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MVG02 Eucalypt Tall Open Forest DRAFT MVG 2 - EUCALYPT TALL OPEN FORESTS (WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS) Cool temperate ferny wet sclerophyll forests Dandenong Ranges, Vic (Photo: M. Fagg). Overview Equivalent to the concept of ‘wet sclerophyll forest’, which encompasses forests with a eucalypt-dominated overstorey and understories dominated by a range of species with ‘mesomorphic’ (non-sclerophyllous) foliage. However, wet sclerophyll forests less than 30 m tall are included in MVG 3. Comprise forests greater than 30 m tall and with projective foliage cover of between 30 and 70% (Ashton and Attiwill 1994). Dominated by Eucalyptus species (Ashton and Attiwill 1994). These vary between tropical and temperate climatic zones and between eastern and western sides of the continent. Contain the tallest tree species in Australia and the tallest flowering plant in the world, Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash), found only in Tasmania and Victoria. Understorey varies widely, depending on soil types, climate and fire history. Understorey plants include a number of species also found in rainforest (Keith 2004). Infrequently prone to extensive canopy fires, especially at temperate latitudes. Fires liberate resources and create open space that is essential for recruitment and establishment of eucalypt seedlings. Facts and figures Major Vegetation Group MVG 2 - Eucalypt Tall Open Forests Major Vegetation Subgroups 03 Subtropical broadleaf wet sclerophyll forests. (number of NVIS descriptions) NSW, QLD 54 Subtropical open wet sclerophyll forests NSW, QLD Xx Cool temperate ferny wet sclerophyll forests NSW, VIC, TAS. 60 Cool temperate open wet sclerophyll forests ACT, NSW, VIC TAS Xx Western wet sclerophyll forests WA Typical NVIS structural formations Tall open forest Mid open forest Number of IBRA regions 29 Most extensive in IBRA region Est. pre-1750 and Present: NSW North Coast (Est. pre-1750 and present) Estimated pre-1750 extent (km2) 40 801 Present extent (km2) 35 344 Area protected (km2) 11 870 Western wet sclerophyll forest, Eucalyptus diversicolor, WA (Photo: B Pellow) Structure and physiognomy Tall open tree canopy that allows a luxuriant understorey of soft-leaved shrubs, ferns and herbs to develop (Keith 2004). Trees typically have long unbranched boles. At least three structural layers: the tree canopy dominated by eucalypts with 30-70% projective foliage cover and more than 30 m tall; a shrub layer of variable density and height; and a ground layer comprising herbs, ferns and graminoids. In many cases there can be four structural layers with tall shrubs and small trees of non-eucalypt species below the upper tree canopy. Vines and creepers are often a feature of this MVG, especially in subtropical and warm temperate regions. Ferns, both as part of the ground layer, or as tree ferns in the shrub or small tree layer, are also a common feature of this MVG. Patches of rainforest are often embedded within a matrix of tall open forest, the two blend together as intermediate forms in which small rainforest trees form a sub canopy beneath the Eucalypts (Keith 2004). Depending on time since last fire, these forests typically have deep layer of leaf litter and branches shed continually by the dominant eucalypts. Indicative flora Species composition varies along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in eastern Australia, while the Western Australian forests share few species with those in the east. These and more subtle distinctions related to soil moisture and substrates separate the five subgroups recognised in MVG 2. Many of the eucalypts that distinguish the tall open forests belong to sections Transversaria or Maidenaria within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus. Most others belong to the ‘green ash’ and ‘peppermint’ subseries within subgenus Eucalyptus (formerly Monocalyptus). At local scales, two eucalypts from the same section rarely co-occur (Pryor et al. 1956), but species turnover along local gradients can be substantial, especially in northern NSW, where large numbers of eucalypt species occur within this MVG. Acacia species are often conspicuous species in the subcanopy. Other shrubs and small trees include species of Asteraceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Pittosporaceae and Rhamnaceae (Ashton and Attiwill 1994; Keith 2004; Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment 2004; Harris and Kitchener 2005; Beard et al 2013; Neldner et al. 2014). Conspicuous fern taxa include Cyathea, Dicksonia, Blechnaceae and Dryopteridaceae. Subgroups are characterised by the following features. o Subtropical broadleaf wet sclerophyll forests are dominated by Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus resinifera from the section Traversaria, as well as Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus microcorys, Syncarpia glomulifera, Corymbia intermedia and Lophostemon confertus. The understorey includes a diversity of small trees and tall shrubs such as Acacia irrorata, Cryptocarya species, Diospyros australis, Elaeocarpus species, Maytenus species, Guioa semiglauca, Psychotria species, Synoum glandulosum, Alphitonia excelsa, Glochidion ferdinandi, Neolitsea dealbata, Notelaea longifolia and Breynia oblongifolia. Vines include Eustrephus latifolius, Smilax australis, Cissus species, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Hardenbergia violacea, Pandorea pandorana, Hibbertia species and Dioscorea transversa. Ground ferns include Lastreopsis species, Histiopteris species, Cyathea australis, Calochlaena dubia, Asplenium species and Blechnum species. This subgroup is distributed north from the south coast of NSW to southeast Queensland with a disjunct occurrence in the Atherton-Cairns district of northeast Queensland (Keith 2004; Neldner et al. 2014). o Subtropical open wet sclerophyll forests are dominated by Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus siderophloia, Eucalyptus propinqua, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus montivaga, Eucalyptus campanulata, Syncarpia glomulifera, Corymbia intermedia and Lophostemon confertus. Shrubs and small trees occur more sparsely than in the preceding subgroup and include Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia species, Alphitonia excelsa, Breynia oblongifolia, Maytenus species, Notelaea longifolia, Persoonia species and Pittosporum species. Graminoids are prominent in the ground layer and include Imperata cylindrica, Lomandra longifolia, Entolasia stricta, Lepidosperma laterale, Themeda australis and Oplismenus species. Other common ground layer species include the fern Pteridium esculentum, vines such as Eustrephus latifolius, Hardenbergia violacea, and Smilax australis, and herbs including species of Desmodium, Dianella, Geranium and Pratia. The distribution extends from southeast Queensland to southeast NSW (Keith 2004; Neldner et al. 2014). o Cool temperate ferny wet sclerophyll forests are primarily associations of Maidenaria and ‘green ash’ eucalypts, including Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus denticulata, Eucalyptus fastigata, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus regnans. Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus globulus are the dominants in Tasmania, while Eucalyptus campanulata is common at high elevations on the New England escarpment., A typically dense layer of small trees and shrubs includes Bedfordia arborescens, Prostanthera lasianthos, and multiple species of Pomaderris, Olearia, Acacia, and Tasmannia. Ferns are abundant and include Dicksonia antarctica, Cyathea australis, Pteridium esculentum, and species of Asplenium, Blechnum, Histiopteris and Polystichum. These forests are abundant in southern, central and northwest Tasmania, the central highlands and East Gippsland regions of Victoria, the foothills and escarpments of southern NSW and the New England escarpment of northern NSW (Ashton and Attiwill 1994; Keith 2004; Harris and Kitchener 2005). o Cool temperate open wet sclerophyll forests include Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. viminalis, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus fraxinoides, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Eucalyptus laevopinea, Eucalyptus brunnea and Eucalyptus campanulata. Small trees and shrubs are scattered include species of Fabaceae including Acacia, Lomatia, Leucopogon, Olearia, Persoonia and Trochocarpa. A prominent grassy groundlayer is dominated by tussocks of several species of Poa, Lomandra longifolia, Geranium, Veronica and Viola. These forests are found from Tasmania to the New England tableland in northern NSW (Keith 2004; Harris and Kitchener 2005). o Western wet sclerophyll forests are dominated by Eucalyptus diversicolor in pure stands or in mixed stands with Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus guilfoylei, Eucalyptus jacksonii and Eucalyptus marginata A small tree layer of species such as Angonis flexuosa, Allocasuarina decussata and Banksia species may be present under which a layer of shrubs such as Trymalium spatulatum, Chorilaena quercifolia, Hovea elliptica and Acacia pentadenia may occur. These unique forests are restricted to the Warren bioregion, a small area of far southwestern Australia (Beard et al. 2013). Environment Distribution of this MVG is controlled primarily by high, reliable rainfall and dominates regions receiving between 1500mm and 2000 mm per year with at least 50 mm in the driest season (Ashton and Attiwill 1994). As mean annual rainfall declines below 1500 mm, MVG 2 is increasingly confined to topographically sheltered situations (Wood et al. 2014). The tall forests of Western Australia occur in a climatically marginal climate where mean annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1400 mm per year with the driest month having a
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