Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma

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Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography And
Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography and Ethnohistory ______________________________________________________ 7.1 Introduction The earliest mention of the Comanche in the historical record date to 1706. Comanche ethnogenesis took place about two centuries earlier, after their separation from the Shoshone near the Wind River region. In a step-wise migration bands left the parent society and moved south along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. Initially Comanche bands inhabited the central plains along the Platte, Republican, and Arkansas rivers in eastern Colorado. According to numerous scholars, the Comanche quickly transitioned from a Great Basin culture to a Great Plains life way, although the Comanche retained many Great Basin cultural beliefs and practices.1 However seeking greater trade opportunities and horses, along with the rapidly changing political economic conditions, Comanche bands migrated southeast. By the latter part of the eighteenth century the Comanche consolidated their position on the southern Great Plains after a series of territorial and economic conflicts various tribes and the Spanish.2 Strategically employing warfare, treaty negotiations, and alliances the Comanche controlled the region between the Arkansas and Pecos rivers, an area comprising present-day western Texas and Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, southeast Colorado, and southwest Kansas.3 By 1820 the Comanche occupied primarily the territory south of the Arkansas River, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho occupied the lands north of the river.4 They controlled this region until the reservation period. The Comanche were never a tribe, unified under a centralized political structure. Rather Comanche ethnicity and social unity was based on common cultural traditions, 600 language, history, and political economic goals.
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Tribal and House District Boundaries
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77
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2) Economy, Business
2) Economy, Business : The majority of tribes' economies rely on Casinos. There are a huge amount of Casinos in Oklahoma, more than in any other state in the USA. But they also rely on the soil resources, there are tribes who are very rich thanks to their oil resources. Natural resources After 1905 deposits of lead and zinc in the Tri-State Mining District made the Quapaws of Ottawa County some of the richest Indians of the USA. Zinc mines also left hazardous waste that still poisons parts of their lands. The Osages became known as the world's richest Indians because their “head right” system distributed the royalties from their “underground reservation” equally to the original allottees. The Osage's territory was full of oil. Gaming revenues The Chickasaw are today the richest tribe in Oklahoma thanks to their Casinos they make a lot of profit. On their website you can read : “From Bank2, Bedre Chocolates, KADA and KYKC radio stations and the McSwain Theatre to the 13 gaming centers, travel plazas and tobacco stores, the variety and prosperity of the Chickasaw Nation's businesses exemplifies the epitome of economic success!”. The Comanche Tribe derives revenue from four casinos. The Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton features a convention center and hotel and has a surface of 45,000 square feet. The others are the Red River Casino at Devol north of the Red River, and two small casinos : Comanche star casino east of Walters and Comanche Spur Casino near Elgin. Enlargements of the casinos are planned . There are smoke shops and convenience stores in the casinos.
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Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande
SPANISH RELATIONS WITH THE APACHE NATIONS EAST OF THE RIO GRANDE Jeffrey D. Carlisle, B.S., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2001 APPROVED: Donald Chipman, Major Professor William Kamman, Committee Member Richard Lowe, Committee Member Marilyn Morris, Committee Member F. Todd Smith, Committee Member Andy Schoolmaster, Committee Member Richard Golden, Chair of the Department of History C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Carlisle, Jeffrey D., Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Río Grande. Doctor of Philosophy (History), May 2001, 391 pp., bibliography, 206 titles. This dissertation is a study of the Eastern Apache nations and their struggle to survive with their culture intact against numerous enemies intent on destroying them. It is a synthesis of published secondary and primary materials, supported with archival materials, primarily from the Béxar Archives. The Apaches living on the plains have suffered from a lack of a good comprehensive study, even though they played an important role in hindering Spanish expansion in the American Southwest. When the Spanish first encountered the Apaches they were living peacefully on the plains, although they occasionally raided nearby tribes. When the Spanish began settling in the Southwest they changed the dynamics of the region by introducing horses. The Apaches quickly adopted the animals into their culture and used them to dominate their neighbors. Apache power declined in the eighteenth century when their Caddoan enemies acquired guns from the French, and the powerful Comanches gained access to horses and began invading northern Apache territory.
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Caddo Indians- Grade 4
Caddo Indians - Grade 4 Created for public use and for TIDES project partner Caddo Mounds State Historic Site by Rhonda Williams, TIDES Curriculum Development team member, 2004. Revised by Rachel Galan, Caddo Mounds State Historic Site, Educator/ Interpreter, February 2014. TEKS updated to the August 2010 revision. Objectives: TEKS §113.15. History, Grade 4. (b) (1) The student understands the origins, similarities, and differences of American Indian groups in Texas and North America before European exploration. The student is expected to: (B) identify American Indian groups in Texas and North America before European exploration such as the Lipan Apache, Karankawa, Caddo, and Jumano; (C) describe the regions in which American Indians lived and identify American Indian groups remaining in Texas such as the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo, Alabama-Coushatta, and Kickapoo; and (D) compare the ways of life of American Indian groups in Texas and North America before European exploration. TEKS §113.15. History, Grade 4. (b)(4) The student understands the political, economic, and social changes in Texas during the last half of the 19th century. The student is expected to: (D) examine the effects upon American Indian life resulting from changes in Texas, including the Red River War, building of U.S. forts and railroads, and loss of buffalo. TEKS §113.15. Geography, Grade 4. (b)(6) The student uses geographic tools to collect, analyze, and interpret data. The student is expected to: (A) apply geographic tools, including grid systems, legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses, to construct and interpret maps (Map of Texas Forts and Indians 1846-1850); and TEKS §113.15.
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Indian Archives Microfilm Guide Series 9: Kiowa Agency Records
Indian Archives Microfilm Guide Series 9: Kiowa Agency Records Compiled by Katie Bush Series 9: Kiowa Agency Records Table of Contents Census and Enrollment p. 3, 49 Kiowa Agency Records Letterpress Books p. 7, 36 Federal, State, and Local Court Relations p. 22 Foreign Relations p. 26 Military Relations and Affairs p. 27 Indian History, Culture, and Acculturation p. 33 Estates, Births, Marriages, Divorces, Deaths, Wills, and Related Records p. 35 Cattle, Grazing, and Pastures p. 41 Fences, Boundary Lines, and Homesteads p. 43 Intruders and Roads p. 43 Field Matrons p. 43 Traders p. 44 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Letters Received p. 46 Schools p. 50 Farmers p. 52 Issues p. 55 Fort Sill Indian School Records p. 63 Series 9: Kiowa Agency Records (includes Comanche, Apache, and other various tribes) Introduction The treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas (15 Stat., 581 and 15 Stat., 589) concluded on Oct. 21, 1868 between the United States and the Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa Apache provided for a reservation in Indian Territory to be located between the Washita and Red Rivers. This was a modification and reduction of a reservation established by a treaty of Oct. 18, 1865 (Stat. L xiv 717) with the Comanche and Kiowa. In 1868 A. G. Boone, Special Agent to the Kiowas and Comanches, and Pvt. Maj. Gen. W. B. Hazen were sent to Indian Territory to bring together the Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches who wished to abide by their treaty commitments. Progress was made and the following year Boone’s successor, Laurie Tatum, arrived at agency headquarters near Fort Sill.
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Constructing Comanche: Imperialism, Print Culture
CONSTRUCTING COMANCHE: IMPERIALISM, PRINT CULTURE, AND THE CREATION OF THE MOST DANGEROUS INDIAN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA A THESIS IN History Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS by JOSHUA CHRISTOPHER MIKA B.A., UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, 2000 B.A., UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, 2006 M.L.I.S.c., UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MĀNOA, 2012 Kansas City, Missouri, 2018 © 2018 JOSHUA CHRISTOPHER MIKA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONSTRUCTING COMANCHE: IMPERIALISM, PRINT CULTURE, AND THE CREATION OF THE MOST DANGEROUS INDIAN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA Joshua Christopher Mika, Candidate for the Master of Arts Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2018 ABSTRACT Anglo-American print sources during the antebellum era framed the Comanche as “the most powerful” or “the most dreaded” Indian whom settlers encountered on the frontier. This research examines the pivotal role that American print culture played in constructing dubious stereotypes of Comanche Indians in American intellectual and popular culture during the nineteenth century, such as we find embedded in English language newspapers and captivity narratives. Though some scholars have examined the role that American media has played in constructing spurious images of Native Americans, this current research is the first of its kind that specifically examines the birth and development of Comanche stereotypes in American print culture during its formative years. This process of typification iii robbed Comanches of their own voice and identity. It marked them with indelible, negative impressions in the American imaginary – impressions that have lasted to this day in popular images of the Comanche.
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Meet the Kiowa
By the Kansas HistoricalSociety Meet the Kiowa TheKiowa are American Indians who once livedon the highplains of Kansas. Todaythey liveall over the world. Theirtribal headquarters is in Oklahoma. Some Kiowastill live in Kansas. In the 1700s the Kiowa lived in the Black Hills of South Dakota. BeforeKansas became a statethey migrated to the high plains of Kansas. The Kiowa were a nomadic tribe. They followed the animals they hunted. The Kiowa are part of a group of people known as "horse nomads." Horsesallowed the Kiowa to travel greater distancesand to move heavier loads and more things. The Kiowa also rode horsesto hunt. The Kiowa lived in ti pis. A tipi is a moveablehome. The frame is made of long wooden poles that are tied togetherat the top and spread apart in a circle at the bottom. The base of a tipi was as wide as the tipi poles were tall. The frame was covered with buffalo hides. Kiowa tipis were decorated with designsto show events and important things about the people who lived in them. Everyonewould know which tipi belonged to whom by the designson each tipi. Tomove their villages, the Kiowa used a travois pulled by a horse.Tying two of the long tipi poles together at one end makesthe travois. The other ends of the travois poles would drag along the ground. PlainsIndians did not have wheels or carts. The Kiowa depended on buffalo for meat. In addition to eating buffalo meat, the Kiowa hunted smalleranimals and gathered wild plants, fruits, and nuts.Since they did not grow gardens, they traded buffalo hides and meat for corn, beans, and squash grown by people in easternKansas.
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CONSTITUTION of the COMANCHE NATION (As Ratified November 19
CONSTITUTION OF THE COMANCHE NATION (As ratified November 19, 1966, amended May 29, 1976, June 10, 1978, April 14, 1979, April 25, 1981, September 29, 1984, June 29, 1985, April 28, 1994, February 23, 2002, September 8, 2017, March 21, 2018, and November 7, 2019) PREAMBLE Invoking the guidance of Almighty God, we, the members of the Comanche Nation with faith in the purposes of our Supreme Being, with abounding pride in our ancient racial heritage and with the determination to promote, through united efforts, the general well-being of our tribe and to secure to ourselves and our descendants the rights, powers and privileges provided by law, do solemnly ordain and establish this organization and adopt the following constitution. ARTICLE I – NAME (Pursuant to Amendment A, adopted February 23, 2002) The name of this government will be the “Comanche Nation." ARTICLE II – PURPOSE The purpose of this organization shall be: Section 1. To define, establish and safe guard the rights, powers and privileges of the tribe and its members. Section 2. To improve the economic, moral, educational and health status of its members and to cooperate with and seek the assistance of the United States in carrying out mutual programs to accomplish these purposes by all possible means. Section 3. To promote in other ways the common well-being of the tribe and its membership. ARTICLE III – MEMBERSHIP (Pursuant to Amendment V, adopted May 29, 1976, Amendment D, adopted February 23, 2002) Section 1. The membership of the Comanche Nation shall consist of the following: (a) All persons, who received an allotment of land as members of the Comanche Nation under the Act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat.
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Music of the American Indian: Plains: Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa
The Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division Recording Laboratory AfS L39 MUSIC OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN PLAINS: COMANCHE, CHEYENNE, KIOWA, CADDO, WICHITA, PAWNEE From the Archive of Folk Culture Recorded and Edited by Willard Rhodes First issued on long-playing record in 1954. Accompanying booklet published 1982. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-743369 Available from the Recording Laboratory, Library of Congress, Washington, D .C. 20540. Cover illustration: DANCE OF THE DOG SOLDIER SOCIETIES, by Dick West. Courtesy Philbrook Art Center. Dedicated to the memory of Willard W. Beatty, Director of Indian Education for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, from 1937 to 1951. • • FOREWORD TO THE 1954 EDITION • • For a number of years the Bureau of Indian Affairs has sponsored the recording of typical Indian music throughout the United States. During this time approximately a thousand Indian songs have been recorded by Mr. Willard Rhodes, professor of music at Columbia Univer sity. The study originated in an effort to deter mine the extent to which new musical themes were continuing to develop. Studies have shown that in areas of Indian concentration, especially in the Southwest, the old ceremonial songs are still used in the traditional fashion. In the Indian areas where assimilation has been greater, Indian type music is still exceedingly popular. There is considerable creative activity in the development of new secular songs which are used for social gatherings. These songs pass from reservation to reservation with slight change. While the preservation of Indian music through recordings contributes only a small part to the total understanding of American Indians, it is nevertheless an important key to this understand ing.
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Vascular Plant Species of the Comanche National Grassland in United States Department Southeastern Colorado of Agriculture
Vascular Plant Species of the Comanche National Grassland in United States Department Southeastern Colorado of Agriculture Forest Service Donald L. Hazlett Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-130 June 2004 Hazlett, Donald L. 2004. Vascular plant species of the Comanche National Grassland in southeast- ern Colorado. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-130. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 36 p. Abstract This checklist has 785 species and 801 taxa (for taxa, the varieties and subspecies are included in the count) in 90 plant families. The most common plant families are the grasses (Poaceae) and the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Of this total, 513 taxa are definitely known to occur on the Comanche National Grassland. The remaining 288 taxa occur in nearby areas of southeastern Colorado and may be discovered on the Comanche National Grassland. The Author Dr. Donald L. Hazlett has worked as an ecologist, botanist, ethnobotanist, and teacher in Latin America and in Colorado. He has specialized in the flora of the eastern plains since 1985. His many years in Latin America prompted him to include Spanish common names in this report, names that are seldom reported in floristic pub- lications. He is also compiling plant folklore stories for Great Plains plants. Since Don is a native of Otero county, this project was of special interest. All Photos by the Author Cover: Purgatoire Canyon, Comanche National Grassland You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
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Tribal Jurisdictions in Oklahoma
TRIBAL JURISDICTIONS IN OKLAHOMA IKE 385 69 P 59 N 325 R 23 U 83 283 183 CHILOCCO35 INDIAN 169 T 8 81 18 44 54 281 SCHOOL LANDS 75 56 10 NOWATA 136 64 132 95 10 59 10C TEXAS 64 11 KAW WOODS GRANT 177 64 KAY ALFALFA 11A OSAGE 64 58 99 DELAWARE TRIBE 25 OTTAWA 325 412 94 11 11 11 60 64 OF INDIANS 10 64 BEAVER CIMARRON HARPER 11 CRAIG 125 74 2 171 50 77 RS 270 60 GE 3 149 RO L 38 IL 14 385 60 W 69 60 28 60 95 TONKAWA N 136 64 64 59 54 3 183 123 O 412 270 34 25 8 T 287 54 PONCA 83 OSAGE G 82 45 N 59 I 66 23 CHEROKEE 283 64 156 11 H 45 15 177 S 46 169 A ROGERS 270 75 28 W 45 28 34C 50B 15 15 20 20 15 OTOE - E K NOBLE 77 66 I MISSOURIA P MAYES 15 88 N 60 R WOODWARD 60 64 U 20 281 CIMARRON 20 44 T 69 59 15 50 412 PAWNEE 74 99 58 412 20 34 MAJOR DELAWARE 116 64 64 S 164 R 18 E 69A G 88 TURNPIKE PAWNEE O 412A TURNPIKE 266 R 412B 8 L CHEROKEE GARFIELD 412 L 412 183 60 I 412A 132 81 W 58 35 412 E 82 108 244 K I 60 P 60 132 N 51A R 51 51 U 51 51 T ELLIS 97 44 10 281 45 51 TULSA M ADAIR 99 48 U 8 KINGFISHER 74D 177 18 EK SK RE O Inset of Northeast Corner PAYNE C GE 82 77 CREEK E 283 E IK 62 81 33 P CHEROKEE N WAGONER E 33 R 64 LOGAN U 51 59 K 34 58 T I TU P 74C R R 51 DEWEY E 66 NP 183 N IK 80 UNITED KEETOOWAH N 8A R 75 E U 69 51 69A R IOWA 16 T 72 16 BAND OF CHEROKEES U 51B T 105 105 3 QUAPAW 47 33 MUSCOGEE (CREEK) 104 100 33 62 82 MIAMI 69 47 66 44 270 74F 44 75A 30 177 35 M 47 81 74 16 64 16 U E NPIK 165 S TUR 66 K ROGER CUSTER O 100 44 G 10 33 52 E MILLS BLAINE SAC AND FOX E 33 283 54 4 66 R RNE MUSKOGEE 47 TU 56 T 10A CHEYENNE - ARAPAHO TURNPIKE
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