Acaxee, 152, 182 Acosta, Ger Ónimo De, 227 Acosta, José De, 136

Cambridge University Press 0521600502 - Plagues, Priests and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New Daniel T. Reff Index More information

Index

Acaxee, 152, 182 apostasy. See Indians, apostasy Acosta, Geronimo´ de, 227 Apostles, 133 Acosta, Jose´ de, 136, 203, 219, 231 Apostolic Constitutions, 69, 78 AIDS (Acquired immune deﬁciency Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus, 69 syndrome), 45 Aquaviva, Claudio, 222 activism vs contemplation, 8, Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 29, 132, 220 224–227 Ardenas,˜ Juan de, 208 Acts of the Apostles, 64, 81, 162–165 Arianism, 64 Acts of Paul and Thecla, 79 Asad, Talal, 29 Acts of Thomas, 69 Asklepios, 66, 67 Addison, James T., 103, 114 Athanasius, Bishop, 23, 105, 110. See Alamanni, 55, 62 also Life of Saint Anthony Alans, 55, 57 Attila, 55 Alaric, 50 Augustine, Saint, 14, 18, 22, 24, 29, Alexander, Saint, 95, 200 68, 83, 86, 91, 105–106, 108–109, Alexandria, 74 119, 120, 130, 204, 217, 220, 225, Ammianus Marcellinus, 47, 50–52, 231. See also City of God; Rule of 63 Augustine Amundsen, Darrel, 107 Augustinians, 127. See also Anglo-Saxon records, 52 Mendicants Antony, Saint, 17, 23, 35, 85, 104, Augustus, reign of, 38 231, 233. See also Athanasius, Avellaneda, Diego de, 222 Bishop; Life of Saint Anthony Avignon, 41 Antonine Plague, 13, 46, 47, 49, 54, Ayvino, 153 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82. See also Azpilcueta, Martin, 153, 176 disease Aztatlan, 150 Anzures y Bolanos, Ma. Carmen, 181 Apocalypse of Peter, 85 Baltasar, Juan Antonio, 241 Apologeticus, 76. See also Tertullian Bamoa, 24

281

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521600502 - Plagues, Priests and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New Daniel T. Reff Index More information

INDEX

Baptism, 70, 76, 160–164. See also Cahita, 152 holy week Caesarius of Arles, Bishop, 32, 38, 68, barbarians, devaluation of, 28, 86; 83, 87–88, 91, 98, 115–116, 194, invasions and migrations, 55–58. 207, 212 See also Alamanni; Alans; Cappadocia, 66 Burgundians; Franks; Goths; Huns; Cappadocian fathers, 86 Ostrogoths; Sueves;Visigoths Carde´ nas,˜ Lorenzo de, 153, 196 Barthes, Roland, 16, 25, 27. See also Carthage, 79 punctum Caseau, Beatrice,´ 83 Basil of Caesarea, Saint, 194 Cassian, John, 14, 86, 106, 108, 220. Batuco, 153, 176 See also Conferences Bede, 18, 20, 22, 27, 94, 95, 103, Cassiodorus, 22, 111, 113, 142 112, 206, 208, 209–210, 219 Cassius Dio, 47 Belshazzar’s feast, 212. See also Book Castro, Francisco de, 168 of Daniel catechists. See ﬁscales Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 104, 194. Catherine of Sienna, Saint, 221 See also Rule of Saint Benedict Cato (the monk), 109 Beowulf, 201 Cautinus, Bishop, 108–109 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 220 Celestius, 108 Bible, 22, 218. See also individual Celsus, 50, 64, 65, 81 books, gospels, and authors Celtic religion, 59–61, 92–93, 98. See Biraben and LeGoff, 41, 52, 53. See also paganism also LeGoff census records, Egyptian, 53 Boak, A. E., 54 Chalchihuities, 150 Bolland, Jean, 22 Charraric, King, 94 Bolton, Herbert E., 183 Chichimeca, 157–159, 163 Boniface, Saint, 114, 200 Childbert, King, 42 Book of Daniel, 212. See also Bible Christian, William, 30, 155 Book of Job, 19. See also Bible Christianity, and accommodation Book of Revelations, 190. See also with indigenous religions, 31–33; Bible and charity, 14, 38, 73–77, 237; “border epistemologies,” 202, 244 conversion to, 31, 237; and Borja, Francis, 221 gender, 78–80; myth of oneness, Boswell, John, 115 243–244; number of converts, 83; Braunfels, Wolfgang, 101 and persecution, 80–83; and Britain, 62–63 protection from sickness, 67–74, Brigit, Saint, 191 181; as social welfare, 38. See Brown, Peter, 14, 64, 77 also the Church; Jesuits; Burgundians, 57, 62. See also monasticism barbarians Christ, Jesus, 234, 235 Bynum, Caroline, 70, 71 Chronicon of Jerome, 40. See also Byzantine world, 38 Jerome, Saint Chrysostom, Saint John, 84, 111 Caesar, Julius, 30, 59, 115. See also the Church, Apostolic, 216;as Gallic War contested institution, 15;

282

INDEX

Counter-Reformation, 6, 213, 227, Crosby, Alfred, 3 229, 230; Post-Constantine, 14, cult of the saints, 98, 99, 120, 124, 190; “Primitive,” 124, 149 127–128; seen as repressive cult of Saturn, 66 institution, 10–11, 28–29. See also Cushner, Nicholas P., 215 Christianity; Jesuits; monasticism Cyprian, Saint, 49, 66. See also De City of God, 105. See also Augustine, Mortalitate Saint Clovis, 91 Da-ui, 202. See also dance of the cognitive dissonance theory, 243 matachins Colegio de San Martin, 221. See also Dahomey, 177 Jesuits, disagreement within the Damian, Peter, 220 order; as educators dance of the Matachins, 202. See also Colegio de San Gregorio, 221. See Da-ui also Jesuits, disagreement within Daniel, Walter, 103. See also The Life the order; as educators of Aelred of Rievaulx Colegio Maximo de San Pedro y San Daniel of Winchester, 114 Pablo, 221. See also Jesuits, Danube, 53, 55 disagreement within the order; as “Dark Ages,” 14 educators De Jong, Mayke, 115 Columbanus, 87, 89 De Mortalitate, 49, 66. See also Conferences, 106. See also Cassian, Cyprian, Saint John De Natura Rerum (the nature of Confession, Sacrament of, 69 things), 18, 98. See also Flint, Confessions, 226–227. See also Valerie Patrick, Saint De Procuranda Indorum Salute, 219. Conquista Espiritual. See Spiritual See also Acosta, Josede´ Conquest Dea Febris, 49, 67 Constantine the Great, 50, 66, 79, 83, Decius, Emperor, 66 84, 91, 225 Del Rio, Martin, 133. See also Constantinople, 52 Disquisitionum Magicarum Libri Sex Constantius, 50 in Tres Tomos Pariti constructivism, 5, 212 Derrida, Jacques, 16 Contemplation for Love, 132. See also Descartes, Rene,´ 204, 228, 240 Spiritual Exercises desert saints, 17, 23, 188, 233 Contra Celsum, 69. See also Diocletian, Emperor, 54, 66 Origen Dionysius, Bishop, 74 co-parenthood, 189. See also ﬁctive disease, 43–46, 49, 51, 52, 237; kinship consequences in Europe, 38–40, Cortes,´ Hernan,´ 30, 124, 167 47, 48, 52, 58, 95; and early Council of Elvira, 96 Christian literature, 16–20, 31–33, Council of Nannet, 219 35 , 37, 40–43, 51–52; scholarly Council of Trent, 211, 213 neglect of, 40–43, 128; and Council of Vaison, 115–116 conquest of Mexico, 125–127;in Cox, John D., 118 Pre-Columbian America, 123;

283

INDEX

consequences in Mexico, 127, Florilegio Medicinal, 180, 181. See also 173–177; and mission frontier, 138, Esteyneffer, Juan de 160, 167–169, 170, 171, 177, forty-hours devotion, 178 238–239. See also Antonine Plague; Foster, Elizabeth A., 217–218. See malaria; measles; Plague of also Motolinıa,´ Fray Toribio de Cyprian; smallpox; typhus Benavente Disquisitionum Magicarum Libri Sex in Foucault, Michel, 14, 16, 28, 37, 73, Tres Tomos Pariti, 133. See also Del 119 Rio, Martin Francis of Assisi, Saint, 237 Dods, Marcus, 67 Franciscans, 127. See also Mendicants Domincans, 127. See also Mendicants Franks, 55–57, 62, 89, 90, 99. See Drinkwater, J.F., 48 also barbarians Druids, 59, 92, 115. See also Celtic religion; paganism Galen, 47, 117 Galerius, Emperor, 66 early Christian literature, 16–20. See Gallic Chronicle, 57 also lives of the saints Gallic language, 58–59 eastern Roman empire. See Byzantine Gallic War, 59. See also Caesar, Julius world Gante, Pedro de, 201 Edict of Milan, 224. See also garrisons. See presidios Constantine the Great Gaul, 32, 38, 54, 57–63, 80, 86, 94, Ekklesiae´ , 38, 65, 77, 79 108, 113 The Enlightenment, 10, 24, 36, 41, Gaus, Frantisek, 99 228, 240, 241 Genesis, 147. See also Bible epidemics. See disease genocide, 242 Erasmus, 211 Gildas, 63 Espinosa, Juan Augustın´ de, 160–164, Gnosticism, 72, 73, 79 170 Glory of the Martyrs, 35. See also Esteyneffer, Juan de, 180. See also Gregory of Tours Floilegio Medicinal Goehring, James, 106 Eucharist, 69, 160–164, 199 Gonzalez,´ Roque, 210 Eucherius, 85, 163 Gospel of John, 69 Eusebius, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 47, 80, Gospel of Mark, 115–116, 216 82, 86, 206 Gospels, 117 Evagarius, 104, 105, 111 Goths, 46, 50, 55–57. See also barbarians feast of Corpus Christi, 15 Gran Sisibotari, 144, 174 ﬁctive kinship, 189. See also Gratian, Emperor, 91 co-parenthood Gravina, Pedro, 227 Finucane, Ronald, 34, 120 great man theme in historiography, ﬁscales, 129, 244 9–10, 11 Flint, Valerie, 31, 68, 98, 198. See also Gregory I, Pope, 22, 38, 94, 109, 225, De Natura Rerum; The Rise of Magic 238 in Early Medieval Europe Gregory of Nysa, 66

284

INDEX

Gregory of Tours, 18, 20, 22, 35, 38, cannibalism, 157–159, 163; and 40, 42, 51, 52, 58, 87, 92, 109, ceremonial sponsorship, 197; elites, 182–183, 206, 236. See also Glory 143, 145–146, 157–163, 241; of the Martys; History of the Franks; origin myths, 147–148; parallels Life of the Fathers with pagan Europeans, 137, 140, Guaranı,´ 203. See also Ruiz de 145, 148, 149, 154, 160–164, 201, Montoya, Antonio; Spiritual 205–206; population, 138, 242; Conquest pre-Columbian trade, 141; Gutierrez,´ Ramon,´ 11, 190. See also persistence of beliefs following When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers “conversion,” 195–205; religion, Went Away 146–156; settlement systems, 140; Guzman,´ Nuno˜ de, 157 shamanism, 152–153, 154, 179–180; socio-political hagiography. See lives of the saints organization, 143–144; and Halsall, Guy, 92 warfare, 144–145 Hapsburgs, 7, 214, 216. See also Inez de la Cruz, (Sor) Juana Phillip II, King; Phillip IV, King inﬂuenza pandemic of 1917 Hercules, statue of, 95 Inishmurray, 113 Hilarion, Saint, 17, 188, 233 Irenaeus, 72 Historia, 3, 4, 22, 23, 212, 220, 227, Isidore of Seville, 58, 91 232. See also Perez´ de Ribas, Italy, 50, 116 Andre´ Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana, 210. See Jerome, Saint, 17, 208. See also also Mendieta, Fray Geronimo de Chronicon of Jerome History of the Franks, 40. See also Jesuits, and boarding schools, Gregory of Tours 194–195; and care of the sick, 131, History of the Indians of New Spain, 180–182; and cattle, 184, 187; and 217. See also Motolinıa,´ Fray children, 193–195; churches, Toribio de Benavente 160–164; Constitution, 132, 204, holy family, 202 220; conversion strategies, 123; holy ofﬁce, 230 and corporal punishment, 165–166; holy week, 160–164 correspondence and reports, 3; holy women, 85 disagreement within the order, 133, Honorutus, 86 213, 220–224; as educators, Huite, 189 221–222; formation as religious, 5, Huitzilopochtli, 201 21, 229; Formula, 131, 220; Huns, 46, 55 martyrs, 23, 233; mastery of Indian Huya Aniya, 149 languages, 33, 184–185, 186, 201, 228, 240–241; mission frontier, Ignatius of Antioch, 69 32–33, 229; mission organization, Indians of Northern Mexico, 160, 163, 167, 202; missionary apostasy, 199–200, 231; and ball narratives, 4–5, 6, 7, 8, 21–22, 24, game, 152; and “conversion” to 25, 27, 211–212, 239; missions and Christianity, 129, 183; and the reordering of social life;

285

INDEX

missions as economic centers, Life of the Fathers, 51, 182–183. See 183–195; relations with other also Gregory of Tours orders, 213–215, 227; relations lives of the saints, 6, 16–17, 18, 19, with secular clergy, 214–215; 20, 90, 99–106, 208, 211, 215, Rules, 166; similar lives as early 227, 229, 232, 235, 236, 238. See Christian saints, 235; suppression also early Christian literature of the order, 242; as vanguard of Livy, 46 civilization, 10; worldview, 24, Loyola, Ignatius, 3, 21, 130, 192, 131, 242; and the writing of 219, 220, 222, 229; and Spiritual history, 3. See also Loyola, Ignatius Exercises, 132, 156, 234; vision for Julian, Emperor, 68, 75, 77 Society of Jesus, 131–132, 222, Julian, the monk, 109 228–229. See also Jesuits Justin the Martyr, 82 Lugh (Celtic deity), 92. See also Celtic religion Klingshirn, William, 82 Luisa (prominent Indian leader), 190 Luke, Saint, 81, 190 La Florida, 221 Luther, Martin, 131, 211 Lacnunga, 107, 181 Lynch, Joseph, 69 Laguna and Parras, Mission of, 172, Lynn White, Townsend, 113 175–176 Lyon, 80–83 Laguneros, 160, 170, 172–173 Las Casas, Bartolome´ de, 219 malaria, 49–52, 73, 125. See also Ledesma, Juan de, 224 disease LeGoff, Jacques, 28, 119. See also MacCormack, Sabine, 210 Biraben and LeGoff MacMullen, Ramsay, 117 Leo the Great, Pope, 108 Malleus Maliﬁcarum, 133 leprosy, 24 Marcus Aurelius, 47 Libri Ordinum, 97 Marras, Daniel, 187–188 Life of Aelred of Rievaulx, 103. See also Mars Calumnus, 61. See also Celtic Daniel, Walter religion Life of Christ, 21 Marseilles, 42 Life of Cuthbert, 208. See also Bede Martin of Braga, Bishop, 91, 94, Life of Saint Antony, 4, 19, 31, 96–97, 119, 185 105, 110. See also Athanasius, Martin of Tours, Saint, 23, 72, Bishop 87–88, 94, 96, 108, 130–135, 185, Life of Saint Columban, 51 188, 196–198, 199, 223, 226. See Life of Saint Hilarion, 4 also Life of Saint Martin; Sulpicius Life of Saint Martin, 4, 7, 8, 18, 22, Severus 35 , 87, 90, 94, 236. See also Martınez,´ Manuel, 7 Martin of Tours, Saint; Sulpicius Martınez´ de Hurdaide, Captain Severus Diego, 170 Life of Saint Paul the Hermit., 208. See Mary, Saint, 163, 183, 191–193, 201, also Jerome, Saint 243. See also Virgin of Guadalupe Life of Saint Radegunde, 196 Mary the Egyptian, 85

286

INDEX

Maximus Daia, 48 Octavius, 81. See also Minucius Felix Maximus of Turin, 84–85, 89, 91, 93, Oliver and Palmer, 82 95 On the Divination of Demons, 68. See Mayo, 170, 242 also Augustine, Saint McNary-Zak, Bernadette, 105 On the Life of Plotinus, 78. See also McNeill, William, 3, 8, 40, 46, 49, Porphyry 75 Opata, 152–153, 156, 178, 186, 202 measles, 48–49, 54, 125. See also Origen, 69, 76, 104. See also Contra disease; plague of Cyprian Celsum Menchu,´ Rigoberta, 29 Orosisus, 46 Mendez,´ Pedro, 129, 166–167, 170, Orsi, Robert, 28 172, 182, 185, 194, 200 Ostrogoths, 55. See also barbarians Mendicants, 124–129, 217, 218 Mendieta, Fray Geronimo de, Pachomius, 86, 106, 110, 112 209–210, 217, 218. See also pagans, 2. See also Celtic religion; Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana paganism Mercurian, Everard, 222 paganism, 90–93. See also Celtic Mexica, 124 religion; pagans Minucius Felix, 81. See also Octavius Papal Bull Regimini of, 214 miracles, 36–37, 38, 217, 234–235 Pascual, Julio, 7 Monasticism, and care of the sick, Passion of Saint Perpetua, 71 106–110; and conversion of passions (passios). See Roman pagans, 93–100; and economic life, Martyrology 110–114; “Irish model,” 90, 190; Paraguay, 210 and rearing of children, 114; and Patrick, Saint, 87, 122, 185, 226. See the re-ordering of social life, 114; also Confessions and training of clergy, 87, 89. See Patronato Real, 186, 214 also the Church; Christianity Paul, Apostle, 64–65, 70, 78, 81, Motolinıa,´ Fray Toribio de 165 Benavente, 217, 218. See also Paul III, Pope, 130 Foster, Elizabeth A. Paul the Hermit, 17 Paulinus of Nola, 86, 93, 104–105 Nebome,´ 24, 172, 186 Paxton, Frederick, 97, 112 Nentvig, Juan, 242 Pbow, 112 Neo-Platonism, 73 peace of Constantine, 17 Nie, Giselle de, 109 Pelagius, 108 Nieremberg, Juan E., 232. See also Pelagianism, 64 Varones Illustres Perez,´ Martin, 160–164, 168, Numidia, 66 196–198 Perez´ de Ribas, Andre,´ 3, 4, 7, 22–24, oblation. See Monasticism, and the 27, 33, 134, 136, 138, 143, 145, rearing of children 172, 184, 189, 192, 193, 195–196, Och, Joseph, 191, 242 203, 209–210, 216–218, 223, 224, Ocoroni, 190 239. See also the Historia; Jesuits

287

INDEX

Perkins, Judith, 13, 37, 72–73 Robigalia, 100–114 Peter, Apostle, 81 Rogation, 100–110, 118 Petersen, Joan, 36 Roman empire, population, 43, 58; peyote, 152 trade and transport, 43–45. See also Pfefferkorn, Ignaz, 202, 242 disease, consequences in Europe; Phillip II, King, 129. See also Rome Hapsburgs Roman Martyrology, 7, 16, 17, 21, Phillip IV, King, 216. See also 23 Hapsburgs Rome, 53, 55, 76 Philosophes, 10 Rousselle, Aline, 62, 80 Plan of St Gall, 99–103, 106, 110, Rugians, 162–165 114 Ruiz de Montoya, 199, 203, 210, Pliny the Younger, 65 223, 227, 231, 239. See also Plotinus, 78. See also Porphyry Spiritual Conquest; Guaranı´ Polemius, Bishop, 96 Rule of Augustine, 83, 107. See also Pontus, 66 Augustine, Saint Porphyry, 64, 66, 67, 78, 81. See also Rule of Basil of Caesara, 107, On the Life of Plotinus 114 poststructuralism, 12–13, 16, 25, 36, Rule of Benedict of Nursia, 107, 40 112–113, 115 Potam,´ 188 Russell, James, 30 Precopius, 52 Russell, J. C., 53 presidios, 166 Price, 101 sacred biography. See lives of the Prosper of Acquitaine, 18, 108 saints Punctum, 25, 239. See also Barthes, Sahagun,´ Fray Bernardino de, 136 Roland Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 138 Quetzalcoatl, 150 Salomon, Frank, 31 Salvius, Abbot, 106 Ramırez,´ Geronimo,´ 160–164 I Samuel, 115–116 Raum, 188 San Gregorio, Church of, 224 Ratio Studiorum, 21–22, 220–221 San Francisco Xavier, Mission of, Rennaisance Humanism, 142 158–163 Resurrection, 70–72 SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory revised laws of the Indies, 240 Syndrome), 45 Richard of Saint Victor, 220 Satan, 17, 19, 23–24, 67–68, 97, Riche,´ Pierre, 101 130, 132, 136, 147, 148, 153, Ricouer, Paul, 27 155, 156, 178–179, 205, 229–232, Rıo´ y Losa, Governor Rodrigo, 238 160–163 Saul, King, 218 Riquier, Monastery of Saint, 101 Saxons, 62–63 The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Seri, 140, 243 Europe, 198. See also Flint,Valerie Severin, Saint, 162–165

288

INDEX

Severus, Sulpicius, 7, 8, 18, 38, 87, Tarahumara, 243 199, 226. See also Life of Saint Teatro Mexicano, 218. See also Martin; Martin of Tours, Vetancurt, Agustın´ de Saint Tehueco, 176 Seutonius, 46 Tehuima, 186 Shakers, 77 temachtianos. See ﬁscales Shaul, David, 241 Tenochtitlan, 124 shrine of Gournay, 60 Tepehuan, 150, 151, 231 sickness. See disease Tertullian, 76. See also Apologeticus Sierra Madre Occidental, 140 Theodore, Bishop, 109 smallpox, 46, 47, 107, 125. Theodosius, Emperor, 84 See also Antonine Plague; Tlaloc, 154 disease Torim, 183 Spiritual Exercises. See Loyola, Torquemada, Juan de, 218 Ignatius Trajan, Emperor, 66 Smith, Jonathan, 85 typhus, 24, 125. See also disease Song of Songs, 37. See also Bible Ulﬁla, Bishop, 185 Sozomen, 105 Spiritual Conquest, 199, 210, 220, Vairubi, 197–198 227, 228, 230. See also Ruiz de Val di Non, Tyrol, 96 Montoya, Antonio Valence, 57 Spivak, Gayatri, 27. See also Valerian, Emperor, 66 subalterns Valle, Juan del, 233 Stancliffe, Claire, 30 Van Dam, Raymond, 37 Stark, Rodney, 9, 40, 63 Vandals, 50, 55, 84. See also Stoics, 72 barbarians Strabo, 86 Varela, Gaspar, 186, 194 Suaqui, 177, 192 Varones Illustres, 232. See also Subalterns, 13, 27. See also Spivak, Nieremberg, Juan E. Gayatri Vatican, 243 Sueves, 55 Velasco, Juan Bautista de, 186 Sufes, 95 Velasco, Pedro de, 134–135 Sullivan, Richard E., 101 Velasco, Viceroy Luis de, 158–163 Suma, 160–163 Vetancurt, Agustın´ de, 218. See also Summa Contra Gentiles, 132. See also Teatro Mexicano Aquinas, Saint Thomas Victricius, 87, 93–94 Summa Theologica, 132. See also Villa de San Felipe,´ 168 Aquinas, Saint Thomas Virgin Mary. See Mary, Saint; Virgin of Guadalupe Tabanese, 112 Virgin of Guadalupe, 15, 122. See also Tacitus, 86 Mary, Saint. Tapia, Gonzalo de, 160–164, 168, Viriseva, 197–198 178, 196 Visigoths, 55. See also barbarians

289

INDEX

Vitae Patrum, 17, 21, 211 Xavier, Francis, 219 Visigothic Spanish Church, Xixime, 153 97 Xochipilli, 150 Viviers, 41 Voltaire, 183 Yellow Woman, 191 Yoeme (Yaqui), 142, 143, 149, 177, Weber, Max, 29, 78 183, 187, 202, 242 When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away, See also Gutierrez,´ Zacateco, 160, 170 Ramon´ Zoe, 189 Wood, Ian, 95 Zosimus, 48

290