaft E. Methodology for this research 4. Historical, religious and dialogical contexts of Muslim thought on Christianity .………….. 101 A. Limitations B. Contemporary religious and dialogical contexts Part Three: The Development and Application of the Methodology of al-Faruqi 5. Philosophical foundations and early methodological development (1948-62) ………………. 129 A. Philosophical foundations (1948-1954) B. Methodological development C. Early development of methodology (1954-1962) D. Conclusion ii Table of Contents 6. Methodology of comparative, meta-religious and dialogical principles (1963-1968) ……… 160 A. Introduction B. Principles of comparative religious studies C. Principles of meta-religion D. Principles of dialogue E. Summary F. Conclusion 7. Methodological application and responses (1969-1986) ………………………………………………. 193 A. Methodological refinement and application B. Non-Muslim reactions to al-Faruqi‖s methodologies C. Conclusion Part Four: Critical Analysis 8. Analysis and critique .……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 252 A. Theoretical feasibility B. Practical applications 9. Al-Faruqi‖s contributions to dialogue ………………………………………………………………………… 293 A. Legacy of al-Faruqi B. Contributions from contemporary Muslim scholars C. General presuppositions in dialogue D. Ethics as a theme for dialogue E. Conclusion Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 308 Appendix A: The question of dialogue: Definitions and models …………………………………….. 313 Appendix B: List of inter-faith meetings, conferences and organisational involvement …. 319 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 327 iii Abstract In the contemporary period of Muslim-Christian dialogue and inter-faith study, there are only a few Western-trained Muslim scholars who are recognised for their study of other faiths and for their contributions to inter-faith dialogue. One such scholar was Ismaʿil al-Faruqi (1921-1986). Throughout his academic career he taught, published and was actively engaged in inter-faith study and dialogue. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was one of the main Western Muslim representatives in dialogue with the Vatican, the World Council of Churches and other Christian organisations. He and his wife were murdered in 1986. This study critically examines al-Faruqi‖s methodology of engagement with non-Muslims, its practical applications, and explores the reasons why he spent a lifetime involved in religious dialogue. In Part One, his life is presented as a biographical narrative and analysed using identity theory to ascertain some of the reasons and motivations for his lifelong commitment to dialogue and inter-faith study. Part Two introduces various methodologies for the study of religion that were available to him and then al-Faruqi is placed within the context of the history of Muslim-non- Muslim encounter. In Part Three, the development of his methodology is presented through his voice by documenting the stages of his thought as seen in his writings. His three-fold methodology of comparative study, meta-religious principles and dialogical applications are examined not only as theory but also in terms of their applications. It is in the application process that one can see the adjustments and contextual uses of the methods that he developed, such as his insistence upon ethics as a means of contact between various faith communities. The final part offers a critical examination of both his theory and applications primarily cognisant of the overall criteria to determine the viability and general usefulness of his ideas and approach. The study concludes with a discussion about al-Faruqi‖s contributions to the field of religious dialogue. iv Résumé Dans le domaine actuel du dialogue musulman-chrétien et celui de l'étude interconfessionnelle, seuls quelques érudits musulmans diplômés en Occident ont été reconnus pour leurs études de religions autres que l‖Islam et pour leurs contributions au dialogue interconfessionnel. Un de ces érudits fut Ismaʿil al-Faruqi (1921-1986). Pendant toute sa carrière académique, il a enseigné, publié et participé activement à l'étude et au dialogue interconfessionnels. Pendant les années 60 et 70, il fut l'un des principaux représentants Musulmans en Occident participant activement au dialogue avec le Vatican, le Conseil œcuménique des églises et d'autres organismes chrétiens. Il fut assassiné avec son épouse en 1986. Cette étude examine d'une manière critique la méthodologie qu‖al-Faruqi a adoptée dans ses entretiens avec les non-Musulmans ainsi que les applications pratiques de celle-ci, et explore les raisons pour lesquelles il a consacré une grande partie de sa vie au dialogue religieux. La première partie de ce travail présente sa vie en forme de récit biographique, utilisant la théorie de l‖identité comme outil d‖analyse, afin de connaître les raisons et motivations pour lesquelles il a dédié sa vie au dialogue et à l‖étude interconfessionnelle. La deuxième partie tent de définir les diverses méthodologies qu‖al-Faruqi a pu utiliser pour étudier la religion; par la suite, il est question de situer al-Faruqi dans l'histoire des rencontres entre Musulmans et non- Musulmans. Dans la troisième partie, il s‖agit de présenter, à travers la voix d‖al-Faruqi lui-même, le développement de sa méthodologie et de tracer l‖évolution de sa pensée par ses écrits. Les trois fondements de sa méthodologie — étude comparative, principes meta-religieux, applications dialogiques — sont examinés d‖un point de vue non seulement théorique, mais aussi pratique. C‖est dans leurs mises en pratique que nous voyons comment il a précisé ses méthodes selon le contexte, notamment par son insistance sur l‖éthique comme point de contact entre diverses communautés religieuses. La dernière partie offre un examen critique de sa théorie et des ses applications, sans perdre de vue les critères généraux servant à évaluer la viabilité et l'utilité générale de ses idées et de sa méthode. L'étude conclut par une discussion des contributions d'al-Faruqi au domaine du dialogue religieux. v Abbreviations AAR - American Academy of Religion ADC - American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee AJISS - American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences AMSS - American Muslim Social Scientists CCMCC - Continuing Committee for Muslim Christian Cooperation CIIR - Central Institute of Islamic Research (Karachi, Pakistan) CWME - Committee on World Mission and Evangelism DFI - Dialogue with Peoples of Living Faiths and Ideologies EI2 - Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd edition) GCWR - Global Congress of the World‖s Religions ICMR - Islam and Christian Muslim Relations IHAS - Institute of Higher Arabic Studies (Cairo University) IIFSO - International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations IIIT - International Institute for Islamic Thought IIU - International Islamic University IRPC - Inter-Religious Peace Colloquium ISNA - Islamic Society of North America JDL - Jewish Defence League JES - Journal of Ecumenical Studies MJCC - Muslim-Jewish-Christian Conference MSA - Muslim Students Association NAIT - North American Islamic Trust NASB - New American Standard Bible NCC - National Council of Churches NCCC - National Council of Churches of Christ NIV - New International Version of the Bible PCID - Pontifical Council for Inter-Religious Dialogue PPBox - Personal papers of al-Faruqi housed at IIIT and itemized by year in file boxes WCC - World Council of Churches vi Acknowledgements Every academic work reflects the contributions of many people. When my original adviser unexpectedly left McGill University, Dr. Wisnovsky kindly agreed to offer his guidance and advice and this work is immeasurably better due to his efforts. I also offer a special thanks to my professors Dr. Little, Dr. Ormsby, Dr. Hallaq, Dr. Turgay, Dr. Alvi and Dr. Boullata. The warm atmosphere of our superb library along with the cordial efforts of Adam Gacek, Salwa Ferahian, Steve Millier and Wayne St. Thomas each have contributed to an enjoyable period of study and research. The Institute‖s administrative staff, Dawn Miller (retired), Ann Yaxley, Kirsty Mckinnon and Sharon St. Thomas provided encouragement and guidance through the labyrinth of administrative details. McGill University and the Institute
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