Prepared by the Cape to Cape Catchments Group in partnership with

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Cape to Cape Landcare Companion has been compiled from a range of existing sources of information in the local area. Many local members of the community have contributed to its production and the Cape to Cape Catchments Group would like to thank them all.

Thanks are also due to members of the Cape to Cape Catchments working group for this project who provided review and project management of the production of this manual. This working group included the following people:

Kirrily White Merryn Delaney Margaret Moir Rod Whittle Genevieve Hanran-Smith Tracey Gregory Kay Lehman Sasha Taylor Paul Downes Lorraine Firth Shelley Ray-Brennan Robyn Paice Wayne O’Sullivan Sally Scott

John Moore from the Department of Agriculture provided all of the specific weed control advice and photographs of weeds. This material was all taken from John's book Southern Weeds and their Control.

The Department of Conservation and Land Management and the Land for Wildlife Program provided information about important fauna species of the local area and the threats faced by these species.

The Dieback Working Group provided the basis for much of the material written about dieback and its management.

Margaret Moir prepared the list of native flora species suitable for revegetation in the Cape to Cape subregion.

The Water and Rivers Commission provided the catchment maps presented in the manual.

Thanks are extended to GeoCatch for their assistance and technical support.

The Natural Heritage Trust, the Shire of Augusta Margaret River and Greening all contributed to the funding of this manual and provided support throughout the production process.

Cover photos by Jamie Scott, Margaret River.

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION i CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ...... i Introduction...... 1 PART A - The Environment of the Cape to Cape Subregion...... 3 About the Cape to Cape Catchments Area...... 4 Catchment Maps ...... 6-13 Native Fauna ...... 14

PART B - Managing the Environment of the Cape to Cape Catchments...... 19 Remnant Vegetation is Valuable ...... 20 Dieback ...... 22 Looking After Waterways and Wetlands ...... 24 Case Study – Forrest Vineyard...... 26 Caring for Native Fauna ...... 28 Retaining Bird Diversity ...... 29

PART C - Property Management in the Cape to Cape Catchments...... 31 Landowners’ Responsibility...... 32 Weeds ...... 33 Feral Animals ...... 43 Creating Corridors...... 47 Site Preparation for Revegetation Projects...... 48 Buffers ...... 51 Planting Techniques ...... 52 Case Study – Olive Hill Farm ...... 54 Revegetating with Rushes and Sedges ...... 58 Case Study – Merribrook...... 60 Property Planning ...... 62 Windbreaks ...... 65 Nutrient Management ...... 68 Case Study – Ablett Dairy ...... 70 Fire Management ...... 71 Dams...... 72

Catchment Contacts...... 76

Appendix One – Local Flora Species for the Cape to Cape Region ...... 79 Appendix Two- Woody Weeds and Their Descriptions...... 133

Questionnaire/ Readers’ Feedback...... 141

ii CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION INTRODUCTION

This Landcare Companion has been prepared to The Companion contains information on: provide residents within the Cape to Cape •Weed control catchments and surrounds with concise, up to date • Pest management information on landcare issues, environmental • Looking after bushland values and environmental best practice. The manual • Managing waterways aims to ensure that new and existing landholders in • Suggested species for revegetation the area are able to easily access information about • Important fauna environmental best practices and positive actions • Dams that can be taken. • Fire management The Cape to Cape catchments are located between •Windbreaks Cape Naturaliste to the north and Cape Leeuwin in •Property management and the south, and extend inland to include the Margaret •Many more important topics. River water catchment. The catchments are subject In some cases, the information available has been to intense development pressure and intensification summarised and further contacts provided for those of land use, but also contains significant readers who wish to research a topic in more detail environmental values, both from a community and or who may need specialist advice about a particular tourism perspective and in terms of natural problem. biodiversity. It is hoped that landholders and residents will find The Cape to Cape Catchments Group is a the technical information and the contact details community based catchment management group useful in addressing the landcare and environmental that is working with government agencies, needs of their property. community groups and private landholders to coordinate natural resource management activities in Feedback on the content of this manual would be the local area. The group recognised that much of welcomed by the Cape to Cape Catchments Group; the up to date landcare information was not easily there is a feedback questionnaire at the end of the accessible to landholders in the area. In 2002 the manual. group successfully applied for and received funding assistance from the Federal Government Natural Heritage Trust and the Shire of Augusta- Margaret River to bring this information together in one manual.

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 1 2 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 3 ABOUT THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS AREA

LOCATION AND LAND USE systems drain to the coast in the Cape to Cape catchments area. All but one of these systems drains The Cape to Cape catchments area includes all land agricultural land of some kind. that drains to the coast between Cape Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin, in the southwest of Western Parts of these systems have been identified as being Australia. in good condition. However, a considerable proportion of the waterways in the area have The area lies across parts of the Busselton and become degraded through weed invasion, loss of Augusta-Margaret River Shires and covers fringing vegetation, erosion and sedimentation. A approximately 97,118 ha (Figure 1). The climate is large number of on-stream dams are also impacting mild Mediterranean with warm dry summers and on the natural stream ecology. cool wet winters. Annual rainfall decreases from about 1100mm in the west to 900mm in the east. During 2002 foreshore surveys of the Margaret River were undertaken and an action plan developed to The Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park spans the protect and restore the river. Copies of the Margaret coast and some inland areas lie within State Forest, River Action Plan are available from the Cape to proposed National Parks and Conservation Reserves. Cape Catchments Group. Contact details are A significant proportion of the catchment remains in available at the end of this manual. private ownership, and land use within this area is a mosaic of dairy and beef cattle, intensive agriculture The Margaret River supports the only known including viticulture and wine production, olive population of a unique and threatened marron growing and oil production, and tourism. Other species known as the ‘hairy’ marron (Cherax important industries in the local area include forestry tenuimanus). Work is underway on a Recovery Plan and fishing. for the species. The river also supports populations of rare and restricted freshwater fish and the HERITAGE pouched lamprey.

Aboriginal people are known to have occupied the A number of unique wetland systems are located in south-west for at least 38,000 years. By the time of the southern end of the Leeuwin-Naturaliste British colonization in 1829, the Nyoongar people National Park including the Cape Leeuwin System, were a distinct socio-cultural group. The Wardandi which is listed in the Directory of Important occupied the land between Bunbury and Cape Wetlands in Australia. Leeuwin. A number of other wetland systems occur on private The earliest recorded European account of the area land, in State Forest or in other parts of the National was made in 1622, when ‘Leeuwin’ of the United Parks and Conservation Reserves. Given that the East India Company recorded the presence of majority of wetlands in the area have been cleared ‘Leeuwin’s Land.’ Later explorers included Mathew for agriculture, any wetlands with remnant Flinders who named Cape Leeuwin in 1801, and vegetation have important values. Some of the Nicholas Baudin who named Hamelin Bay, Cape wetland systems in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Naturaliste and Geographe Bay. Park and on private land support important rare flora and fauna populations such as rare snails The earliest recorded European settlement occurred (Austroassiminea letha) and cave invertebrate fauna. in Augusta in the 1830’s. Vegetation KEY VALUES AND THREATS About 66% of the Cape to Cape catchments area is Wetlands and Waterways covered with native vegetation. A large proportion

The Margaret River, three creeks and eleven creek

4 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION of this vegetation lies within State Forest, reserve The Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge contains hundreds of areas or the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park – the cave systems that have formed in the limestone. most visited National Park in the State. The central These caves are considered to be very significant plain has been heavily cleared and remnants within because of the quality of the formations and the this area tend to be small and fragmented. large number of cultural and fossil remains that they contain. There are twenty-six different vegetation communities. Jarrah-marri forest is the most The cave systems in the south of the catchment widespread of these. Some of the vegetation support two threatened ecological communities that communities in the area are significant in that only are being affected by changes to hydrology. a small percentage of their coverage has been reserved for conservation. Coast

The area contains twenty-six different species of rare The spectacular coastline is an outstanding feature classified as Declared Rare Flora. A of the Cape to Cape area. Steep limestone cliffs are significantly larger number of ‘priority’ species are interspersed with sandy bays and steep sand dunes found within the catchment. These are species that between rocky headlands. have only a few known populations, but require Intertidal and near-shore marine areas support an further survey work to determine their status. unusually diverse fauna. In sheltered areas of the Key processes threatening biodiversity include shorelines, particularly on the northern sides of clearing, weed invasion, inappropriate burning headlands, granite-gneiss boulder fields and large regimes, dieback, grazing pressures from stock, pools provide rich habitat for a diverse range of flora rabbits and kangaroos, and changes to local and fauna. hydrological conditions. The number of people visiting and living on the Fauna coast is growing rapidly and increasing a number of pressures. These include damage by off-road The area is home to twenty-four different mammal vehicles, weeds, erosion and clearing of native species of which 10 are classified as a ‘threatened’ or vegetation for development. ‘priority’ species. Loss of habitat through clearing and grazing, fragmentation of habitat, and the Source: impact of feral animals such as foxes, cats and Australian Nature Conservation Agency (1996) A rabbits are key threats to these species. This manual Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. Australian outlines a number of ways that private landholders Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. can help to recover the populations of these species. Hopkins, A. Morgan, R. & Shepherd, D. (2001) Bush The list of important fauna in the area grows and Biodiversity in the South West Region. Technical considerably larger once birds, reptiles, amphibians Report #4. South West Regional Strategy for and invertebrates are added. Natural Resource Management. SWCC Bunbury.

Geological Formations Pearce, R. and Barbetti, M. (1981) ‘A 30,000 Year Old Site at Upper Swan, ,’ in Archaeology The Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge is a key geological in Oceania. 16 : 173-178. feature of the Cape to Cape catchments area and is included in the Register of the National Estate. The SWCC (2002) South West Regional Strategy for Natural ridge is 6 to 10 kilometres wide with prominent Resource Management. SWCC Bunbury. rounded hills that range between 160m and 200m in height. It is a discontinuous ridge of Tamala Limestone (younger than 1 million years) with the underlying Leeuwin Block gneiss and granite (500 - 1,000 million years) exposed in places.

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 5 Figure 1:

6 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Figure 2:

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 7 Figure 3:

8 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Figure 4:

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 9 Figure 5:

10 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Figure 6:

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 11 Figure 7:

12 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION

Figure 8: Cape to Cape Catchments Area 13 NATIVE FAUNA ‘Vulnerable’ owing to its severely restricted range. Factors contributing to the decline of the species In addition to important flora values, the Cape to have been loss of habitat through land clearing and Cape catchments area supports a diverse range of predation from foxes, and being struck by vehicles. fauna species. While some species such as the western grey kangaroo are commonly found In the Cape to Cape catchments you may see the throughout the southwest region, many others are western ringtail possum at night within the foliage of now rarely seen or are restricted in range and have peppermint trees. The Yallingup area is known to been afforded special protection. be important for these possums, though they are likely to occur in smaller numbers in other parts of It is important to note that all native fauna are the catchment also. protected by State legislation (licences are issued for control of species such as kangaroos). Whether Possums diet in the wild mainly consists of the new common or rare, the survival of native species is leaves, fruit and blossoms of trees vital for the maintenance of biodiversity in the local they inhabit such as the area. While the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park, peppermint, jarrah and areas of State Forest and other reserves provide marri. In urban areas important habitat for these fauna, the effective they will eat fruit and management of remnant vegetation on private many kinds of property is critical to the long-term survival of many flowering garden fauna species. plants (especially rose buds!). This section provides a list of some fauna species that may be found in the general area. Ways to encourage fauna back to your property have been outlined. A list of other species that may be found in the general area is also included for information. Quenda (Conservation dependent) Special Fauna in the Cape to Cape Isoodon obesulus Catchments Area Other common name: Southern Brown Bandicoot Marsupials The quenda, or southern brown bandicoot, is a small marsupial about 30 cm in length (head and Western Ringtail Possum (Vulnerable) body only) with a long ‘rat-like’ tail up to about Pseudocheirus occidentalis 12 cm. The body is dark greyish or yellowish brown Indigenous name: Nguara, Womp, Ngoor above and creamy white below with round ears. The western ringtail possum was once widely The head and nose are fairly elongated. distributed throughout the southwest of Western Quenda are nocturnal and tend not to venture too Australia, but is now restricted to isolated coastal far into open areas when feeding. They feed on areas between Albany and Bunbury, mainly earthworms and other insects in addition to fungi. concentrated in areas of peppermint forest (). During the day quenda will sleep in a nest they build on the ground, constructed of leaves and The western ringtail possum is about the size of a grasses and sometimes mixed with earth. small cat with short fur, either brown or silver, and a paler underbelly. The tail is long and slim and The quenda’s habitat consists of dense heath or white at the end. recently burned or regenerating areas with low ground cover. Since European settlement, the While relatively common in some areas, such as spread of sheep and cattle and the reduction in the Busselton, the possum was given the ‘rare and frequency of small-scale fires have resulted in a loss endangered’ status in 1983 and is now classified as

14 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION of dense vegetation suitable for quenda habitat, It prefers open forest with sparse ground cover, which has led to its decline and restriction in range. however widespread land clearing in WA has vastly In recent years populations of quenda have reduced its natural range. Further surveys are appeared to be on the increase where sustainable needed to more accurately define the distribution habitat is found, and number of the brush-tailed phascogale in the presumably due to fox southwest. control in National Parks Chuditch (Vulnerable) and by some Dasyurus geoffroii private land Other common names: Western Quoll, Western managers. Native Cat

The chuditch is similar in size to a small cat, with brown fur and conspicuous white spots. Its belly is Brush-tailed Phascogale (Priority 3) creamy white in colour and it has a large bushy tail. Phascogale tapoatafa The original range Other common name: Wambenger of the chuditch The brush-tailed phascogale has grey grizzled fur on extended through its head and back with a cream to white belly, a much of conspicuous black ‘bottle-brush’ tail with long hairs on the tail and naked areas.

It is an agile carnivorous marsupial that feeds on mainland Australia but is now known only in cockroaches, spiders, beetles and bull ants. It is also the southwest of WA in areas of eucalypt forest known to feed on small vertebrates such as mice. or dry woodland and mallee land. Land The phascogale is mostly arboreal, i.e. it tends to clearing and fox predation has contributed to the remain in large trees, seldom decline of the species. It is currently classified as a coming to the ground to vulnerable species with an estimated total feed. The phascogale will population of less than 6000. tear strips of bark away from The chuditch is a carnivorous and nocturnal trees to reach hidden ground feeder. Its diet includes insects, freshwater insects and is active only crustaceans, reptiles and even mammals and birds between dusk and dawn. up to the size of bandicoots and parrots. During the day the Individuals defend a very large range with one phascogale will sleep in female occupying a den within a stable core area of a nest, usually a hollow 55-120 hectares and male dens distributed over tree limb, a rotted stump about 400 hectares or more. or even a disused bird’s nest. Tree hollows are also Factors affecting the survival rate of individuals used for breeding and include predation by foxes and raptors; being hit nesting and are therefore very by motor vehicles; illegal shooting; and injury important for the conservation from leg-hold traps set for foxes or rabbits or of the species. around poultry sheds.

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 15 Water Rat (Priority 4) Kemp, C., and Bramwell, E. (1999) Living with Possums Hydromys chrysogaster Brochure produced by Land for Wildlife and Other common name: Beaver Rat, Rakali Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA The native water rat lives around permanent fresh or brackish water bodies and the beach, forming a Birds nest at the end of tunnels in banks, or sometimes within logs. Baudin's Black Cockatoo (Schedule 1) Calyptorhynchus baudinii The water rat is about Other names: Long-billed Black Cockatoo; White- 30 cm in length tailed Black Cockatoo (head and Indigenous name: Ngool yanak body only) with a thick A large, glossy black cockatoo about 50 to 56 cm fur- covered long with white ear patches and panels in the tail. tail. It varies in The bill of this species is greatly elongated in the colour from almost upper curved tip. black to grey, with a Baudin’s black cockatoo feeds on the seeds of large white to orange belly. The ears are small and the fruited gums such as the marri ( ). eyes and nostrils set high on the head. The hind It nests in the hollows of very old and tall forest feet have been adapted to its aquatic life, being trees. Pairs mate for life and lay only one egg every broad and partially webbed. second year. The water rat is unusual in that it is not entirely It occurs only in the tall marri, jarrah and karri nocturnal. It tends to feed around sunset but may forests of southwest WA. Populations have declined also forage for food during the day. The water rat due to extensive clearing for agriculture. Mass feeds on large aquatic insects, freshwater mussels, shootings of the species also occurred between 1950 crustaceans, frogs, lizards, small mammals and fresh and 1983 when it was declared a pest due to carrion. damage caused to orchards. Individuals are fairly territorial with home ranges The species is now a Schedule 1 protected species varying from 2 to 10 hectares in some areas. (protection afforded to those species that are rare or Clearing of riverine vegetation and clearing, draining likely to become extinct). It prefers to nest in large and filling of wetlands have all impacted on the hollow marri trees. Due variously to land clearing, water rat’s habitat in the south west. Further surveys competition for nest hollows from dramatically are required in the area to determine its overall increasing feral honey bee populations, and population status. Protection and rehabilitation of probably from other bird species, suitable nest sites vegetation fringing creeks, rivers and wetlands in are becoming increasingly scarce. the catchment will assist in the conservation of this species. Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Priority 4) Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Indigenous name: Yiibi

It is important to be aware that feeding native The red-tailed black cockatoo is a large glossy black animals is detrimenal to their health and cockatoo with a bright orange-red band towards the wellbeing and is not recommended. tip of the tail.

The red-tailed black cockatoo lives in eucalypt Sources: forests and feeds on the seeds of marri, jarrah, blackbutt, karri, sheoak and snottygobble. Strahan, R. (ed); (1995) The Mammals of Australia. The Australian Museum Trust Reed Books, Chatswood New South Wales, Australia.

16 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION It was once quite common but is now rare to Like the white-bellied frog, this species is very tiny, uncommon, and patchily distributed over a range but is unmistakable due to a bright yellowish-orange that has become markedly reduced. underside.

The threats to this species are similar to those These frogs have been found calling from moist impacting on Baudin’s black cockatoos: destruction ground close to streams and well hidden by of forests; fires in the spring breeding season; feral vegetation. honey bees; and the expansion of the Australian The call is similar to the white-bellied frog, though shelduck and Australian wood duck which take over with only eleven clicks in each series. nesting hollows. A Geocrinia Recovery Kit has been written as a guide Sources to the conservation of the white and orange-bellied frogs in the Margaret River area. The kit outlines Blyth, J. and Burbidge, A. (1999). Threatened and Rare identification, biology, how to conserve frogs on Birds of Western Australia. Department of your property, conservation fencing agreements and Conservation and Land Management, Como, recovery plan details. The local contact for queries, Western Australia. management issues or fencing subsidies is CALM, Water Corporation (2001). Cockatoo Care World Busselton. Wide Web page. Website by Nature Australia Pty Ltd. Source

Frogs Thomson-Dans, C. and Wardell-Johnson, G. (2002). Frogs of Western Australia. Department of White-bellied Frog (critically endangered) Conservation and Land Management, Como, Geocrinia alba Western Australia.

The white bellied frog is a tiny frog, just 2.4 cm long Crustaceans found only in a few sites between Margaret River and Augusta. ‘Hairy Marron’ or Margaret River Marron (Critically Endangered) The underside of this frog is white to cream and the Cherax tenuimanus back is dark to light brown with raised dark spots in rows. The male frogs will call in spring to early The Margaret River marron or ‘hairy marron’ is a summer, making a series of short clicks, about marron species unique and endemic to the Margaret fifteen in each series. River (i.e. it occurs in no other river or stream system). It differs from the other marron species, The frogs live in peaty teatree swamps, of which which has been introduced into the river, by the there are now few remaining owing to clearing for presence of setae (small hairs) on the carapace of agriculture. Protection of suitable habitat is critical the Margaret River species. to the survival of this species. While the two species are known to Current threats include further clearing of suitable produce hybrids, the ‘hairy habitat and summer and autumn fires. marron’ is now officially recorded as a Orange-bellied Frog (Vulnerable) separate species, Geocrinia ultellina with a very small The orange-bellied frog is currently the most range of occurrence. restricted vertebrate known on mainland Australia. The ‘hairy marron’ is It occurs in a very small area of State Forest near most abundant in the Augusta and has a total range of only six square upper reaches of the kilometres. Margaret River, with this Photo by John Bunn

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGION 17 section of the river being closed to recreational sediment before metamorphosing into their adult fishing to protect the species. A Recovery Plan is form and moving to the ocean. being delveoped by the Department of Fisheries in In the Margaret River, as in many other southwest partnership with the Cape to Cape Catchments rivers today, the pouched lamprey’s journey Group, CALM, Department of Environment and upstream is made arduous due to the presence of community representatives. weirs that block the passage of these fish. Lampreys . Fish are good climbers and will leave the water to move around obstructions in wet weather. Many die in the Pouched Lamprey process, however, because of injuries and Geotria australis exhaustion or from blood poisoning and internal bleeding. The Margaret River is also home to the pouched lamprey, a primitive eel-like fish with no jaw or On the Margaret River a program to make the paired fins. Lampreys have a suctorial disk lined upstream migration passage easier for lampreys and with teeth that they use to feed on the flesh and other native fish was commenced. A fishway or ‘fish blood of other fish by rasping or sucking. ladder’ was constructed on the Carters Road weir to enable fish migration. Planning is currently Lampreys are highly primitive fish; fossil evidence underway to construct a second fish ladder on the dates back to 280 million years ago (well before the middle weir. It is hoped that this program will disappearance of dinosaurs). ensure the long-term survival of the pouched The pouched lamprey spends most of its adult life at lamprey in the Margaret River system. sea. It re-enters permanent freshwater systems in winter and spring to migrate upstream where it Source spawns in the headwaters of the rivers or creeks and Lamprey Guides (2000) Water Note 14 Water and then dies. The resulting larval lampreys spend Rivers Commission, Perth, WA. about four years filter feeding from burrows in the

Fish ladder photo taken by Tracey Gregory

18 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 19 REMNANT VEGETATION IS VALUABLE

Our bush is what makes our landscape uniquely result in severe damage to native vegetation Australian; it is part of what defines our local communities. Many understorey plants will identity. It is also beautiful to look at and provides disappear and natural regeneration will be limited as diversity in our largely altered landscape. It is regenerating seedlings are palatable to stock. Over- valuable for recreation and vitally important for grazing by kangaroos and disturbance by rabbits can tourism. also damage bush.

Remnant vegetation is important in conserving our Stock introduce and spread weeds, ringbark trees, native flora and fauna, and biodiversity. The South cause soil compaction as well as trample and West of WA has one of the most diverse species of destroy small plants. If remnant vegetation is to plants in the world, many of which are found remain healthy and diverse then fencing will be nowhere else. needed to exclude stock.

Native vegetation has an important role in Weeds sustainable agriculture. It can control erosion, lower water tables, protect stock from wind, and help to The invasion of bush remnants by exotic species has maintain ecological balances. It can also be a source a major impact on the conservation value of remnant of income through sawn timber and craft wood, vegetation. fencing timber, wildflowers, seeds, honey and • Weeds compete with native vegetation, inhibiting tourism. growth and displacing species. It is possible that the bush contains plants that could • They lead to diverse native communities be significant for medicinal purposes. Healthy and being replaced by simplified ecosystems made up diverse native vegetation on your block can increase of a few dominant species. the aesthetic and economic value of your property. • They inhibit plant regeneration through HOW TO LOOK AFTER YOUR BUSH competition and alter the resources available for fauna. Most areas of remnant vegetation in the Cape to Cape catchments have been degraded to some • While you ignore weeds hoping they will go degree by stock grazing, altered fire regimes, away they will continue to spread and many will dieback, changes in water regime and invasion by eventually become the dominant species in your exotic species. bush.

In general the better the quality of bushland, the less If you appreciate diversity then it is best to get stuck management that is needed over time. If your into weed control. Have a long-term view and make bushland is in reasonably good condition, some weed control another part of your life. For lots more small effort now may prevent a large management detail on this subject turn to Part C for the section problem in the future. on Weeds.

This section provides some brief guidelines and Fire points to consider in regard to looking after your bush. There are also some excellent books on this The issue of fire and bush management is a complex subject and they should be referred to for more one. Aboriginal Australians shaped areas of the bush detail. They are listed at the end of this section. through the use of fire over centuries. Fire is also a natural part of the Australian environment and can Grazing be used to assist regeneration. It is acknowledged that it may be necessary to burn the bush Grazing by stock, whether cattle, sheep or deer occasionally to control fire hazard. typically causes soil damage by hard hooves and can

20 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION However, inappropriate fire regimes can result in the Dieback degradation of bush areas by favouring weeds and reducing the number of native species that can Dieback is caused by several types of introduced continue to regenerate. Fire can kill fauna and fungi, all Phytophthora species. These fungi kill a degrade habitat for some time. wide range of plant species and cause severe damage to some vegetation types. General principles for fire management to preserve bushland areas include: The fungi live in the soil and plant roots and are spread by surface and ground water or the • Manage the frequency of control burns (minimum movement of infected soil or roots. The best strategy 6-8 years for dry areas and 12 – 14 years for to control dieback is to prevent the spread of seasonally wet areas). (Burrows et al, 1995) Phytophthora by people or in contaminated soil, water and/or plant material. • For large areas control burn in patches (‘mosaic burning’) to retain alternative habitat for fauna. If you are lucky enough to have dieback free bush try your hardest to keep it that way. Equally, if you • Always undertake active weed control following a suspect that dieback may be present every effort burn to minimise the weed invasion. should be made to stop it spreading. Further details on the effects of frequent fires and You can also protect susceptible plants with a appropriate fire management methods are provided fungicide called Phosphite, or Phosphonate. The in Part C. fungicide works by boosting the plant’s natural Feral Animals defences. Trees can be injected and understorey plants sprayed, with the treatment lasting for two to Exotic species of major concern in your bush are five years. foxes, cats and rabbits. Treating plants with Phosphite, particularly in a Trapping and controlling feral animals will improve small area, is inexpensive. The following section the conservation value of your bush, and reproduces information from the Dieback Working productivity of your property. It is very rewarding Group. to see a Brushed-tailed Phascogale, a Bandicoot or other native mammals in your bush and realise that References and Further Reading you have contributed to ensuring their survival. Bradley, J. (1997) Bringing Back the Bush. Lansdowne The numbers of native fauna have increased Publishing, NSW. following CALM’s 1080 baiting programs. If private Buchanan, R.A. (1996). Bush Regeneration, Recovering landholders control feral animal numbers using 1080 Australian Landscapes. TAFE, NSW. and trapping then even more native fauna will be seen in our remaining bush areas. Part C contains a Burrows, N, Ward, B & Robinson, A. (1995). section dealing specifically with exotic animal pests ‘Regeneration and flowering responses of plant and ways to control them. species in plant communities’, in Harris, J. (ed), (1995). Burning Our Bushland, Proceedings of a conference about fire and urban bushland, Urban Bushland Council, WA.

Hussey, B.M.J. & Wallace, K.J. (1993). Managing Your Bushland. CALM, Perth.

Scheltema, M. & Harris, J. (eds) (1995). Managing Perth’s Bushlands. Greening Western Australia.

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 21 DIEBACK How is Dieback Spread? (Provided by the Dieback Working Group) P. cinnamomi can be spread in a number of ways, Dieback has been recognised nationally as one of including those listed below: five key threatening processes endangering • Root-to-root contact Australian plants and ecological communities. • Water flow (i.e. surface and sub-surface flows – What is dieback? spread tends to occur downslope from the infection point in undulating terrain) • Dieback, jarrah dieback or Phytophthora dieback all refer to the same thing - a plant disease caused by • Animals (e.g. kangaroos) Phytophthora cinnamomi. • Recreation activities (bushwalking, 4WD, etc.)

• P. cinnamomi is an introduced soil-borne pathogen • Vehicles that has the potential to kill about 25% of native plants in Western Australia’s south- west. • Earthworks (road construction, firebreaks etc)

• P. cinnamomi prefers warm, moist soil conditions. • P. cinnamomi infested soil and gravel

• It is found in the 400+ mm rainfall zone, but does • Bush restoration activities (tree planting, weeding the most damage in the 800+ mm rainfall zone. etc.).

• It was brought to WA during settlement - probably in soil around imported plants.

Plants Under Threat Dieback kills more than Jarrah.

• P. cinnamomi attacks the roots of plants and causes them to rot. This kills the plant by limiting or stopping the uptake of water or nutrients. • Sensitive plants include species, grass trees, woody pear, snottygobble, zamia palms and Hibbertia sp. Dieback-free bushland (Falls Park, Hovea).

One of the major ways that dieback is spread is via the movement of soil. Dieback-infected bushland (Falls Park, Hovea).

22 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION How Can I Manage the Spread or Introduction Source of Dieback? The Dieback Working Group, based at the Shire of Kalamunda WA, has provided all information and The approaches to managing dieback will differ illustrations in this section. according to the level of infection of dieback in your bushland. Further Information and Contacts In general principles, the management of dieback General Phytophthora Dieback Information: falls into two categories: • Dieback Working Group - Dieback Project Officer 1. Phosphite treatment (08) 9257 9999. 2. Prevention and minimisation • Shire of Augusta-Margaret River Environmental of disease spread Coordinator (08) 97805 255.

Phosphite Treatment • Shire of Busselton Environmental Officer (08) 97810 444. • Phosphite is a biodegradable fungicide that temporarily protects plants against P. cinnamomi. • Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM). Busselton (08) 9752 1677 • It works by boosting the plant’s natural defences. • Dieback Interpretation Services • The chemical is not toxic to people or animals, and has a very low pollution risk. • Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM). Como (08) 9334 0333 • Phosphite is administered by spraying and stem injecting. •Fungus Doctors (Matt Reynolds – Perth and South West) (08) 9582 9215 • If treating small areas phosphite spraying is inexpensive. • GLEVAN Dieback Consulting Services (Glenn Tuffnell – Perth and South West) (08) 9496 3336 Prevention and Minimisation of Spread • Simon Watkins (South West) (08) 9840 1244 • Source dieback-free gravel, soil and plants from accredited outlets.

• Conduct earthworks during dry soil conditions.

• Control access to high priority areas. Susceptible species such as can be • Clean machinery, vehicles and footwear. used as indicators to determine whether bushland has been infected with dieback. • Bag weeds immediately before transporting across site.

• Control surface water flow.

•Vaccinate your native plants with phosphite.

• Stay on formed roads/tracks when driving through the bush.

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 23 LOOKING AFTER WATERWAYS AND WETLANDS Streams and Their Associated Vegetation

Many small landowners are fortunate enough to The rich soils associated with a stream valley have creeks and tributaries running through their support a diverse range of plant forms including properties. Not only do they look great, a stream in trees, , sedges, rushes and herbs. This good natural condition will also add value to your vegetation is known as riparian vegetation, as property. distinct from dryland vegetation, and acts to support the soils of the stream banks to prevent erosion and In the past streams were simply seen as drainage subsidence. In addition, riparian vegetation provides channels that provide a means for water to flow into important habitat for native fauna and can decrease the sea. We now know that streams and creeks have the amount of excess soil and nutrients entering the an ecological integrity of their own and play a stream from the catchment area. In order to fundamental role in catchment systems. It is appreciate the values of riparian vegetation it is therefore necessary to look after our streams and necessary to examine them in more detail. creeks because whatever happens upstream will have a consequence downstream. Preventing Erosion

Well-vegetated stream banks are less likely to suffer from erosion because the roots of trees and shrubs act to stabilise and reinforce the banks of the stream. The roots also take up excess water in the soil and prevent bank collapse from saturation.

Riparian vegetation actively reduces erosion by slowing the speed of the flowing water. Without this vegetation the velocity of the stream flow would increase, causing soil to be washed from the banks, leaving them scoured and eroded.

Healthy riparian vegetation along a creek. Improving Water Quality (Photo by Tracey Gregory). Riparian vegetation acts in several ways to hold sediments (soil particles) and reduce runoff into streams. Vegetation slows overland water movement causing sediments and nutrients to be deposited on land before reaching the stream. Nutrients are then absorbed by the vegetation, effectively reducing the nutrient load entering the stream.

The shade provided by riparian vegetation influences water quality in a number of ways. Firstly, the shade helps maintain low water temperatures that assist in the survival of many native plants and animals, including marron. The shade also decreases the amount of light available for nuisance plant and animal growths. Dense riparian vegetation along the Margaret River. (Photo by Jamie Scott).

24 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Further technical information about protecting and • The riparian vegetation also provides corridors rehabilitating streamlines is presented in Part C. of remnant vegetation in which plant and animal communities are able to move along. This creates Ecological Values a sustainable regional network where species can move around a catchment on a large scale. These •Riparian vegetation provides an important and other bushland corridors are beneficial in that habitat for many organisms. In particular, species they reduce isolation, improve the breeding of that prefer the moist cooler areas close to stream native species and offer routes of escape in the banks depend on riparian vegetation. This case of drought or fire. includes many species of waterbirds and frogs.

• The ecological balance of the stream/river system depends on the riparian vegetation to provide leaf litter, insects and other organic matter. This is used by aquatic plants and animals as a food The benefits of riparian vegetation cannot be source and is an important input to the system. overstated. It is therefore critical that riparian Also, limbs and branches of trees that fall into the vegetation be preserved and managed stream provide habitat to many aquatic as well as possible organisms.

An extreme case of gully erosion. Adverse effects can be minimised by replanting revegetation and minimising disturbance to the area. (Photo by Tracey Gregory).

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 25 CASE STUDY – FORREST VINEYARD

Property Manager: Albert Haak & Associates Owner: Paul and Jean Forrest

Revegetation of a lake and watercourses on a simulate creeks by following natural meander ratios. Y private vineyard in the Wilyabrup Lowlands. Water now flows continually out of the property six

D months of the year and the improved drainage has Forrest Vineyard is located on Johnson Road, enhanced the growing conditions in the vineyard. A

U Quinninup, in the Margaret River wine region. The road was built through the area to allow vehicles property covers 34 hectares, 20 hectares of which T access during the wet season and minimise are vines and 14 hectares are seasonal wetlands.

S disturbance of the rehabilitation area. Permanent The property is managed by Albert Haak & firebreaks have been constructed and graded so Associates, and owned by Paul and Jean Forrest.

E that the planting area could be easily defined. The The property is thought to have been an old grazing earthworks were completed in autumn 2003 and S paddock for dairy cattle. have worked effectively.

A Due to the high ground water level in the 14 ha of The next phase of the project was weed control, seasonal wetland area, the land wasn’t suitable for C which commenced with a fire across the 14 ha; this viticulture and presented an excellent opportunity for was effective in dealing with the thick layer of weed re-establishing a native wetland area. Before Paul matter. The local volunteer fire service assisted with and Jean owned the property, it had been cleared the fire for a small donation. Several difficult exotic for grazing and had no remaining native weeds had established in the wet area including vegetation. A decision was made to undertake a Kikuyu, Apple of Sodom, Sorrel, Arum Lilies and Rye long-term project to ecologically enhance the area grasses. When the perennial weeds re-emerged by improving local biodiversity, water quality and following the fire, a herbicide application of soil stability. To put the budget and efforts to best Glyphosate ‘Bi-active’, was applied with a boom possible use, advice was sought from Ecology spray. This was an ideal time to achieve a strong kill Consultants, the Department of Conservation and as full leaf coverage can be achieved at low Land Management and the Waters and River chemical rates and new green tissue is ideal for Commission who all helped to structure a plan to chemical uptake. undertake the project. The next step to revegetating the area is to establish In order to improve the local drainage, earth- native riparian vegetation along the banks of the moving equipment established two channels to waterways. This will commence in autumn of 2004. direct backlog water into the nearby natural creek. On behalf of the owners, Albert Haak & Associates In addition a large pond was landscaped using two applied for an Envirofund Grant from the Natural existing soaks designed to discharge into the Heritage Trust to assist with the project. Regardless constructed creeks. The channels were designed to

26 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION of the success of the applications, some planting will • Increased numbers and diversity of birds and take place. It is planned to introduce 9000 plants animals determined by counts. sourced from tube and cell stock. The selection will • Reduction in weeds determined by photo-points be predominantly sedges with limited trees and and monitoring. shrubs. Tree lines for windbreaks and water table management have already been planted around • Interest by local community groups and the perimeter of the property and are establishing surrounding landholders determined by the well. Before any planting takes place another number of site visits and enquiries. knockdown and pre-emergent herbicide will be • Good quality product in the vineyard area. applied to reduce weed competition, thereby maximising the strike rate of the native species. The vineyard was established and the primary purpose of the property is to produce wine grapes. In future years further weed control and planting will All parties involved in viticulture on the property take place, working back from the waterways so that believe that long-term sustainable production can eventually the whole project area is revegetated. In only be achieved by correctly managing the order that realistic goals can be achieved care is adjoining local wetlands. These wetlands supply being taken to ensure that the project is managed in irrigation water not only to the Forrest Vineyard but stages. It’s important that monitoring and also neighbouring properties. maintaining of stages is factored into new budgets. Forrest Vineyard has developed the following Albert Haak & Associates are presently working on indicators to ensure that there is satisfactory a project with the owners of the adjacent vineyard, outcome: which they also manage. Once these projects link together the full ecological rewards will be realised. • Successful establishment of native vegetation The property has been kindly opened by the owners determined using photo-points and survival to interested visitors, in an effort to encourage others counts. to think about rehabilitation and sustainable land

• Reduced soil erosion in watercourses and pond management practices. determined using photo-points.

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 27 CARING FOR NATIVE FAUNA establishing native vegetation on cleared areas will be contributing to the long-term sustainability How Can You Help? of fauna in the local area. It is worth while contacting your local landcare representative (see Individual landholders and even residents of urban Catchment Contacts at the end of the manual) if areas can play a vital role in helping to ensure the you are interested in undertaking a revegetation survival of important fauna species in the Cape to project as funding and technical assistance may Cape catchments. Some simple ways to assist with be available to you. local fauna conservation are outlined below: 1. Preserve habitat – Where possible on private Land for Wildlife Program land leave remnant vegetation in-tact, fenced from stock and well managed. The Department of Conservation and Land Management (DCLM) coordinates a voluntary 2. Undertake fox and rabbit control where scheme that aims to encourage and assist possible, and encourage your neighbours to do landholders in WA to provide habitats for wildlife on the same. their property. The Land for Wildlife scheme can offer advice and assistance whether you manage a 3. Control domestic animals – Leave your dog farm, bush block, a shire reserve or a roadside inside or restrained at night, and confined within reserve. Such advice includes: your property during the day. Many animals prone to dog attack such as possums are active at • How to integrate wildlife habitat with other uses night, and your dog is more likely to misbehave of private land to the benefit of the landholder in your absence. Ensure cats are also kept inside and wildlife, through farm and catchment at night and ideally inside or in a suitable planning. enclosure within your property during the day. Keeping pets confined will keep them safe from •How to manage remnant bushland and the fauna attack from other animals and from motor vehicle occurring in the area. accidents, and protect the wildlife. Sterilisation of •The ecological role and requirements of native dogs and cats is a responsible way to prevent the flora and fauna. increase of unwanted strays. • How to include wildlife aspects into revegetation 4. Leave fallen and dead timber – If collecting schemes and landcare. firewood please leave some behind as it provides important habitat for many marsupial and bird • Information about other forms of assistance species. Dead trees with hollows are also highly incentives that are available. used habitat areas and should be retained where Contact information for your local Land for Wildlife possible. Officer is included at the end of this manual in the 5. Control weeds – Invasive weeds displace native Catchment Contacts list. flora species that may provide critical habitat or food source for native fauna species. Weeds create a different type of habitat that may not be suited to some species and can lead to an increased risk or frequency of fire.

6. Undertake strategic rehabilitation – One of the most important threats to wildlife in the southwest of WA is loss of habitat. Landowners that choose to replace lost habitat by re-

28 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION RETAINING BIRD DIVERSITY • The nectar reward is less in these smaller flowered plants, but worth while for smaller birds It has only recently been realised that the kinds of which are able to be far more opportunistic, plants many of us are planting in our gardens or on taking small doses where they can. our farms to attract birds, actually attract the bigger, more aggressive nectar-feeding species, such as Red • Build up on these smaller plants, trying to create Wattle Birds and New Holland Honeyeaters, with all levels, from ground cover to small shrubs to a negative results for the smaller species such as few carefully chosen trees. Spinebills. • Reduce the size and amount of open spaces in In addition, many people blame birds such as your garden or planting area. Smaller birds are Kookaburras, Ravens [crows] or Butcher Birds for justly fearful of predators and will often not cross the decrease of the smaller birds, but research has open areas. Plant clumps of smaller and shown that their impact is relatively small. A lack of preferably, some prickly, plants. Many plants are a good mosaic of habitat is really the culprit. prickly, like sp., and sp., without being thorny. Many small birds need plants under Here are some guidelines to help you establish a a metre in height for nesting and habitat. garden, corridor or windbreak that will attract and sustain a diversity of bird species. Following these • Don't forget the insect and seed eaters, such as principles will help keep the variety of birdlife in robins, wrens and native pigeons. Plant Melaleuca our region for which we are so well known. sp, Agonis sp, Ta xandria sp and sp. for them.

• Don’t start by planting the bigger, longer • Please don't feed the birds. Put out water flowering plants such as the hybrid [the instead. Studies have shown many negative so-called ‘Tropical Hybrids’; Robyn Gordon, impacts from artificial feeding of birds, from birth superb, sylvia, honey gem, coconut ice, and defects to liver damage to de-calcification of numerous others] or leucoxylon subsp. bones. If you give them the habitat they need, rosea. Because of their long flowering period and they will feed themselves and stay healthy into large blooms, these will attract the bigger and the bargain. more aggressive honeyeaters. Because of the constant availability of copious high-energy For further information: nectar, they are able to stop their natural Flora for Fauna dispersive habit of travelling to different food http://www.floraforfauna.com.au/ sources, and will take up permanent residence on your property. Their strongly territorial instincts Birds Australia will see them fighting off the other smaller http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/ nectivores. Bird Observers Club [inc. info on nest boxes] •Instead, start your nectar section with small http://www.birdobservers.org.au/ flowered, long-tubed plants such as kangaroo paws, Hakea sp., sp, small flowered Grevillea sp, sp, Calothamnus sp. See the local plant list in Appendix 1 for bird-attracting plants, of all sizes. ·

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 29 30 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 31 LANDOWNERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES to the Shire prior to any clearing of native vegetation. All rural and semi-rural landowners have a number of landcare responsibilities, a number of which are In the Shire of Busselton, a development application also legal responsibilities. Whether legal is required for some areas and land use zonings. requirements or not, the following issues need You will need to check these requirements with the consideration by all rural landholders in order to Shire as they relate to your property if you intend to collaboratively achieve quality natural resource undertake any clearing. management throughout the Cape to Cape area. Special Restrictions in Proclaimed Water Vegetation Clearing Restrictions Catchment Areas

The retention, protection and management of native Additional responsibilities and regulations apply for vegetation is one of the highest priorities for landholders whose property lies within a proclaimed landcare within the Cape to Cape catchments area. catchment area. In the Cape to Cape area, the While the catchment includes a large area of State Margaret River Water Catchment Area, east of the Forest and National Park, the central portion has town site is the only such proclaimed water been widely cleared with only a small amount of catchment area. This area was proclaimed in 1947 native vegetation remaining on private land. for the purposes of managing the catchment area of Clearing of native vegetation should be undertaken the water supply that now services the towns of as a last resort only and minimised where possible. Margaret River, Cowaramup, Gnarabup, and Prevelly.

State Regulations Landowners in this area need to be mindful that In terms of State Clearing Regulations, amendments activities they undertake on their properties have the to the Environmental Protection Act are currently potential to affect the quality of drinking water. being enacted in Parliament, 2004. One of these Certain activities and land uses in this area require amendments introduces a new process for applying special permission from the Department of to clear native vegetation. Under the proposed Environment (previously the Water and Rivers changes, all clearing of native vegetation in the State Commission). In some cases specific land uses are will require a permit, unless it is for an exempt prohibited. Refer to the current working draft Te n purpose. These provisions will replace the Notice of Mile Brook and Margaret River Catchment Area Draft Intent provisions in the Soil and Land Conservation Water Source Protection Plan (2003) Department of Regulations, which will be repealed once the Environment, Water Resource Protection Series, amendments to the Environmental Protection Act Report No WRP Draft. become law. If your property lies within the Margaret River Water Local Government Controls Catchment Area you should contact the Department of Environment before undertaking activities such Even where State approval is granted, specific as vegetation clearing, dam construction or land permission to undertake clearing is also required use change to determine appropriate approval from the local government. Statutes and policies requirements. regarding the removal of native vegetation vary across the Cape to Cape catchments area, and Control of Declared Plants depend on local government boundaries, land use zoning and sub-catchment boundaries. Invasive weed species can only be controlled effectively if all landholders and agencies In the Shire of Augusta–Margaret River all clearing is participate. For some weed species, there are also treated as ‘development’ and therefore a legal obligations to undertake control. development application is required to be submitted

32 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION The following chapter on Weeds lists the Declared All of these plants are quite beautiful but Plants in the Cape to Cape subregion. unfortunately they have not stayed in gardens. They are very successful and efficient at spreading and WEEDS now, along with a whole lot of other weeds, are widespread throughout the Cape to Cape Why Control Weeds? catchments.

Many people only think of weeds as the nuisance plants that they pull out of their gardens. Weeds Your responsibilities however are a major problem in Australia. They Whether you have a small block or a large farm, as represent a serious threat to Australia’s primary a landowner, the weeds on your block are your production and to our natural environment. The cost responsibility. of weeds to agricultural industries alone has been estimated at over $3.3 billion per annum and the Some weeds are declared under the Agriculture and cost to our native ecosystems is incalculable Related Resources Protection Act (1976) and legally must (National Weeds Strategy, 1999). be controlled by landholders. Declared weeds that are a problem in the Cape to Cape catchments Weeds: include: • Reduce farm and forest productivity; • Arum lily • Displace native species; • Blackberry • Reduce the capacity of remnant bushland to • Cape tulip regenerate itself; • Apple of sodom • Contribute significantly to land degradation; • Paterson’s curse • Replace diverse native communities with • Doublegee simplistic ecosystems dominated by a few • Narrow leaf cotton bush species; •Variegated thistle • Change the resources available for fauna by • African thistle changing the habitat and reducing food • Downy thorn apple availability; and In addition the following water plants are declared: •Often lead to an increase in fire hazard. •Water hyacinth In agriculture, unwanted plants in crops or pasture • Salvinia reduce yield and contaminate crops, poison stock, • Parrots feather reduce stock-carrying capacity, downgrade wool Other pest plants currently include bridal creeper, and taint milk. watsonia, blue lupin, wild radish, tagasaste, geraldton carnation weed, african love grass, veldt How Did They Get Here? grass, victorian teatree and pennyroyal, as well as Many plants that are now weeds were introduced to others. Western Australia intentionally as garden plants or pasture species. Watsonias, Gladioli, Freesias and Living Near Bushland or Waterways Pelargoniums (geraniums) have been used in WA If you live anywhere near bushland or waterways gardens since the late nineteenth century. you have an added responsibility for protecting our Bridal Creeper was introduced at the turn of the biodiversity from the threat of weeds. century and was popular in bridal bouquets, and the spectacular flowers of arum lily have always been popular at funerals.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 33 Woody Weeds and Garden Weeds If you have bushland on your property and you wish to restore and/or maintain it you will need to There is an increasing problem in our region and control weeds. If you ignore weeds hoping they indeed throughout Australia with particular plants will go away they will continue to spread and many escaping gardens and invading bushland, waterways will eventually become the dominant species in your and even open space areas. Plants such as bush. blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), sydney golden wattle (Acacia longifolia), sweet pittosporum Controlling Weeds (Pittosporum undulatum), lantana (Lantana camara), lavender (Lavandula spp), morning glory (Ipomoea The war against weeds can be fought if all land- indica) and blue periwinkle (Vinca major) are just a owners and agencies control problem species on few species that are a problem in the region. their property.

Special consideration needs to be given to the plants The first step to managing weeds is to undertake you use in your garden so that you are not the cause active control. Specific advice on the control of key of future weed problems (Refer to the Woody Weeds problem species in the cape to cape catchments is list in Appendix 2 to find out what not to plant). outlined in the section below. There are lots of beautiful local native species that can be used in gardens with the added bonus that The Shire of Augusta-Margaret River has recently once established they require little or no fertilising formed a Weed Action Group that aims to develop or watering, as well as attracting native birds to your and implement a weed action plan. Contact the garden. Shire’s Environmental Coordinator for details.

Never dump your garden cuttings in bushland, (NB Photos and material for the following section have been wetlands or creeks, as they can be the source of taken from Moore and Wheeler (2002) Southern Weeds and weed invasions. their Control. Department of Agriculture of Western Australia.) s e s s a r g

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34 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION a i n o s t a w e e r t e a l e t t s

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PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 35 y r r e d b e k c e a w l e b p a c y l i L

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36 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION SPECIFIC WEED CONTROL ADVICE

(By John Moore – Department of Agriculture) E C Blackberry Bridal creeper Rubus species Asparagus asparagoides I ROSACEAE ASPARAGACEAE V Description Description

Perennial plants with arching prickly stems (canes). A climber with wiry stems arising from tuberous D The stems take root where they touch the ground, roots, and sprawls aggressively for several metres, often forming dense thickets. The broad leaves are even climbing quite high into trees. Bridal creeper A

3-15 cm long and divided into 3-5 toothed leaflets. has shiny heart-shaped ‘leaves’ up to 7 cm long. The white or pink-tinged flowers each have Small white flowers occur all along the stems, each L 5 rounded 7-20 mm long and numerous with 6 free petals about 5 mm long. Each flower has . The succulent and delicious fruits are an 6 stamens with orange to red anthers. The fruits are aggregation of numerous tiny fruitlets and are at first red fleshy berries up to 1 cm across. Native to O red but turn black as they mature. Native to Europe, southern Africa, bridal creeper is a very serious R blackberry is a declared plant and a serious weed of environmental weed being extremely invasive and

creek lines, spreading into forest and woodland eventually smothering native vegetation. Birds T along creek lines. It flowers in spring and summer. quickly spread the bright berries. It flowers in

spring, dies back over summer and then shoots N Control away in autumn. Other Asparagus species also have the potential to become problem weeds. Bridal

Mechanical control is difficult and most of the root O system must be removed for effective control. creeper is not likely to be confused with native species. Burning is not effective apart from allowing better C access. It is difficult to eradicate. Three annual, summer applications of 100mL of Grazon® plus Control 25 mL of Pulse® in 10 L of water has provided An effective long-term method of control is from 2 D eradication on 30% of sites when assessed 10 years natural enemies of bridal creeper approved for

later. On large infestations, 1 g metsulfuron release in Australia. They are the leafhopper and the E (600g/kg) plus 25 mL Pulse® in 10 L water, applied rust fungus. in summer when the blackberry is actively growing, E The leafhopper lives on the underside of bridal provides a cheaper option to reduce the size of the creeper leaves. Eggs are laid into the leaves and infestation before Grazon® is used. Grazon will hatch 4-7 days later. Both adults and nymphs W damage most broad-leaved species but is the only

damage bridal creeper by sucking out the contents chemical that has provided reliable eradication. of the leaves, turning the leaves white. It has little effect on grasses so the area is not left C bare and this also helps reduce seedling The rust fungus appears as wart-like structures establishment. 100 mL glyphosate in 10 L water producing millions of infectious orange and brown I provides reasonable control and can be used in spores. The fungus reduces the plant’s ability to F sensitive areas. Repeat as new growth appears. photosynthesize and is parasitic. It is spread by Trounce® (a mixture of glyphosate and wind and can survive hot summers when the bridal I metsulfuron) plus Pulse® is also effective. Grazing creeper dies back. with goats is reasonably effective. Replant native C species after control has been achieved. Biocontrol For small infestations of bridal creeper it is best to E rust fungi have established but have had little spray, with the aim to eradicate. If it is a large infestation, the biological control agents are the best impact. P solution. Rust fungus and leafhopper are quite slow

to spread. Hand distributing the rust and leafhopper S

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 37 will help to speed up the rate of dispersal. Further chlorsulfuron or metsulfuron in 2 L of water. Control information can be obtained by contacting the Cape normally takes several years and follow up is to Cape Catchments Group.1 essential for good control. Cultivation to expose the corms a few weeks after spraying may improve 1 Source: Bridal Creeper Biological Control Research control. (brochure) available at www.ento.csiro.au/bridal creeper/support_docs/BC_Brochure.pdf Capeweed One-leaved cape tulip Arctotheca calendula Moraea miniata ASTERACEAE IRIDACEAE Description Description An annual daisy with a flat basal rosette of deeply Herb with 2 or 3 sprawling leaves produced lobed leaves. The leaves are 3 to 25 cm long, green annually from a small corm. The branched flowering on the upper surface but the lower surface has white stem has short-lived pink to orange flowers. The hairs. The daisy flower heads, up to 6 cm in flowers each have 6 petals to 2.5 cm long, 3 stamens diameter, are held on individual stalks, with the and a 3-branched style in which each branch has radiating -like florets yellow and the tiny central 2 short lobes or 2 short crests. It reproduces by florets black. Tiny woolly fruits are topped by corms, cormels and bulbils, which may be found in minute scales. A common weed of pastures, crops the leaf axils and the withering flowers. Prior to and roadsides, but also quite common in disturbed flowering cape tulip can be recognised by the bushland. Native to South Africa. Flowers in late browning-off of the leaf tips. Cape tulips were winter and spring. previously assigned to the genus Homeria. It flowers in late winter and spring. Control In Clover pastures, spray-grazing with 500-1000 It is toxic to stock. Most deaths occur in animals that mL/ha of 2,4-D amine (500 g/L) in winter or spray- have recently been introduced to the plant. topping with 500 mL/ha paraquat (250g/L) at budding in spring for a number of years will lead to Control very low levels. In crops there are a number of post Control by manual removal is difficult due to many emergence options. Lontrel® and terbutryn are cormels formed around the basal corm and bulbils preferred because they have some soil residual in the leaf axils and flowers. Dig plants with action. In grass areas, picloram containing products surrounding soil and incinerate or drench with provide longterm control. In bushland, 300 mL/ha diesel. Cultivation to 150 mm provides control if Lontrel® or 5 mL plus 25 mL of wetting agent in done after the old corm shrivels and is exhausted 10 L water will provide good control and is safe on and before the new corms form. This is in June or many native species. July but may be September. Dig up plants to determine their stage. Clear trash by burning or Glyphosate (450g/L) at 500-1000 mL/ha or 10 mL in cultivation in late summer. Hand spray until just wet 10 L of water is also fairly selective in bushland and in June to early September each year with one of the roadside situations if applied when young or at the following mixtures: 0.2g of chlorsulfuron (750g/kg) budding stage. Manual removal before flowering is or metsulfuron (600g/kg) or 100 mL glyphosate effective. Mowing is only effective if repeated (450 g/L) in 10 L water plus 25 mL Pulse®. Use regularly and close to the ground. Cultivation can be 50 mL amatol (250g/L) plus 50 mL atropine (500g/L) variable as capeweed transplants readily in wet plus 50 mL 2,4-D amine (500g/L) plus 25 mL Pulse® conditions. Grazing is ineffective. Replant shrub and in 10 L water for areas such as firebreaks. In tall species to reduce light levels. sensitive areas in spring, use a blanket wiper or sponge glove using 1 L of glyphosate or 2g of

38 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Arum lily up the flower spike, greenish in colour but turning Zantedeschia aethiopica reddish when in fruit. Each flower has small floral ARACEAE 124 segments, 6 stamens and 3 styles. The fruit is enclosed between 3 valves (the enlarged inner floral Description segments). Arum lily has a tuft of dark green, shiny, somewhat succulent leaves arising from tuberous roots. The Curled dock (Rumex crispus) leaf blades are heart-shaped to arrow-shaped and A tall plant up to 1.5 m with pointed oval leaves 4- usually about 25 cm long on a stalk almost as long. 24 cm long. The leafless has densely Easily recognised by its conspicuous large white clustered flowers and fruits. The fruit valves are funnel-like ‘flower’ about 10 cm across, which has a reddish brown, swollen in the centre, with the central pencil-like column of minute male and margins smooth and lacking teeth. Native to Europe female flowers. In fruit the tiny female flowers at the and south-west Asia, a weed of creek lines, pasture base of this column are replaced by orange-yellow and disturbed woodland. Flowers in winter, spring berries. Native to South Africa, arum lily is a and early summer. common and widespread serious weed of pasture and bushland, particularly of damp areas but also Fiddle dock (Rumex pulcher) invading drier sites. The berries are spread by birds. Plant to 0.5 m with rounded oblong leaves, the basal arum lily may be toxic to stock. Flowers mostly late ones sometimes slightly constricted in the middle winter and spring. This very distinctive plant is not and appearing "fiddle-shaped". The leaves are 4-15 likely to be confused with any native species. cm long. The leafy inflorescence has distant whorls of flowers and fruits. The fruit valves are brown, Control swollen and warty in the centre, the margin with Mechanical removal is only effective if all the root prominent stiff teeth. Native to the Mediterranean fragments are removed. Multiple rotary hoeing over region and south-west Asia, a common weed of a few years provides control. Cut flowers to prevent creek lines, pastures and waste land. Flowers in birds spreading seed. Encourage control on a district spring and early summer. basis to reduce re-infestation. Herbicides provide the most effective control. Use 1g chlorsulfuron Control (750g/kg) plus 10 mL 2,4-D amine(500g/L) plus Remove isolated plants by cutting their roots at least 25 mL Pulse® per 10 L of water. Spray plants until 20 cm below ground level. Individual plants may be just wet in late winter before the flowers start to wiped with a mixture of 1 L glyphosate (450 g/L) in wither. Repeat annually. Alternatively, use 1g 2 L water. On small infestations 0.5 g chlorsulfuron metsulfuron (600g/L) plus 25 mL Pulse® per 10 L (600 g/kg) plus 100 mL Tordon®75-D in 10 L of water as above. In sensitive areas a blanket wiper water in winter will control existing plants and may be used to apply these products. Glyphosate is seedlings for about a year. Some seed remains viable relatively ineffective. for 20 years. 2 L/ha glyphosate can be used selectively in some seasons when dock is green and annuals are not. Metsulfuron is also effective. Dock Grazing and mowing usually lead to greater stands. Rumex species Plant tall- growing perennial species to increase the POLYGONACEAE levels of shade and help reduce reinvasion.

Description Erect herbs with leaves in a basal rosette and also up the stem. The small flowers are arranged in whorls

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 39 Doublegee, Spiny Emex each with 2 rows of small spikelets. Each spikelet is Emex australis 2.5-3.5 mm long. Native to tropical and subtropical POLYGONACEAE areas of the world, a weed of wetter disturbed areas, cultivation, watercourses and wet pastures. Flowers Description in summer. Other couch grasses include: Cynodon Ground-hugging or sprawling herb with ovate dactylon, a softer grass with narrower leaves and leaves 2-7 cm long. The greenish inconspicuous the inflorescence is a whorl of radiating branches flowers are in small clusters. The flowers are with 1-3 mm long spikelets, and Elytrigia repens, a unisexual but both male and female flowers occur slightly rough grass with similar broad leaves. The on the same plant. The male flowers have 5 or 6 tiny inflorescence is an erect spike with larger, 8-17 mm floral segments and 4-6 stamens. The female flowers long, alternate spikelets. are 6-lobed and have 3 styles. The fruit is woody with 3 rigid sharp spines. Native to South Africa, Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) doublegee is a declared pest plant and is a Coarse grass spreading by runners. The spikelets are widespread serious weed in agricultural areas and hidden among the leaves but the stamens can be on waste land. Flowers in spring. seen when flowering as long white thread-like filaments. Native to eastern Africa, a common weed Control of disturbed land near settlements or pasture. Manually remove isolated plants and burn them. Flowers in summer. Spray a 10 m area around them with a mixture of 100 mL of Tordon® 75-D in 10 L of water to help Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) control seeds germinating later in the season. Small Tufted grass with 1 m stems carrying green cylindric areas should be fenced off to prevent stock, people flower heads 1.5-15 cm long with numerous densely and vehicles spreading the seed. In bushland areas, packed spikelets which are each 4-7 mm long. wipe actively growing plants with a mixture of 1 L Native to the Mediterranean, a weed of wet glyphosate (450g/L) plus 2 L water. For small areas, disturbed areas, drains and water-courses. Flowers apply a mixture of 0.5 g metsulfuron (600g/kg) plus spring and summer. 100 mL Tordon® 75-D to actively growing plants before flowering. Inspect areas 3 times a year for Buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) several years and repeat control if seedlings emerge. Coarse grass spreading by runners. The 50 mL glyphosate (450g/L) in 10 L water applied inflorescence a thickened axis 4-10 cm long which before flowering kills existing plants but tends to has small spikelets embedded along one side. Each leave the area bare and often leads to greater spikelet is 4-5 mm long. Native to tropical and infestations of doublegee. Young plants can be subtropical areas of America and Africa, a weed of manually removed but older plants tend to break off watercourses, roadsides and swamps. Flowers and regrow. Doublegee produces seed very quickly spring and autumn. so early control is essential. Larger areas in bushland can be selectively controlled with 1 g Broadstrike® Control plus 100 mL spray oil in 10 L water when the plants are young and repeated every 8 weeks if necessary. Avoid dumping garden refuse containing these grasses in areas where they may establish. Manual control is usually very difficult. 100 mL glyphosate (450g/L) plus 25 mL Pulse® in 10 L of water applied PERENNIAL GRASSES when the grass is actively growing is the most POACEAE effective control. Repeat every 8 weeks or when Description regrowth reaches about 5 cm tall. Mowing and cultivation are usually ineffective. Burning is more Water Couch (Paspalum distichum) variable. Selective control can usually be achieved Coarse grass spreading by runners. The on these species by spraying with 800 mL/ha inflorescence is of 2 or 3 slender spreading branches

40 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Verdict®520 plus 1% spray oil. Use 10 mL wide. The single white flowers have 5 small but Verdict®520 plus 100 mL of spray oil per 10 L water broad petals spreading above a cup-shaped leathery for hand sprays. base. There are numerous stamens apparently in a ring but actually in groups of 5-7, a group opposite each petal. The domed woody fruit opens by 7-10 Sorrel valves to release its tiny seeds. Native to eastern Acetosella vulgaris Australia, it is now a serious weed of roadsides and POLYGONACEAE is invading bushland around Albany and also Esperance, particularly in sandy coastal areas. Native Description species of differ in having 3-5-celled Slender herb, often reddish tinged. The acid-tasting fruits. Possibly confused with the native silver leaves are arrow-shaped, 2-5 cm long with a pointed teatree (Leptospermum sericeum) of granite outcrops tip and two basal lobes. The tiny reddish tinged near Esperance, but differs in flower colour, silver flowers are arranged in whorls up the slender flower teatree having pink flowers. The native spikes, each flower with floral segments only 2 mm Homalospermum firmum of wet areas in the west of long. The male and female flowers are on separate the region differs in its narrower leaves only 1-4 mm plants, the male flowers with 6 stamens and the wide as well as its fewer-celled fruits. Seedlings of female flowers with 3 fringed style tips. The nut-like myrtle-leaved milkwort (Polygala myrtifolia) and fruit is enclosed between the enlarged inner 3 floral coast beardheath (Leucopogon parviflorus) look similar. segments. Native to Europe and Asia, sorrel has become a problem weed of pastures, roadsides and Control waste places. Flowers in autumn, spring and Slash, fell or bulldoze thickets, then burn when dry. summer. Previously known as Rumex acetosella. Spray regrowth until just wet with a mixture of 100 mL of Grazon® plus 25 mL Pulse® in 10 L of Control water. Individual plants can be controlled by Manual removal is extremely difficult and attempts applying a mixture of 200 mL of Access® in 10 L of often lead to greater infestations. In bushland areas, diesel to the lower 50 cm of each trunk. Overall hand spray with a mix of 0.2g metsulfuron spraying with 100 mL glyphosate (450g/L) plus (600g/kg) plus 25 mL Pulse® in 10 L water in winter 25 mL Pulse® in 10 L of water is also effective. or spring. On small areas, add 0.5g Oust® for Seedlings can be manually removed in the first year residual control of seedlings and . This mix or two. Older seedlings tend to break off and will kill most broad-leaved seedlings. Repeat regrow. Small bushes tend to regrow when cut but annually if plants appear. One year after the last older bushes tend to die. Plant shrub and tree spray replant to tall-growing perennial species. species 2 years after the last spray to increase the 50 mL glyphosate (450g/L) in 10 L water applied in levels of shade. Grazing will control seedlings. Coast winter is reasonably effective but rarely provides teatree roots produce chemicals that reduce the eradication. Mowing and grazing are ineffective. growth of companion plants. Cultivation in spring/summer provides some control as it desiccates the root system. Dicamba and Tordon®242 are also used in crops. Slender thistles Carduus species ASTERACEAE Coast teatree (victorian teatree) Description Leptospermum laevigatum Slender thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) has discontinuously winged spiny stems. The Description flowerheads are 10-15 mm wide and arranged in A large shrub to 5 m high with greyish green foliage. clusters of 1-3 heads. The seeds have about 20 ribs. The leaves are leathery, 15-30 mm long and 4-9 mm

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 41 winged slender thistle or sheep thistle (Carduus un-branched and up to 2 m high with many large tenuiflorus) has continuously winged spiny stems. trumpet-shaped flowers. Each flower has a curved The flowerheads are 8-10 mm wide and arranged in tube and 6 spreading lobes 1.5-3.5 cm long, clusters of 3-10 heads. The seeds are smaller with 3 stamens and a slender 6-branched style. 10-13 ribs. Both have spiny-lobed leaves with Reproduces from a large corm and small bulbils that cobwebby hairs. The purple flower- heads are are mainly at the base of the leaves but occasionally clustered and the bristles topping the fruits are only also up the flower spike. Native to South Africa, now very minutely barbed. They originate from Europe common in the south west. Watsonias are serious and are common weeds of pasture, roadsides and weeds of roadsides, watercourses and railway lines, disturbed bushland. Flowers in spring and early often invading bushland. Flowers spring and early summer. summer. Watsonias are often confused with Chasmanthe and Crocosmia. kangaroo paws may be Control confused with watsonias when not in flower. Prevent seed set for several years. Mowing or Kangaroo paws (Anigozanthos species) are darker preferably slashing before the bud stage is effective green, fleshier, have un-ribbed leaves, with older if it is repeated to control new regrowth. Seeds can leaves often mottled with dark markings. The dried develop from reserves in the stem if substantial remains of flower spikes are broad and branched in amounts of stem remain attached to the buds. the common south west tall kangaroo paw Manual removal is also effective but often (Anigozanthos flavidus). unpleasant due to the spiny nature of the plant. Blanket wipers or wick applicators using 1 part Control glyphosate (450g/L) to 2 parts water can provide Grazing provides effective control. Cultivation to partially selective control. Overall spraying with 100 mm provides good control if done after the old 500 mL/ha Lontrel® provides reasonably selective corm is exhausted and before the new corms form control in bushland situations. Spray grazing when or before the flower stem emerges. A follow- up young with 500 mL/ha 2,4-D amine (500g/L) cultivation is usually needed. Mowing and slashing provides cheap control in pasture and partial control are usually ineffective unless repeated very in bushland. As these thistles are annuals, control of regularly. Dig up isolated plants and burn the corms the seed bank is the key to success. Control and bulbils. Thick infestations are difficult to control neighbouring infestations to reduce spread by birds. manually. 100g 2,2-DPA (740g/kg) plus 25 mL Wind rarely takes seed more than 100 metres from wetting agent in 10 L water is the preferred the parent plant. Replant to ground-covering species herbicide. It provides some residual control of and avoid disturbance to reduce the bare areas seedlings and is more selective than 100 mL present at the break of the season. Cultivation is glyphosate plus 25 mL wetting agent per 10 L water. effective. Grazing with sheep to reduce pasture then Apply from flower stem emergence to mid-flowering grazing with goats at flowering provides good for the best control. For large areas use 10 kg/ha control in 3 years. 2,2-DPA (740g/kg) plus 0.25% wetting agent. In sensitive areas use a sponge glove with 1 L of glyphosate (450g/L) plus 2 L water. Eradication from Watsonia an area can usually be achieved in 2-3 years. Start IRIDACEAE control at the top of the catchment to reduce reinvasion by bulbils carried in water flows. Description Watsonias are tufted herbs with erect sword-shaped leaves to 1 m in length, which are produced annually from a corm. The flowering spike is usually

42 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION FERAL ANIMALS Baiting

Feral animals such as foxes and rabbits can cause Baiting is the most cost-effective and efficient means significant losses to agricultural producers. Foxes of reducing fox numbers, particularly over large and feral cats are also one of the most significant areas. threats to native fauna species in the southwest and Trained landholders can purchase bait products are considered a priority for control from a nature containing 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) after they conservation perspective. Large populations of have obtained Baiting Approval from an authorised rabbits can have a devastating impact on native officer of the Department of Agriculture. fauna and flora by degrading bushland and streamlines through overgrazing and soil If baiting directly for foxes, baits should be laid in disturbance. late winter and spring when the cubs are small. Baits should be buried or secured and all uneaten baits The following advice has been drawn from the Farm should be retrieved. You should advise your Notes series distributed by the Department of neighbours when you are carrying out fox control, Agriculture WA. For more detailed advice on the as pets will be at risk if they eat one of the baits. control of feral animals on your property you should contact the Department of Agriculture directly (see 1080 is quickly broken down in the environment. Catchment Contacts at the back of the manual). Many native animals have developed a high degree of tolerance to 1080, while foxes (and domestic dogs Foxes and cats) are very sensitive to the poison.

Control Tips Husbandry Methods The available control options are often more effective when used in combination. Over and Holding livestock in small paddocks can help to above this, the following points may assist in decrease predation on newborn lambs and kids. achieving successful control in your area: These enclosures make it easier to monitor the flock and reduce the chances of young being left • Foxes are often poisoned after eating rabbits unattended. Shed lambing or kidding can be used to killed by 1080, so it can be more effective to prevent predation of valuable animals. Some control rabbits first. producers have successfully used trained guard dogs • If foxes are active where predation has previously to protect their flocks. occurred, they should be controlled prior to It should be noted that this method really only lambing or kidding. serves to protect agricultural interests and does not • Farmers who time their lambing or kidding later result in control of the source of the problem. than their neighbours may suffer losses from foxes that have already learnt to seek lambs or Fumigation and Den Destruction kids as prey. Den fumigation can be effective in reducing fox • The most effective fox control is achieved during numbers. Cubs are born during August and late winter and spring. At this time foxes are less September and fumigation must be carried out mobile, they are rearing young and food demands during the first 10 weeks or so that the cubs are are high. At other times there are more young confined to the den. The vixen is likely to be killed animals to move into vacated territories. in the den only during the first three weeks after the birth of the cubs. For information on how to • A district-wide campaign involving community fumigate, refer to the relevant Agriculture groups can overcome the problem of reinfestation Department Farmnote ‘Fumigation for rabbit control’ by covering a large area. (Agdex 671) or contact the Department of Agriculture directly. Where the den is accessible to appropriate machinery, deep ripping can destroy it.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 43 However, care should be taken not to cause soil Sources erosion. Kemp, Cherie (2003). Feral Cat Control. Land for Shooting Wildlife Information Sheet. Environment Australia (1999. Threat Abatement Shooting can be effective in reducing fox numbers Plan for Predation by Feral Cats. locally. Recommended equipment comprises a good http://ea.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/tap/cats/ quality spotlight (100 watts) and a small calibre (for 3.html example, 0.22 Hornet, 0.222), high velocity rifle fitted with telescopic sights. RABBITS

FERAL CATS Each year rabbits cause an estimated $600 million worth of damage to agriculture. They also cause Feral cats are becoming a problem in the southwest serious erosion problems, prevent native vegetation with domestic cats wandering or being dumped in from regenerating, attack domestic gardens and bushland. There is clear evidence that predation by burrow under farm sheds and other buildings. feral cats has caused the decline of native fauna. Feral cats threaten the continued survival of some Landholders planning to grow broadacre, native animals and have been shown to thwart re- horticulture or tree crops or to preserve native introduction programs for endangered species such vegetation need to control rabbits first. as the numbat. Even landholders not growing crops are still legally Cats can carry and pass on a disease called obliged to control rabbits to protect their Toxoplasmosis which can affect small mammals neighbours' land from the impact of rabbits. The such as possums and quendas, and the disease can following methods can be used for rabbit control: also be passed onto humans. The Shire of Busselton has adopted a local law that requires registration of • Poison baiting cats in line with dogs and requirements for owners •Warren fumigation to keep cats confined to their property. •Warren ripping Methods of Feral Cat Control • Harbourage destruction • Use a wire cage with bait such as sardines. Wire cage traps can be purchased through Sheffield • Rabbit-proof fencing; and Wire Products or contact your local Shire Ranger • Shooting or CALM office. The key to success is persistence and choosing the •Shoot feral cats on sight if they are sighted on best control method for the particular situation. An your property. The best time is dusk or dawn. approach that combines all possible options will • Ensure domestic cats are sterilised and kept give the best long-term result. The involvement of inside. surrounding landholders will reduce the extent and speed of re-infestation as a large area will be •Take unwanted kittens, cats and strays to a local controlled simultaneously. cat adoption centre. Control Advice • Poison 1080 baits are sometimes effective. The best control is achieved in late summer when rabbit numbers are decreasing and feed is limited.

44 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Baiting Myxomatosis and Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD) Baiting is the most cost-effective method to reduce rabbit populations, particularly over large areas, but These viruses have been introduced to help reduce restrictions do apply. rabbit numbers, but may be difficult to manipulate. Following up immediately with other control 1080 Baits methods can enhance their benefits.

Several types of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) rabbit Further Information baits are available. Trained landholders can purchase bait products after they have obtained For more information on fox and rabbit control Baiting Approval from an authorised officer of the contact the nearest Department of Agriculture office, Department of Agriculture. Once again, domestic or the South Perth office on ph. 9368 3333. stock and pets are very sensitive to the poison in See also Department of Agriculture Farmnotes: both baits and poisoned rabbits. • Fox baiting (Agdex 674). Pindone Baits • Red Fox (Agdex 674) Pindone is an anticoagulant with an effect similar to • Fumigation for rabbit control (Agdex 671) products used in some rat poisons. It can sometimes be used near settlements where pets might be at risk • Guide to the safe use of 1080 poison from 1080 because, unlike 1080, an antidote is available for pindone. • Landholder use of 1080 One Shot oat rabbit bait

However, pindone poses a risk to native animals • Fumigation for rabbit control including kangaroos, birds of prey and perhaps • Rabbit warren and harbourage destruction. bandicoots. The poison must not be used in the presence of these animals.

Warren Fumigation

Fumigation is the best method to use when a few rabbits live in widely scattered warrens or inaccessible areas. Fumigant tablets (commonly Phostoxin®) are placed in burrows to release poisonous phosphine gas.

Warren Ripping

Areas where warrens have been destroyed by cross- ripping the soil are much less likely to be recolonised by rabbits. A tractor-mounted ripper is used to penetrate the soil to a depth of at least 60 centimetres.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 45 RAINBOW LORIKEETS Management ‘Weeds with wings’ At present there do not appear to be any effective Trichoglossus haematodus control measures for rainbow lorikeets. Once they are established in large numbers, shooting provides Description and impacts only temporary relief and lorikeets are unresponsive The Rainbow Lorikeet is native to the Eastern States to a variety of scaring devices. of Australia and was introduced to WA in the early In order to prevent new populations from 1960s. The Rainbow Lorikeet is a small, brightly establishing in the wild, any rainbow lorikeets coloured parrot 26 - 30 cm in length and weighing sighted outside the metropolitan area should be 105 - 133 g. The birds are quite noisy, continuously destroyed or reported to the Department of screeching while in flight and when at a food Conservation and Land Management or to the source. They favour open forest woodland habitats. Department of Agriculture. While previously low in numbers they are now known to be expanding in range and numbers. Source Rainbow Lorikeets are known to cause damage to fruit crops and may pose a potential threat as a pest (2002) Rainbow Lorikeet Department of Agriculture species to fruit growers. From a nature conservation Farmnote No. 8/2002, by David Lamont perspective there is concern that they may compete (Department of Conservation and Land with the native purple-crowned lorikeet (Glossopsitta Management) and Marian Massam (Department of porphyrocephala) and out-compete timid species like Agriculture). the western rosella (Platycercus icterotis) for nest sites. There have also been some anecdotal reports of rainbow lorikeets taking over tree hollows previously used by a colony of Gould's wattle bats (Chalinolobus gouldii).

46 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION CREATING CORRIDORS have been selectively cleared, like blackbutt trees along creeklines. Re-creating bushland corridors to link isolated patches of bushland on your property will have Long absence of fire may mean that important major long-term benefits for biodiversity values in species like wattles and peas are not present or your local area. producing seed at the moment, although their seed may be stored in the soil. In these cases try to While the ‘islands’ of vegetation that already exist source healthy seed from as close to the planting site provide a good robust habitat, the creation of as practical. corridors will allow for some flow of genetic material from one to another. This may happen with New plantings can contain a high percentage of fast- a bird flying along in a few minutes, or a lizard growing high litter-producing plants such as Acacia going in one end and emerging several generations sp, Sheoaks. and native peas to accelerate this later. Creating habitat along the way can help this process. While the and other legumes may process. Corridors do not have to be the same width be short lived, they fix nitrogen into the soil, help or diversity as the areas of bush you are trying to build healthy topsoil and create conditions that link. favour other species. A range of species is preferred, as the longer lived, slower growing plants Principles of Corridor Creation will increase in size and take over the site as those plants that initially filled the site die out. Planning Plan to collect your seed well in advance. Seed is In planning corridors, look at aerial photos of the available on some plants at all times of the year, so greater area to highlight where your bush fits in, and collecting regularly throughout the year will give potential linkages. Multiple linkages are better than you a wider range of material in your planting. single linkages. Islands linked by two or more corridors are more resilient to disturbance such as Design fire or predators. Working with neighbours can achieve greater results and reduce costs when While there are no hard and fast rules about how ordering plants or using contractors. wide a corridor should be, generally wider is better. As a rule of thumb, at around 40 m width more Species Selection interesting things start to happen, and you have a core in the planting, as well as two edges. Likewise, Different species cohabit in the bush by using when looking at planting density, within the different zones from the ground up to the canopy. capability of the site, denser is generally better. If you are planting a corridor, try to mimic this in plantings by creating layers in revegetation. We Planting does not have to be even or regular, the commonly plant trees, but we shouldn’t forget the bush seldom works that way. Think of the planting other layers as well, the shrubs, low shrubs, native as a mosaic of different plant communities. Create grasses, herbs and rushes. thickets of shrubs as habitat for nesting birds. The prickly plants, like some of the wattles, Hakea sp. The best seed source for a nature conservation or and peas are good for this. corridor project is that which is closest to the site being worked on. This is local provenance seed, Looking After the Less Conspicuous Flora and Fauna best adapted to the conditions on site, and most appropriate for preservation of the ecosystem. At Recognising the role played by some of the less times it may be necessary to go beyond these local conspicuous components in the ecosystems and populations - for example they may not be creating conditions that foster them will make the producing seed, may be diseased, or the population system more robust. The presence of soil fauna is vulnerable from over-collection in the past. an indicator of soil health. Sometimes certain species are missing -they may

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 47 Invertebrates are critically important in the food chain and in nutrient cycling processes. They rely on a good layer of mulch and leaf litter on the surface of the soil and a reasonable cover of plants. When relocating topsoil, This combination shades the surface, regulating it is imperative you are certain your temperature. Fire will reduce this material, so topsoil is free of dieback. should be timed accordingly. Avoid dividing up the area with tracks or roads wherever possible. Some species (like most birds) will easily cross narrow Direct Seeding or Planted Seedlings? breaks, others like the invertebrates, are more Direct seeding will create a more natural looking vunerable when exposed. planting, with species mix and density more closely Provide habitat for invertebrates, amphibians and resembling a piece of bush. However, there are reptiles. Avoid the temptation to ‘tidy up’ logs and disadvantages and even on the best site there is no piles of rocks; instead, install them as part of your guarantee of success every time. revegetation work. They are used as breeding sites Direct seeding will not be appropriate for every site. and provide cover from predators. Sometimes a mixture of seeding and planting is The role of symbiotic fungi in the health of appropriate. The decision needs to be made in vegetation has been largely overlooked in advance of site works, as there are some differences revegetation work to date. Fungi represent an in the way the site is prepared for example, residual enormous component of the diversity of natural chemicals cannot be used in direct seeding areas. systems, and as such the addition of key fungi species is an important boost to the biodiversity of plantings. SITE PREPARATION FOR REVEGETATION Key fungi species have the ability to improve PROJECTS nutrient cycling and improve organic matter Ripping development. They also improve soil structure, making the soil more able to resist erosion. Fungi Ripping will assist with the absorption and retention are an important diversification of food supply for of soil moisture and create an environment where animals. plant roots have easier access to this resource. It may also release some nutrients. Their role in increasing nutrient supply to plants may increase the plants ability to flower and set All farmland will have some degree of compaction seed, consequently maximising the resilience of that will need relieving for maximum performance plantings. This is also an important consideration if in tree growth. Therefore, ripping is essential on all you are thinking of your area as a potential seed sites where vegetation is being established on orchard. farmland.

These species appear to be slow to reinvade areas Recent research by Gavan Mullin of the Department of revegetation. Attempt to retain any topsoil in of Conservation and Land Management, suggests areas where you are working, or consider relocating that a multi-tined machine may be the best approach topsoil from bush areas that are being cleared to this work. These machines have a bank of tines, nearby. leaving the whole area ripped, not just a single row at even spacing. They will allow more random Seedlings can be inoculated with a range of species planting patterns if planted from seedlings, and are in the nursery to introduce these species across a especially suited to plantings with a high shrub site. component. This treatment should also provide an excellent foundation for direct seeding areas.

48 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Sandy soils will need to be ripped to a minimum On the other hand… depth of 450 mm and the heavy clays to 250 mm Waterlogging and fungal infection may increase with It is essential to investigate each site to understand ripping on shallow duplex soils. Where the nature and depth of the hardpans in the soil waterlogging is suspected to be a significant risk profile. A prescription for the depth of ripping and consider mounding, which will overcome these the type of machine required can then be problems. determined. A range of equipment is available for Ripping (and any ground disturbance) may change use/hire in most areas, although the multi-tine the type and/or status of weeds on the site. This machines are not yet widely available. will need to be monitored. Use of a single pass planting machine that rips, scalps topsoil and plants trees is common, Mounding particularly in lighter soil types. This technique has This technique is only essential on those sites where the potential to provide good cost-effective results losses are to be expected from seasonal but must be monitored to ensure that the ripper is waterlogging. Mounds may also be necessary on set deep enough to break through hardpans. The seepage sites to get trees established. Generally hardpan depth should be checked regularly and a trees respond well to mounding, as there is a separate ripping operation used where needed. stockpiling of topsoil and nutrients as well as good This will speed up the scalping/planting pass, and aeration of the soil. ensure that roots and rocks are cleared. Mounding can be done with a grader but this is not Maximum shatter of the ground and consequently recommended as it is difficult to control the shape, maximum soil aeration will be achieved by ripping width and compaction of the mound. Avoid trailing in summer and autumn when the subsoils are at mounders that do not have a press wheel. The their driest. Little is achieved by ripping clay soils function of the press wheel is critical to mound when wet. construction, providing the profile and compacting Key Points the soil.

• Depth of ripping should be determined by site Key Points inspection (backhoe, probe, shovel). Little • Mounding reduces waterlogging stress. benefit will be gained by ripping below 500 mm unless there is a rippable hardpan within reach of • Soil must be ripped beneath mounds. affordable equipment. • Mounding is not a substitute for proper drainage • All soils benefit from ripping, including deep work. sands. • Caution is needed to ensure that mounds do not • The main function of ripping is to relieve stock interfere with surface water movement. This can and traffic pans, which are normally ripped at cause erosion or increase waterlogging. 200-400mm. • Mounds should be constructed in the year of • To eliminate erosion problems ripping should be planting, but with sufficient time to settle and for on or close to the contour. any weeds to germinate.

• Do not rip across waterways. • Mounds will prevent herbicides being concentrated in the riplines. • Mound rip lines if there is a risk of waterlogging. • Growth responses have been attributed to mounds on all soil types.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 49 • Shape of mound and compaction with press •May be useful for initial weed control, but weeds wheel are important. may blow into the furrowed or scalped area.

• Heavy soils may require cultivating first to • Deeper planting will provide some wind prevent cloddy mounds. protection.

• Furrows will collect and run water, so it is Conversely… essential that they be on or near to the contour. Mounds will limit access across paddocks to some • Ripping to the appropriate depth beneath the degree. Leave breaks through mounds at regular furrow is still essential. intervals if access is important, e.g. for stock mustering. Conversely… Light soils may cause problems with increased Removal of topsoil and its nutrients may slow the exposure to wind erosion and increased likelihood initial growth of the trees. To determine if of drought death. compensatory fertilising is warranted, review the paddock fertiliser history. Integrated plantings will usually benefit from any paddock top dressing.

Mounding, like any ground disturbance, may Weed Control change the type and/or status of weeds on the site. This will need to be monitored. Weed Successful weed control is the single most important aspect of site preparation to ensure tree control may be more difficult over mounds. establishment and rapid early growth. Failure to achieve good weed control will severely impact on plant survival and growth. Furrowing and Scalping The aim of weed control is to provide weed-free Furrow-lining is the opposite of mounding, where a conditions adjacent to the trees for the first year and valley is created to plant below the soil surface. preferably longer. Scalping is the pushing back of topsoil to remove the weed seed burden and/or a non-wetting soil. The mortality of trees with inadequate weed control These are generally techniques used on well-drained relates to direct competition for moisture, lighter country which is often exposed and can dry particularly in the first spring and summer. In severe out quickly in the spring. cases trees are smothered by growth of weeds, lodging over the top of them. Any competition for The dish created by the scalp or furrow-line collects resources slows the growth of the trees and this in additional moisture in the sandy soils and provides turn makes them more susceptible to grazing some shelter to the young seedlings. The furrow- damage from animals and insects. lining technique may be appropriate for machine planting light country where there is no risk of There are various methods of controlling weeds, waterlogging. however the use of herbicides is the most common. Other methods include scalping, furrow-lining, Although initial weed control is usually good, close cultivation, weed mats and, in conjunction with attention should be paid to spring weed control. herbicides, grazing, pasture topping etc. These can The furrow can trap windblown weed seeds and be combined into an integrated system that does not create a concentrated area of dense weed growth. rely on herbicides alone. Although herbicides remain the main element in a weed control strategy, Key Points it is becoming more common to use an integrated strategy that combines elements of two or more • Furrowing or scalping are used in deep and/or methods to achieve effective weed control. non-wetting sands.

50 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Weed Control Types and Timing methods of controlling rabbits is provided in the Feral Animals section. Pre-season Weed Control

Reducing weed burden a year in advance can BUFFERS significantly reduce chemical usage in the year of planting. It is helpful for some of the problem Supportive Landuse Adjoining Bushland weeds like ryegrass. Fragmented bushland is under constant pressure Three options are available: from invasion of weeds, insects, and drift of fertiliser and agricultural sprays from adjoining farmland. • Spray topping the paddock in the previous Exposure to wind and rising water tables also exert season. pressure on the bush. While it is not practical to try • Reducing the seed burden through grazing. and restore mixed species plantings across all of the cleared farmland, there may be some intermediate • Fallowing (care must be taken with this option as land uses that can be concentrated around the there is high potential for erosion). remnant bush to relieve some of the pressure on that bush. The importance of using local provenance Second Year Weed Control seed cannot be emphasised enough.

There is evidence that weed control in the year after Areas adjoining bush that are suffering from rising planting is beneficial in some instances. Initial water tables or wind or water erosion should be establishment remains the most important factor in particularly targeted. The lower opportunity cost of weed control. Do not rely on second year weed this land will also make the decision easier. control to patch up a poor first year job, however. The weed control in the first year will determine Another option is to establish commercial plantings, survival. for example for timber species, woodlots or seed production areas. The higher water use of these Second year weed control will achieve optimum plants, and the maintenance of weed-free conditions results if the treatment is applied in May or June. under them will benefit the adjoining bush. Treatment of pasture weeds after the end of August usually has poor results and may not be the best use Local Native Plant Suppliers of resources. Geographe Community Landcare Nursery Rabbit Control Contact Busselton Dunsborough Environment Centre 9754 2049 Control of rabbits is a vital pre-planting operation. It Leschenault Community Nursery is the responsibility of the landholder to ensure the PO Box 1741 job is done thoroughly in time for planting. Allow Bunbury, 9791 4670 sufficient time, as some control methods such as poisoning are much more effective if performed in Margaret River Tube Nursery the dry months. Blond Street Cowaramup, 9755 5509 Do not plant trees on a site that you are aware still Margaret River Nursery and Irrigation has a rabbit problem. 48 Stewart Rd There is no such thing as ‘a few rabbits’, nor a Margaret River, 9757 2691 warren that is ‘too far away to cause problems’. Bandicoot Nursery Rabbits seem willing to travel large distances to eat PO Box 240 newly planted trees. Entire plantings have been lost Mount Barker, 9851 1802 to rabbits, making all the site preparation and Hamel Nursery expense of planting a waste. Further detail on Burney Rd Waroona, 9733 1421

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 51 PLANTING TECHNIQUES Seedlings being carried over until the next day should be left in a sheltered position and well Planning Planting watered. Endeavour to plant all seedlings that have been broken out before finishing for the day. Any When assigning priorities, plant light (sandy) ground seedlings broken out but not used should be re- earlier in the season. These sites are going to dry potted for overnight storage if in good condition or out fastest when the winter rains finish. discarded if damaged. Assess soil moisture at a depth of 5-10 cm before starting to plant. This is important on light ground, Planting Standards especially sands that may be non-wetting. Ensure that all planters, farmers and experienced Monitor planting conditions and stop if there has contractors alike, have been briefed on planting been no rain for 3-4 days and the forecast predicts standards before commencing work. no rain for another 3-4 days. Rain a short time after It is essential that all seedlings be well watered planting to set the plants in is important to their before being planted. survival and vigour. No physical damage to seedlings at breaking out or Transporting Seedlings planting should occur.

Aim to get seedlings in the ground with the Excessive root growth must be removed from minimum disturbance possible. This means always seedlings. While every attempt is made to eliminate transporting seedlings in an enclosed vehicle. this problem at nursery stage some problems seem Exposure on an open vehicle can damage foliage inevitable. Root-bound seedlings will die or suffer and is an additional stress for the plant at transplant. reduced growth if left untreated. ‘Root trainer pots’ should be specified in the nursery contract if Ensure that any multi-deck transport system has ordering in advance. Give preference to nurseries sufficient clearance to avoid tip damage to seedlings. using root trainer pots when buying seedlings. If in doubt load from the top down to minimise damage. Ensure that seedlings are not broken out more than an hour in advance of planting, less in windy Ensure that seedlings are well watered before conditions. Seedlings broken out should be covered transporting. with wet hessian to prevent drying out.

Storing Seedlings Seedlings should be planted with the top of the root ball 3 cm below ground level. In sandy soils, where Always endeavour to transport seedlings direct from there is little risk of collar rot it may be the nursery to the planting site at time of planting. advantageous to plant deeper than this. It is critical If intermediate storage is unavoidable ensure to ensure that the soil bolus (the root ball) is seedlings are: covered with soil. The potting mix from the nursery • Out of the wind is quite open and will dry out rapidly if not covered.

• Near a watering point Seedlings must be well heeled in. They should be planted firmly enough that they cannot be lifted out • Safe from stock and (other) vermin by the foliage. Ensure that hand planters are • Somewhere easily accessible and conspicuous, stepping down on the ground, rather than kicking it, where they can be easily monitored. as this does not do a good job of evenly pressing the soil around the seedling. In machine planting, Seedlings in field storage will need watering at least especially in heavier soils, ensure that the press twice a day. They will require checking even if it wheels are filling the spaces in front of and behind has been raining, especially if the rain has been the seedling as well as the sides. It is essential that accompanied by wind. there are no air pockets around the seedlings.

52 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Ensure that trees are close to vertical (within 20 wet sites, stony sites or sites with difficult access. degrees) when planted. Plantings with a large number of species are generally easier to plant with successive waves of Ensure that all planters are aware of spacing hand planting. requirements and ask them to check their spacing regularly. Spacing may vary with species, so When planting open riplines it is important to plant seedlings should be sorted such that planters off to the side of the rip. Further collapse of the rip understand the requirements of each species or line can lead to roots being exposed. There is also group of species. Planting machines should be a risk of simazine toxicity from soil collapsing into fitted with trailing chains to ensure spacing is the rip. Performance of the trees will not be constant. impaired by planting 15 cm to the side as the shatter from the ripping and moisture retention advantages Hand or Machine Planting will still apply to this zone.

In most cases the farmer will make this decision. Planting machines are advantageous in the lighter They will be planting with their own machine or soils where the scalping action can be used to push their own hand planting tools. If they are relying on aside non-wetting soils and enable seedlings to be contract planters, the contractor will often have a planted deep. The furrow created will also assist in preference, or the site will dictate what is moisture collection, but it can also trap wind-blown appropriate. weed seeds, creating a concentrated area of dense weed growth. Mounded sites will have to be hand planted. Hand planting is also preferable on small sites, excessively

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 53 CASE STUDY – OLIVE HILL FARM

Owner: Margaret and Peter Moir

Small mixed enterprise farm, incorporating management problem, which was due in large part Y agroforestry, grazing, olive production, tourism and to the over clearing.

D conservation. The Moirs have a small, diversified farming

U Olive Hill Farm is some 60 ha, an original group operation, with a Murray Grey cattle herd breeding settlement property on the Margaret River. It has baby beef, and an olive grove of 1600 trees T been variously a dairy, sheep farm and runoff block. producing extra-virgin olive oil. Their most recent S The major bush clearing took place in the seventies, enterprise is an original and popular farmstay, with

when the property, including creeklines, was 98% tourist accommodation in the picturesque renovated

E cleared. 1922 group settlement home on the property. S The Moirs moved to the property 10 years ago, and Before Peter and Margaret bought their cattle, they

A have lived permanently in Margaret River since that had to prioritise the many tasks needing attention. time. The farm was in rough condition, pastures Margaret relates that she will always remember a C were weedy, especially with dock and sorrel, fencing local stud breeder/vet, saying to them, the four most was poor to non-existent, with the whole farm important things for successful cattle breeding are virtually one paddock without internal fencing or [1] fences, [2] fences, [3] fences, and [4] fences! So access laneways. There were only two off-stream Peter fenced and fenced and fenced and fenced! watering points, small sheep troughs, the Margaret Their first priority was the external fences, and then River and remnant vegetation unfenced and the internal fencing, creating smaller paddocks, degraded. The riverfront had little vegetation other laneways and fencing off the river and remnant than some fine Blackbutt, Marri and Bullich, and vegetation. Initially, Peter fenced off quite a distance was suffering severe bank erosion. There were from the river but found they were unable to masses of rabbits, the riverfront especially was manage the weeds. heaving with them, and mounded with warrens. They obtained a fencing grant from the Water There was little shelter, all bush had been cleared Corporation and fenced closer to the river. This was other than a remnant patch of 1.5 ha, which had done so the fence was still quite a way back from the only trees remaining. Unfortunately, this left the high water mark. The river paddock is used for hay property very exposed to the relentless southerlies cutting, and only grazed a couple of times each and south-easterlies of summer, and the north- year. Stock have never been let into the fenced off westerlies of winter storms. Additionally, in this river sections, but due to rampant kikuyu they crash particularly high rainfall location [average 1400 graze in the fenced-off remnant winter creek mm] winter waterlogging was a serious paddock several times a year. If it were in better

54 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION condition, the Moirs feel they wouldn’t need to do They also bring in birds, insects and other animals this, but they say they have certainly learned how that are a tremendous help in controlling pests. very hard it is to rehabilitate the wet areas. Some 25,000 trees and shrubs, including a 5 hectare amenity planting of different Eucalyptus sp. Cattle troughs have been placed in all paddocks for timber and firewood, have been planted. This is that are gravity fed from the header tank. This along the west boundary, and serves a dual purpose benefits not just the environment but the stock as as an excellent windbreak. well, eliminating the risk of stock drowning in the river or wandering onto neighbouring properties The Moirs are also aware that if you want to keep when water levels are low, and reducing parasite the birds and other animals on the property you transmission. need to control vermin, which they have done with a zero rabbit tolerance policy, cat trapping and fox Soil testing has consistently been done, in line with baiting. The difference has been amazing. Peter best management practice. This is to ensure that shoots rabbits, foxes and cats, 1080 baits are used, fertiliser is applied in the most cost-efficient and and warrens are gassed when necessary. This has environmentally sound way. The first test showed [almost] eliminated rabbits, and controlled feral very high phosphorous and nitrogen, satisfactory predators enough to see a big resurgence in the potassium, and fearsomely high acidity, 4.2 on native fauna, such as quendas. average. Liming had to be the first priority. They have limed several times, and been very sparing The Moirs feel a significant, but frequently with the NPK. Nitrogen fertiliser has not been used overlooked aspect of vermin management is because it would increase the soil acidity further, rat/mice control. Most people simply use a standard and suppress the clover which has become rodenticide, which causes secondary poisoning of abundant. They have still been able to cut a good any animal that consumes the dead or dying rodent. hay crop as well as feed the cattle; the phosphorous This is a big but overlooked cause of many deaths retained in the soil has become available to the of owls and other raptors, reptiles, and any pastures. The weed burden has decreased each carnivorous marsupial. The Moirs only use traps and year. Many weeds thrive where there is an excess of the ‘fauna friendly’ bait that was developed for use nutrients. in Queensland cane fields.

Revegetation has been a priority in improving the The benefits from this type of ‘integrated pest farm. Peter and Margaret say that windbreaks and management’ have been shown to be many. Native corridors make a huge difference to productivity, wasps have got to work parasitising caterpillars and aesthetics, and living conditions. They help stop grasshoppers, spiders are their best friends in an wind blowing weeds onto the property, they improve olive grove, tackling weevils and beetles. Lizards conditions for humans and beasts, they reduce consume snails and pests. The quendas have waterlogging, and they can even reduce wind-blown worked through the black beetles and weevils, and fire which sweeps across grass, especially uphill. the Moirs have never had to use sprays for these

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 55 pests. The many birds keep on top of many other areas and provide feed. Unfortunately, the Moirs insects, and even the ants have had a part to play have found that stock don’t like poplars, that the The limesand brought in millions of small white deciduous trees don’t soak up the water in the winter pointed shell snails [a South African pest], and black when you need them to, (because they are dormant) ants have gradually eliminated them. The olive and similarly are useless as windbreaks for the same grove is now littered with thousands of tiny empty reason. They also have the potential to be genuine snail shells. weed problems around waterways. Margaret has learned to be very careful about choice of species The cattle follow a strip or rotational grazing system, for weed reasons, and prefers to use local plants. being held over in autumn in a “sacrifice paddock” and fed on hay for a few weeks in autumn until the Margaret believes the local Blackbutt or Yarri, break is established. Once the pasture is growing (Eucalyptus patens) will be a much better choice strongly, they are moved through small paddocks on than any Poplar or Willow, and now uses it a rotating system, giving a paddock enough time to extensively in windbreaks. Acacia saligna is regenerate strongly before grazing again. This has immensely palatable to stock, and makes a good been an enormous benefit for weed control, being choice, especially the suckering type. Unfortunately, especially effective on dock and capeweed. much bad advice is still being given with respect to choice of windbreak species, with many weeds still Grasshoppers were a significant pest as in most being promoted and sold, such as Acacia longifolia, areas of the region and guinea fowl are effective tagasaste and Cootamundra Wattle. predators for these. There have been some losses of the guinea fowl to raptors, but few to foxes, as the •Peter recommends allowing plenty of room baiting programs have controlled fox predation. around corridors/windbreaks, including adequate turning space, so that the tractor can The couple emphasise some issues that have arisen access for slashing for the first few years. Electric for them: fences and vegetation don’t mix so keep away • In following recommendations from some heavily from fence lines. promoted sources, some 500 deciduous trees • They would still like to plant more have been planted, including many poplars. windbreaks/corridors as time and finances While Margaret and Peter still think deciduous permit. With their increased knowledge and trees have a role to play in fire control, and experience, they are better equipped to choose especially around homesteads for winter sunlight, and mix appropriate species, and are better at they are now faced with removing most of the regulating how much they can take on in any now huge Cottonwood Poplars, which are year. There is also much easier access to suckering, dropping masses of seed, and desirable local species these days, and advice is becoming real pests. more easily obtained. It is a popular myth that poplars and willows are good trees for paddocks, as they soak up boggy

56 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION •Olive Hill Farm is a Land for Wildlife property In the last two years, prolific re-seeding and natural which entails responsibility for continuing feral regeneration is taking place, and the riverfront is a animal control, and riverfront rehabilitation. In refuge for river rats, quenda, fire-tailed finches and the first few years, Margaret and Peter replanted similar fauna dependent on dense habitat. The extensively in the degraded riverfront sections; aquatic fauna is healthy, and mussels, long-necked some 3000 local species were planted after weed turtles, and macro-invertebrates prolific. control. Peter has always slashed for fire control Unfortunately, there appear to be no hairy marron, in weedy areas, which are gradually receding. only the introduced species. There has been dramatic recovery and Margaret and Peter may be contacted at regeneration, some taking place quickly, and [email protected] some very slowly.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 57 REVEGETATING WITH RUSHES AND SEDGES or their flower spikes extending above the surface of the water. Benefits Emergent Zone When undertaking a replanting project along a streamline or around a dam or wetland you will This zone ranges from 1m deep in winter to damp invariably need to include rushes and sedges in your in the driest parts of summer. This is the most species list if you wish to re-create, restore or imitate important area for erosion control, most erosion a natural system. tends to occur here. The emergent zone supports plants that have their roots submerged below the Incorporating rushes and sedges into your water for part or all of the year, but have their leaves revegetation project will have the benefits of: and stems extending above the water surface. •Providing food and habitat for a wide range of aquatic species; Damp Zone

• Assisting with aeration of the sediments; The damp zone is permanently damp for most of the year without having • Filtering and binding pollutants, especially standing water, except for flood nutrients; events. In many natural systems this • Assisting with weed suppression by out- zone can be quite wide and competing them; encompass much of the floodplain. Revegetation of this area with rushes •Helping to stabilise banks of watercourses; and sedges will help to prevent erosion during floor events and will also provide •Providing nesting habitat for waterbirds. important habitat for fauna, especially Plant Placement birds. Bog rush Different species of rushes Ephemeral Zone and sedges have varying The ephemeral zone is dry for most of the year and hydrological requirements. only becomes wet in a flood event. This is Some species will tend to grow Juncus essentially the interface between the riparian zone in locations where their roots are kraussii - and the bushland zone. Sea rush inundated all year round, while others prefer drier country or a Selection Guide mixture of both conditions throughout the year. To assist Choosing local natives for the right location with choosing appropriate species for the location you are planting, If undertaking a revegetation project in a riparian and placing individual species in area try to familiarise yourself with the above zones locations where they will and identify their rough location at your flourish it is important to revegetation site. Table 1 in Water Note 20 (attached consider the various wetland or CD) lists common wetland species and describes the waterway zones as outlined appropriate planting zones. Locally native rushes below. and sedges are provided in flora species list in Appendix 1. If you are planting species not included Submergent Zone on this list, have a look at where they are growing naturally, or ask your plant supplier to provide This zone is inundated for most of the details of their hydrological requirements. year and supports submergent plants that grow beneath the surface of the water with their leaves floating on the surface

58 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Weedy rushes and sedges encourage root growth as the roots tend to follow the declining water levels. Species to be planted in Some species of rushes and sedges are weeds and drier areas could be successfully planted in winter, can tend to dominate a revegetation site if they are though this does risk some plant losses if a flood planted. They can also spread to other areas and event occurs. You should be aware that spring start competing with native species. The following planting often requires follow-up watering to ensure species in particular should be avoided in any plant survival. planting program in the Cape to Cape area and South West of WA, they are weeds! Sources

WEEDY REEDS! ‘Using Rushes and Sedges in Revegetation of Wetland Areas of the South West of WA’ by Linda Juncus articulatus – a soft and low growing rush Taman. Speaker notes for the River Restoration with hollow and articulated branching Workshop Series coordinated by the Water and stems, found in the damp zone. Rivers Commission.

Juncus acutus – spiny rush. A tall rush to The above paper is available at the Water and Rivers 1.5 m with stiff leaves with a sharp tip. Commission Website at: The seed heads have large red to www.wrc.wa.gov.au/publications/riverrestorations brown capsules and in shape look a lot Scott, J. & Negus, P. (2002). Field Guide to the like a sea urchin. This rush occurs in Wildflowers of Australia’s South West, Augusta-Margaret either brackish or fresh conditions. River Region. Cape to Cape Publishing. Juncus microcephalus – a large rush to 1 m tall All pictures reprinted from: Water and Rivers Commission with articulated stems that are easy to ‘pop’ (1997) Native Vegetation of Freshwater Rivers and Creeks in with the fingers. The seed head is large South Western Australia, Perth and loose and contains an abundance of viable seeds.

Typha orientalis – bulrush. This is a large Native robust rush that will vigorously colonise cumbungi disturbed wetlands in the southwest. This species is native to Eastern Australia.

A suitable list of rushes and sedges to plant along waterways can be found in the section on dams.

Timing of Planting

The timing of planting for rushes and sedges will depend greatly on where they are to be planted. For the emergent zone in particular it is recommended that planting Lake club rush of rushes and sedges take place in spring. This allows the roots Angle of the plant to become sword sedge established before the eroding forces of winter flow can affect the plant. It is also believed to

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 59 CASE STUDY – MERRIBROOK

Owner: Richard and Lorraine Firth

Original grazing land, now tourism and recreation acres of bush and I believe it has never been grazed Y enterprise. by stock. Only the lower section was lightly logged.’ D The Firths purchased their Cowaramup property in When asked about how they have enhanced the

U 1984. Merribrook is 160 acres located on sustainability of their farm, Richard remembers Armstrong Rd, and was part of a large holding of vividly the hours and hours of tree planting for T the Patton family. Lorraine recalls John Patton windbreaks. ‘The kids were very little and we’d all S saying that their square block with abundant water, plant trees and place treeguards for hours. We

virgin bush and magnificent granite outcrops would developed an excellent small and medium size tree E have been gazetted for a homestead block. guard that we recycle and still use 18 years later.

S We had to have a good guarding system as we’ve Over the last 20 years that the Firth family have always had large numbers of kangaroos. The rabbit A been custodians of Merribrook, the property’s use population has decreased due to poisoning and and visual appearance has changed remarkably. C shooting.’ Previously grazed by sheep and cattle, Lorraine adds, ‘we decided to graze sheep and people!’ Lorraine feels that some of the tree species they planted in the windbreaks have not been effective. Merribrook was one of the first chalet developments She strongly urges people embarking on windbreak approved in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River. planting to seek local advice and get ideas from From the beginning, landcare was an important other established windbreaks in the district. part of this innovative accommodation, adventure training and recreation business. The thousands of trees planted at Merribrook range from carobs, paulownias, cork, , olives to All development has taken place in old pastures. bottlebrushes, eucalyptus and more recently Building sites were chosen for their protection from melaleucas around the dams. the prevailing winds and proximity to water. At all times the 80 acres of ungrazed bush has been Lorraine believes the diversity of planting at conserved and is now part of Land for Wildlife. Merribrook adds greatly to the property’s sustainability. ‘People adore our native bush and The Firth’s philosophy has evolved from a deep love appreciate the exotic areas – it’s like a botanical of nature, permaculture and agroforestry models garden on a large scale.’ She is quick to add that with a healthy appreciation for best practice in with current knowledge of stream revegetation and landcare. Lorraine believes their property was in weed control, she would now make different choices good condition when they purchased it. She recalls about certain trees. ‘The pittosporum have just ‘the previous owners had fenced the beautiful 80 recently been pulled out around the Merribrook

60 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Lodge. These are fantastic trees, but rapidly spread expanding the narrow walk trails through the bush along waterways. Garden escapees can become a areas. They have a 5 year plan to continue problem. We also took out our Bleeding heart trees revegetating their dam areas. Their creek lines are – it breaks your heart – lovely trees but in the wrong in good condition. They want to continue environment.’ encouraging the bush slowly back into the pastures by using only local plant species. Each year all the The Firths use organic fertiliser where possible and creek lines are walked and major weeds pulled out. as their sheep numbers decrease each year with Lorraine is currently working on an interpretive walk more land under trees, they have no longer spread around Merribrook, which will celebrate the fertiliser on their paddocks. biodiversity of this land. Richard believes ‘Our primary aim at Merribrook is Places like Merribrook contribute to the conservation to preserve the land in a healthy, happy state so and sustainability of our district in many ways. many, many people can enjoy its beauty and the Merribrook supports the school-based program abundant wildlife that follows healthy land. Our Ribbons of Blue by having school children from bird population is quite amazing and the frogs are Cowaramup Primary School enjoy excursions there. deafening’. As a member of Land for Wildlife, information and Thousands of adults and school children have advice received is passed on to guests. Lorraine visited Merribrook over the past 18 years. Their Firth is a member of the Cape to Cape Catchments impact on the environment has been minimal. Group which helps her implement a wide range of ‘I guess the pastures just went from grazing stock in the latest environmental practices. some areas, to grazing people!’ Lorraine suggests. Lorraine remarks that Merribrook is certainly not When asked what the Firths would still like to do at your typical farm, but when we are talking Margaret Merribrook, Richard and Lorraine said the landcare River, what is a typical farm these days? list was endless. They are currently maintaining and

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 61 PROPERTY PLANNING 2. Fencing of creeklines protects the existing riparian vegetation. Native riparian vegetation The basis of property planning is that different areas has many values including erosion control, of land have different characteristics and therefore dissipating flows, sediment and nutrient should be managed to suit their capabilities. For retention and ecological values. example, an area of sandy, windblown soil will be managed to reduce erosion and an area of clay 3. Stock crossings- if stock need to cross a managed to reduce waterlogging. creekline consider a rock crossing. Rock will stabilise the banks and bed of the creek. A rock Where to Begin crossing is generally cheaper to construct than a bridge. Refer to Water Notes 6 on the disc Your property management will depend on the included in the manual natural and physical features of your land. Firstly, a map or aerial photo and an overlay of your property 4. Ploughing and farming should run along will be needed. Aerial photographs are available contours rather than across. Remember water from the Department of Land Administration follows the natural contour or slope of the (DOLA). It can even be a simple sketch. ground, therefore farming along contours will minimise the risk of water erosion. Important considerations to include on the plan - 5. Remnant vegetation will benefit from • Slope excluding stock, encouraging natural regeneration of native vegetation. Remnant • Aspect vegetation can reduce the quantity of water • Soil type entering the water-table, which minimises waterlogging issues downslope and lowers the •Prevailing wind direction risk of salinity problems. As well as improving • Existing waterways and wetlands the aesthetics of your property it can provide a refuge for native fauna. Remnant vegetation • Remnant vegetation provides valuable shelter for stock in all seasons and can act as a windbreak for crops. If finances • Fence lines permit, increase the size of your remnant. • Buildings, roads etc. Planting lower storey species will improve the diversity and health of your bush. Plus any degradation issues such as waterlogging, salty areas and erosion should be drawn onto the 6. Locate dams off-stream wherever possible to map. [An example of a property plan is illustrated minimise hydrological impacts on waterways. in figure 9] Revegetating your dam will reduce evaporation and water loss. The cumulative impact of the Handy Hints high number of on-stream dams in the area is of concern. 1. Riparian vegetation helps stabilise waterways, protect water quality and reduce erosion. It also aids in stripping nutrients, therefore reducing the nutrient export into creeklines and dams. Consideration will need to be given to soil Fringing vegetation also shades the water type when choosing plant species. keeping temperature low and minimising the Remember to choose local species! risk of nuisance algal growth. Vegetation along creeks may act as a windbreak. (See list of suitable species in Appendix 1).

62 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 7. Stock watering points and troughs should be activities. In rainfall zones of 600-1100 mm, strategically located to keep stock out of dense plantations are more effective in drawing waterways, minimise trampling and stock down the water table. Plantations can be widely concentrating in the same areas. Troughs and spaced with pasture in an alley system for tanks that intercept rainfall are extremely cropping between rows. Stagger tree plantings effective. Farmers report productivity gains from so a range of heights can be achieved so when NOT watering stock in waterways. mature trees are ready for harvest, there is still some cover from wind available. 8. Stock access ways and roads should be located along fence lines where possible as this Long-Term Benefits of Farm Planning – area is already disturbed. Construct laneways to guide stock along access roads, rather than • The longterm benefits from implementing through valuable pasture and remnant stands. sustainable farming will mean economic gains in Monitor laneways for erosion and vegetate the future. downslope of the laneway if erosion occurs. • Some shires provide rates rebates and incentives 9. Waterlogging and seepage can be reduced for landholders who retain and preserve with the strategic positioning of diversion or significant stands of remnant vegetation. Check contour banks. Placing banks along the contour with your local shire. The Shire of Busselton in waterlogged areas can guide excess water provides rate relief through its Biodiversity away from problem areas and towards dams. Incentive Scheme. The Shire of Augusta-Margaret This water can then be used elsewhere and not River is in the process of developing a similar wasted. Scheme. Your local Land for Wildlife Officer, the Department of Agriculture or local Landcare 10. Alternating pastures with different land uses is Group may be able to provide assistance in the another useful farm management tool. form of advice on land management Paddocks compacted from years of grazing can be ripped and replanted with suitable fodder or • The aesthetic value of your land and the crop plants. Certain crops fix nitrogen back into productivity of stock and crops will increase with the soil; soil structure can be improved from time. root growth and the addition of organic matter • An alternate income source could be provided into the soil. from agroforestry; in our high rainfall zone, this is 11. Agroforestry as an alternative source of a viable alternative. income is an option for farmers in the • The overall health of the catchment can improve southwest. Our high rainfall zone means that if many landholders become involved. agroforestry can be a viable option. Windbreaks Remember, effectiveness can be greatly enhanced to combat wind erosion can double as a with more cooperation and participants involved! timber source. Introduce perennial species to co-exist with current grazing or cropping

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 63 Figure 9: A Theoretical Farm Plan. Such a diagram can be designed by placing a clear overlay over a map or aerial photo. Fencelines, buildings, existing vegetation, slope, creeklines etc. can be marked in and a plan for the farm based on function and future sustainability can be drawn up.

Department of Agriculture,(1999) The Land is in Your Hands. A Practical Guide for Owners of Small Rural Landholders in WA. Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Publication.

64 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION WINDBREAKS • Nature conservation benefits through re- establishing local provenance plants and In the southwest we are exposed to strong providing additional fauna habitat or corridors; prevailing winds throughout the year. Land use activities such as grazing can accelerate wind •Visually enhances your land and improve land erosion, which can decrease the productivity and values. value of your land. Exposure to strong winds increases stress on stock, vines, olives and other How Do Windbreaks Work? crops. The most common windbreak is a vegetation A windbreak's effectiveness depends on factors such barrier. as height, orientation to the wind, position in the Trees and shrubs offer the greatest protection by landscape, and uniformity (absence of gaps in the slowing the wind speed. Tree windbreaks reduce foliage). the speed of some of the wind as it passes through, Trees make excellent windbreaks because they while the remainder of the wind rushes over the top. grow tall, and are cheaper and more durable than most other alternatives. Benefits

• Increasing crop and pasture growth by reducing Windbreak Design soil moisture evaporation and improving Consideration should be given to existing boundary germination; fence lines, roads and soil types, which will • More efficient crop water use; influence the species chosen. The cost of establishing a windbreak can be high, so priority • Reduces groundwater recharge; should be given to those areas most prone to wind erosion, areas of crop damage from wind spray and •Minimises structural damage to crop plants; existing infrastructure that is at risk from spray or protects crops from wind erosion, increasing crop drift. yields and plant quality;

•Prevents loss of topsoil and nutrients; Windbreak Height

• Stock productivity is enhanced through reduced Generally, the taller the tree, the more effective the chill factor (particularly important for newborn windbreak and the further windbreaks can be animals and off-shear sheep) by providing shelter spaced apart. Having different layers of foliage by from extreme weather conditions; incorporating shrubs can improve the efficiency of your barrier. • Alternative source of secondary products such as timber (logs, firewood, posts and poles), flowers, •Windbreaks can protect land for a distance equal honey and food; to 20 times the height (H = height) of the windbreak downwind. (see figure 10).

Figure 10: Diagram shows the ideal spacing of windbreak rows, being 15 times the windbreak height; width of more than 30 times the height of the windbreak are ineffective. (Illustrated by Wayne O’Sullivan).

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 65 • Upwind, land is protected up to 4 times the windbreak height.

• The area of greatest protection is between 2 and Where wind directions are highly variable, 10 tree heights downwind. a grid pattern of windbreaks will give •Windbreaks have little or no effect beyond 30 tree the best protection. heights.

• In most areas, windbreaks spaced at 25 to 30 tree Windbreak Density heights give adequate protection. However, on soils prone to wind erosion, or in hilly areas with • Short windbreaks are less effective than long complicated wind patterns, closer spacings will windbreak. Try to aim for a minimum length of 20 be more effective. times the windbreak height. • Most windbreaks with shelter as their main Windbreak Orientation purpose have at least three rows of trees and Winter in the south of Western Australia brings shrubs. strong winds from the northwest, west and •A single row of trees can make a reasonable southwest. North-westerlies can be destructive but windbreak if the trees grow uniformly and retain south-westerlies are colder and more dangerous for their lower branches and foliage. stock. Windbreaks are most effective when oriented at right angles to approaching winds. •Choose a plant spacing that will give a continuous screen of foliage without gaps when In summer, hot dry winds blow from the east. the trees and shrubs mature. Commonly, to protect crops, windbreaks should be oriented north-south, to minimise crop and pasture • All windbreaks need to have stock excluded, at shading; or northeast to southwest. To protect least while they are establishing. Unless shelter is livestock from cold winter winds, windbreaks are needed for stock, it may be best to fence them often aligned north-west to south-east. If stock out permanently. shelter is the main aim, wide shelterbelts or dense blocks of trees are more effective than narrow Windbreak Permeability windbreaks. The aim is to allow 30-50% of the prevailing wind to Barriers become progressively less effective as the pass through the windbreak. A dense windbreak wind angle decreases. Landholders will know from will provide excellent shelter close up, but may experience which winds are most damaging on their increase wind velocity and turbulence further property and can align their windbreaks downwind. (See figure 11). accordingly.

Figure 11: Diagram showing the different effects of wind flow over permeable and impermeable barriers. (Illustrated by Wayne O’Sullivan).

66 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION If access tracks are needed through wide Recommended Local Species for windbreaks, place them diagonally through the Use in Windbreaks trees, or in areas where wind speed is lowest, or erosion is least likely. For access tracks passing TREES through a series of parallel windbreaks, stagger the Allocasuarina fraseriana – sheoak gaps to avoid making continuous passages for wind. Agonis flexuosa – peppermint [NB subsp. flexuosa coastal] Which Species? Eucalyptus calcicola – hamelin bay mallee Many species are suitable for use in windbreaks and Eucalyptus cornuta – yate combinations of species can be used. Choose – karri species for their suitability to the climate and soil Eucalyptus megacarpa – bullich type, and the windbreak’s purpose. The Cape to Eucalyptus patens – blackbutt Cape Catchments Group recommend the use of – frog hakea locally native species. Local species recommended Melaleuca cuticularis – saltwater paperbark for use in windbreaks are listed below. Melaleuca lanceolata – rottnest teatree Melaleuca preissiana – paperbark Once established, windbreaks require little Melaleuca rhaphiophylla – paperbark maintenance other than weed control and fence maintenance. If possible, establish a network of SHRUBS windbreaks, with the ends of each windbreak Acacia cochlearis – rigid wattle joining or butting into other windbreaks, or abutting Acacia cyclops – coastal wattle other tall objects such as buildings, bush and hills. Acacia littorea – shark’s tooth wattle Overall, well-planned and well-managed Acacia saligna – golden wreath wattle, windbreaks are likely to have a positive influence on orange wattle crops and pastures throughout the high rainfall zone Actinostrobus acuminatus – dwarf cypress in south Western Australia. Allocasuarina humilis – dwarf sheoak Calothamnus sanguineus – silky leaved blood flower Dodonaea viscosa – hop bush Hakea lasiantha – woolly flowered hakea – honey bush – two-leaf hakea Kunzea glabrescens – spearwood Melaleuca densa Melaleuca huegelii – chenille honey myrtle Melaleuca huegelii. subsp. huegelii – chenille honey myrtle Melaleuca incana – grey honey myrtle Melaleuca incana subsp. incana – grey honey myrtle Melaleuca lateritia – robin redbreast bush Melaleuca systena [previously, acerosa] Melaleuca viminea – mohan A typical windbreak: Effectiveness can be improved by Olearia axillaris – coastal daisy including understorey species in windbreak design. (Photo by Tracey Gregory).

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 67 Reference Apply fertiliser at the right time.

McTainish, G.H. and Boughton, W.C. (1993) Land Do not apply fertiliser just prior to heavy rain as a Degradation Processes in Australia. Longman Cheshire, lot may be washed away. If applying on to pasture, Melbourne. do so 3-4 weeks after germination when the plant’s root systems have already developed. This will Some information and input from Wayne O’Sullivan. increase the chance of the nutrients being used by Department of Agriculture’s Farm Note No. 72/2002 the plants before they leach through the soil. Contact Agriculture WA for more details. For further Information on windbreak tree species see Department of Agriculture TreeNote 23 Timber Production from Windbreaks. Take care applying fertiliser in winter and NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT times of high rainfall. Fertiliser should not be applied near We all live in a water catchment. What we put on our land can be transported by surface or ground dams or watercourses. water to somewhere kilometres away. There it may Minimise paddock erosion because nutrients also contribute to the pollution of wetlands, rivers, leave your land attached to soil particles. Don’t creeks or the ocean. overstock paddocks so they become bare. Use Excess nutrients can lead to algal blooms, oxygen electric fencing to rotate the grazing pressure around depletion and fish deaths. Algal blooms also result your paddocks. in bad odour and upset fragile biological balances. Revegetate your creekline and wetland areas Furthermore, high levels of nutrients and silt with a variety of local species, and fence out stock. entering small coastal embayments such as Vegetation helps to minimise erosion and filter out Cowaramup Bay through the drainage systems may nutrients and sediments. Native plants also provide affect the seagrass that grows there. habitat for fauna and make a creek line or wetland There are a number of things you can do to ensure an attractive area for recreation. that you are not contributing to water quality Replace deciduous trees near wetlands and problems elsewhere. They include: waterways with native species. Many wetlands and Use fertilisers with care. waterways on farms have been planted with European species of deciduous trees such as Testing your soil will help you determine what willows, poplars and plane trees. While previously nutrients your soil actually needs. This can save you popular as landscaping features these trees have the money as well as minimise the potential export of potential to cause nutrient problems in waterways nutrients from your property. when they drop their leaves annually. Deciduous Use a slow release fertiliser source if possible. species lose their leaves all at once and the leaves are comprised of material that breaks down quickly. Try to apply nitrogen fertilizers to actively Leaves of this kind that fall or blow into the water growing crops. add to the nutrient levels of streams that have evolved with naturally low levels of nutrients. The It makes sense for the environment and the leaves of native species such as peppermint trees economics of a farm business to minimise the losses break down very slowly, thereby avoiding large and maximise the effectiveness of these fertilisers. sudden loads of nutrients. They also contains The sandier the soil, the lower the nitrogen rate special tannins that are natural and important applied in one application. component of south west streams.

68 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Plant local native plants in your garden. They will Farmers have a responsibility to ensure their need little or no fertiliser or water once established. activities do not adversely affect the environment They will also have other benefits such as attracting beyond their farm. Intensive animal industries can wildlife to gardens and providing habitat, helping pose particular problems due to animals producing the movement of pollinators between bush a concentration of effluent. This needs careful remnants and helping to conserve Western management if it is not to pollute surface or ground Australian plants and animals. water. This is importantly so near sources of drinking water. Poor management of effluent can Use an alternative waste disposal system to also pollute farm water supplies. septic tanks. Dry composting toilets do not pollute and save approximately 45,000 litres of water per Increasingly, good effluent management is an person per year. There are a number of alternatives integral part of quality assurance. Managing effluent available. takes time and money to plan, install and manage. But the costs can be offset by the short-term return If you have a septic tank/leach drain system from better use of effluent on the farm and the long- change over between leach drains regularly. term return from a more sustainable dairy business. Switch to household detergents without Expenditure on facilities to retain and treat dairy phosphates, or use soap. effluent is fully deductible for taxation purposes under Section 75D of the Income Assessment Act. Avoid using abrasive or chemical cleaner, ammonia or bleach in sinks or toilets. Try Dairycatch is an industry led project to work with environmentally friendly products that reduce farmers to develop and agree on ‘best management pollution. practices.’ Dairy farmers who become involved in the project will be eligible for assistance to develop Minimise your use of pesticides and herbicides and implement an individual effluent management as these chemicals can upset fragile ecological system to suit their farm. All dairy farmers in WA are balances. eligible to participate in the project. You can register your interest with Geocatch on 9754 4331. Don’t wash pollutants down drains. Wash your car on the lawn and use a broom, NOT a hose to Projects like Dairycatch increase catchment health clean the driveway. and farm productivity though a sustainable dairy industry. Dairy Effluent Management Source: Most dairy farmers have accepted that management of farm dairy Department of Agriculture Bulletin 4336: Dairy Farm effluent needs to be improved. On many farms, Effluent Management. effluent is disposed of rather than managed. The effluent which collects around dairies and their associated feeding facilities should be regarded as a resource to be retained and used on the farm, rather than a waste product for disposal.

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 69 CASE STUDY – ABLETT DAIRY

Owner: Shane and Leanne Ablett

Dairy and beef production. Since 1997, the major changes in land Y management that have occurred have included: The property has been farmed by the Ablett family D since 1939, and Shane and Leanne took over • Annual soil testing to ensure economical and

U management of the farm in 1997. The farm environmentally sound use of fertilisers; operates a dairy milking up to 130 cows, with a T •Fencing to reduce paddock size to facilitate small sideline in Murray Grey first cross beef. The

S intensive grazing practices; Abletts manage a total of 650 acres: 450 acres in

Cowaramup and 200 acres in Treeton. About one- • Installation of a network of cattle-troughs to E third of this total area is under bush, including eliminate the need for cattle to access water from

S significant areas of very high quality vegetation. soaks or the creek; Most of the bush was fenced many years ago to A • Improvements to dairy effluent management, exclude cattle. The creek running through the including installation of a settling pond designed C Cowaramup property feeds the Bramley Brook, to greatly reduce runoff. flowing into the Margaret River. Sections of the creek have also been fenced for many years. Recently the farm received funding from the Cape to Cape Catchments Group to assist with the fencing The family has always had in place a rigorous pest of an additional 1.4 km of the creek on both sides management program, including the eradication of to exclude stock. rabbits, foxes and feral cats through baiting, trapping and shooting. Weed control has also been The Abletts have received environmental advice diligent, both manually (hand picking) and with the from a consultant on further upgrading of their dairy safe use of appropriate herbicides. effluent management infrastructure. Funding is now available through the Dairycatch program to produce effluent management plans. Funding is also available for implementation. Contact Geocatch at Busselton for details on 9754 4331.

70 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION FIRE MANAGEMENT • Can result in a decrease in fauna numbers with food resources and suitable habitat unavailable Fire hazard reduction is essential to protect life and after fire. property. As a landowner you have a responsibility to manage your property to reduce the risk of a A careful balance is therefore required. bush fire. This includes establishing and Recommendations from the Department of maintaining firebreaks around your property. In Conservation and Land Management indicate that some areas boundary firebreaks are required while for conservation purposes, jarrah forest should not in others, strategic firebreaks are specified in certain be burnt at frequencies less than 6-8 year intervals locations. You should check with the Shires of and seasonally wet sites should not be burnt at Augusta-Margaret River or Busselton to determine intervals of less than 12-14 years (Burrows, Ward & the type of firebreak that applies to your property. Robinson, 1995). Many would consider these intervals to be the absolute minimum and would Firebreaks recommend at least twice this. A firebreak is an area of land that will not carry a If you are concerned about maintaining the fire. Fire-fighters also use firebreaks to gain access conservation value of your bush it is best to be to fight fires. Each year a Bush Fire Order is issued cautious and to minimise the frequency of fires. with your rates notice from the Shire Council. This order sets out your obligations regarding fire It is also a good idea not to burn your patch of management on your property and the dates by remnant vegetation all in one go. It is better to burn when those obligations must be carried out. small patches at a time or to make a heap of branches and brush and burn that. Don’t include • It is important to maintain your firebreaks hollow logs in your heap though as they are throughout the fire season. potential homes for fauna. • Clear firebreaks of all organic material, dead or After a fire it will be necessary to put quite a bit of alive. This may be achieved with herbicides or by effort into controlling weeds in the area or you may slashing and raking. end up with a bigger weed problem than before the • Slashing or raking to clear your firebreak may fire. need to be repeated during the fire season. Alternative Fuel Control Methods

Prescribed Burning Methods other than controlled burning can be used Many people like to use prescribed burning for to reduce the fire hazard. For example: areas of remnant bushland in order to reduce the • Removing flammable debris (i.e. leaf litter, twigs litter and ground cover present on the property. and branches can be piled up and burnt), These controlled burns are undertaken to reduce the intensity of a potential bush fire and to assist • Reducing the density of fuel by mowing or regeneration of native vegetation. slashing,

It is also important to remember that frequent fires • Removing grass fuel by herbicides, or can - • Keeping fuel very low around the edge of the • Favour the replacement of native vegetation by bush by cool burns. weeds, which often leads to an increase in the fire hazard;

• Lead to a loss of native plant diversity by inhibiting regeneration of some species;

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 71 Managing Risk leaving the dam to be controlled. The valve on these bypass pipes should be left open during low The Fire and Emergency Services Association (FESA) flow periods to ensure that sufficient environmental have produced a booklet entitled The Homeowners flows are maintained within the creek systems. It Bush Fire Survival Manual, which outlines measures contravenes the rights in the Water and Irrigation Act you should take around your home to reduce the to sensibly diminish the flow of water in a creek. risk of bush fire. The booklet also includes advice about what to do in event of a fire. The booklet is When designing a dam you should also consider available free of charge and can be collected from appropriate size. Oversized dams hold up large local government officers or requested directly from volumes of spring to autumn flow and result in large FESA (see Catchment Contacts at the end of this water losses due to evaporation during summer. manual). Large numbers of oversized dams at the headwaters of streams delay the commencement of stream flow and result in downstream landholders and aquatic DAMS fauna having to wait longer for water to reach them. This can have adverse impacts on aquatic breeding Minimising Impact cycles and can also alter the riparian vegetation structure over time. Availability of water is often the primary concern of landholders when purchasing a new property or While some allowance will need to be made for changing land use on their property. Bore water is evaporation, dams should be sized according to the scarce in many parts of the Cape to Cape catchments per hectare water requirements of the particular so in many cases it is necessary to construct a dam agricultural use that the water is needed for. The to provide adequate water resources for agricultural Department of Agriculture can provide advice about purposes. the various water requirements for different land uses and crops. If inappropriately located or designed, dams can adversely affect the ecology of rivers and streams by In summary the following points should be used as obstructing environmental flows; requiring a reference when designing dams to minimise their extensive clearing of riparian vegetation; environmental impact: creating barriers to migration of native freshwater fish and lampreys; or causing • Locate dams off-stream wherever possible. sedimentation of streams at eroding outlet • Use pumps to fill off-stream dams during winter points . In most cases such impacts can be avoided for summer storage and use. by careful design and location. • For on-stream dams install a summer bypass flow In order to minimise adverse impacts, dams should pipe and leave the valve open during low flow off-stream be located wherever possible. Locating periods. dams off-stream usually avoids the need to clear riparian vegetation, minimises disturbance to the • Size dams appropriately according to the stream bed and banks, and also avoids the creation proposed agricultural uses and area of land under of a dam wall within the stream, which would block production. native fish movement upstream. A pump can be •Minimise loss of riparian vegetation and replant used in many cases to fill the dam with winter flow dam banks and streamlines where possible with for storage and use during the summer season. local native species. Seek advice regarding If construction of an on-stream dam is unavoidable, species selection. you will need to ensure that the dam is fitted with a • Seek professional advice about the need to line summer flow bypass pipe. This is a pipe valve that your dam to prevent leakage of water. is installed within the dam wall to enable water flow

72 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Approval Requirements for Dams • Revegetation of dams also enhances their aesthetic value within the landscape. Both the Augusta-Margaret River and Busselton Shire Councils have legal requirements for landholders to It is, however, very important to consider where and submit development applications for dam proposals. what you plant around dams. Planting of deep- In some parts of the Margaret River catchment, rooted species should be avoided around load approvals are also required from the Water and bearing walls as the roots can create cracks and Rivers Commission as the upper reaches are part of result in leaks or even slumping. Rushes and sedges a proclaimed water catchment. can be used safely in these areas to provide habitat for small aquatic species such as frogs and nesting If planning to build a dam you will need to ensure habitat for birds. that you receive the appropriate approvals from the relevant local and State government authorities prior On stable or non-load bearing walls you can plant to construction commencing. It is a good idea to deeper-rooted species. A mixture of species is submit plans well in advance of your planned recommended by CALM’s Land for Wildlife program construction date, as approval processes sometimes for revegetating dams. take a number of weeks or longer. A list of suitable local plant species for dam Both Councils have adopted Dams Policies, which revegetation is located at the end of this section. clarify the requirements of landholders to submit development applications for dams, and outline Designing Dams to Provide Habitat guidelines and minimum design specifications for If you would like your dam to perform a dual role dam construction. Both Councils may also specify a by providing habitat for aquatic species as well a requirement for rehabilitation of the stream area and water supply, there are a number of simple design replanting the banks of the dam where possible to features that can be incorporated into the dam. The re-create or restore stream habitat and function. following tips come from a paper by Jeanette Della- Bona published in the Shire of Serpentine- Revegetating Dams Jarrahdale’s Small Block Manual. They are equally The habitat value of dams can be substantially relevant for the Cape to Cape catchments. improved by replanting the banks with native vegetation. There are many benefits associated with Construction Considerations revegetating dams. For example; • Ensure that the side slope of the basin is less than • Establishment of native vegetation around dams one in eight to provide a natural slope for provides shade, which reduces water loss from planting. evaporation. • For diversity of habitat, try to shape the edges of • Reducing water temperature also provides a the dam as irregularly as possible. better habitat for native macro-invertebrates, •Provide a range of water depths in the basin, for including marron. a variety of feeding habitats.

• Native vegetation around dams provides a food • Link shallow mud flats to an island rather than the source and shelter for a range of fauna species shore to provide secure habitats for wading birds. such as water-birds that may use dams as a summer refuge. • Islands can be constructed from heaped earth during dam construction or using rocks or logs • The vegetation will help to trap nutrients and after it is constructed. sediment from runoff and drainage. •Provide a level bench around the basin at winter • Dams that have been revegetated are less likely to high water level, or a series of level benches erode and less likely to suffer from algal blooms. below this water height. This provides a variety

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 73 of water depths at different times of the year to Introducing Marron and Fish suit a mix of species. Generally rushes and sedges grow between the winter high water level • Only introduce local native species to the dam and summer low water levels. The benches and seek advice first from the Fisheries provide more room for planting in this area. Department. Don’t try to introduce both marron and fish to an enclosed dam; you could stock one • If possible include shallow areas around the basin or the other but not both. they help to remove nutrients when they are successively inundated and dried out. • The Margaret River has a special native species of marron (‘Hairy’ Marron) that occurs in no other Revegetation and habitat construction considerations river system and is being threatened by introductions of the ‘smooth’ marron species. • If you have a seasonally inundated dam be sure Please seek advice from the Fisheries Department to select species for revegetation that will tolerate before introducing marron to dams near the dry periods. Margaret River.

• Local native species should be used wherever •Yabbies are not local species and should not be possible as these will provide an appropriate food introduced to dams in this area as they will move source for native aquatic fauna and will not to natural wetlands and streams and displace become invasive weeds. native marron from their habitat.

•To encourage frogs, reptiles and waterbirds:

- Stack rocks underwater to provide habitat for macro-invertebrates and small fish. REMEMBER – CONTACT YOUR LOCAL SHIRE - Leave rocks or logs protruding from the water OFFICE BEFORE CONSTRUCTING A NEW DAM, and at the edge of the dam at varying heights AS IT WILL REQUIRE DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL for waterbirds to roost on.

- Rocks and logs placed at the margin of shallow areas provide a wonderful frog habitat.

RECOMMENDED LOCAL FLORA FOR DAM OR STREAM REVEGETATION

TREES SHRUBS • Agonis flexuosa – WA peppermint • Acacia alata – winged wattle • – swamp banksias • Acacia browniana – Brown’s wattle • Callistachys lanceolata – native willow • Acacia divergens • Corymbia callophylla – marri • Acacia extensa – wiry wattle • Eucalyptus cornuta -Yate • Acacia mooreana • Eucalyptus megacarpa – bullich • Acacia myrtifolia • Eucalyptus patens – blackbutt • – Karri wattle • Eucalyptus rudis – flooded gum • Acacia pulchella – prickly moses • Hakea lasianthiodes • Acacia rostellifera – summer-scented wattle • Melaleuca cuticularis • Acacia saligna – orange wattle • Melaleuca lanceolata • Acacia stenoptera – narrow-winged wattle • Melaleuca preissiana – modong • Acacia uliginosa • Melaleuca rhaphiophylla – swamp paperbark • Adenathos obovatus – basket flower • Taxandria juniperina – wattie • Anigozanthos flavidus – tall kangaroo paw

74 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION • Anigozanthus viridis – green kangaroo paw SEDGES • Astartea fascicularis – astartea • Baumea acuta – pale twig rush • Astartea scoparia • Baumea arthrophylla – sparse twig rush • Beaufortia sparsa – swamp bottlebrush • Baumea articulata – jointed twig rush • Brachysema praemorsum • Baumea juncea – bare twig rush • Calothamnus lateralis • Baumea riparia – river twig rush • Gompholobium capitatum – yellow pea • Baumea vaginalis – sheath twig rush • – short-styled grevillea • Bolboschoenus caldwellii – marsh club rush • – variable-leaved • Carex appressa – tall sedge grevillea • Cyathochaeta avenacea • • acuta – common spike rush • • Ficina nodosa – knotted club rush • – variable-leaved hakea • Hemarthria uncinata • Hypocalymna cordifolium • Hypolaena pubescens • Hypocalymna angustifolium – white myrtle • Lepidosperma effusum – spreading sword • Kunzea recurva sedge • Melaleuca densa • Lepidosperma gladiatum – coastal sword • Melaleuca incana – grey honey myrtle sedge • Melaleuca lateritia – robin redbreast bush • Lepidosperma tetraqueutrum – angle sword • Melaleuca pauciflora sedge • Melaleuca thymoides • Lyginia imberbis • Melaleuca viminea – mohan • Schoenoplectus pungens • Oxylobium lineare – narrow-leaved oxylobium • Schoenus grandiflorus – large-flowered bog • Pattersonia occidentalis – purple flag rush • Paraserianthes lophantha var. lophantha – • Tetraria octandra – eight-anthered sedge Cape Leeuwin wattle • Samolus repens – creeping brookweed RUSHES • Taxandria linearifolia – swamp peppermint • Juncus kraussi – sea rush (was Agonis linearifolia) • Juncus pallidus – pale rush • Taxandria parviceps – fine teatree (was • Juncus pauciflorus Agonis parviceps) • Juncus subsecundus – finger rush • Trymallium floribundum – Karri hazel • Leptocarpus diffusus • Viminaria juncea – swishbush • Leptocarpus laxus • Leptocarpus tenax • Meeboldina coangustata • Meeboldina tephrina • Meeboldina scariosa • Mesomelaena tetragona – semaphore sedge • Melanostachya ustulata

PROPERTY MANAGMENT IN THE CAPE TO CAPE CATCHMENTS 75 CATCHMENT CONTACTS

Issue Contacts Phone Fax Postal

• Land care advice Cape to Cape 9780 5231 9780 5285 PO Box 61 • Information about grant Catchments Group Margaret River assistance for fencing and – Coordinator WA 6285 rehabilitation • Technical assistance for Augusta-Margaret 9780 5252 9780 5285 PO Box 61 environmental restoration River Shire Landcare Margaret River activities Officer WA 6285 • Ideas for new land care projects Lower Blackwood 9758 4021 9758 4021 C/O Karridale LCDC Landcare PO Karridale Coordinator WA 6288 Ribbons of Blue 9754 4331 9754 4335 PO Box 269 Busselton WA 6280 Geocatch 9754 4331 9754 4335 PO Box 269 Busselton WA 6280 • Land Care District Yallingup LCDC 9755 2029 Yallingup Post Office Committees (LCDC’s) Yallingup WA 6282F Lower Blackwood 9758 4021 9758 4021 C/O Karridale LCDC PO Karridale WA 6288 • Local Government Shire of Augusta - 9780 5204 9780 5285 PO Box 61 planning controls Margaret River Margaret River regarding vegetation Environmental WA 6285 and streamlines Coordinator • Formation of ‘Friends of Reserve Groups’ Shire of Busselton 9781 0464 9752 4958 Locked Bag 1 • Management of Shire Environmental Busselton WA 6280 Reserves Officer • Rates rebates and local government incentives to manage bushland • Nature Conservation Dept of Conservation 9752 1677 9752 1432 14 Queen Street • Declared Rare Flora and and Land Busselton WA 6280 Fauna Management (CALM) • Native flora and fauna management • National Parks • Technical support for CALM Land for 9752 1677 9752 1432 14 Queen Street bushland management Wildlife Officer Busselton WA 6280 on private land • Waterways management Geocatch Busselton 9754 4331 9754 4335 PO Box 269 (Department of Busselton WA 6280 Environment)

76 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Issue Contacts Phone Fax Postal • Water allocation advice Department of 9726 4111 9726 4100 PO Box 261 (for dams and Environment Bunbury WA 6231 groundwater) (previously Water and Rivers Commission) – Bunbury • Local native plant Geographe 9754 2049 Contact Busselton suppliers Community Dunsborough Landcare Nursery Environment Centre Leschenault 9791 4670 PO Box 1741 Community Nursery Bunbury WA 6230 Margaret River Tube 9755 5509 9755 5954 Blond Street Nursery Cowaramup, WA 6284 Margaret River 9757 2691 9757 3193 48 Stewart Rd Nursery & Irrigation Margaret River WA 6285 Bandicoot Nursery 9851 1802 9851 2802 PO Box 240 Mount Barker WA 6324 Hamel Nursery 9733 1241 9733 1417 Burney Road Waroona WA 6214 South West Native 9731 1806 9731 1114 PO Box 17 Seed Supply Donnybrook WA 6239 Kimseed Pty Ltd 9446 4377 9446 3444 42 Sarich Court Osborne Park WA 6017 Nindethana Seed 9844 3533 9844 3573 PO Box 2121 Service P/L Albany WA 6331 • Aboriginal culture and Wardan Aboriginal 9756 6566 PO Box 30 heritage Cultural Centre Yallingup WA 6282 Department for 9235 8000 9235 8088 Level 1 Indigenous Affairs 197 St Georges Tce Perth WA 6000 • State Forest Forest Products 9475 8888 9475 8899 Locked Bag 888 Commission Perth Business Centre Perth WA 6849 • Fire safety Fire and Emergency 9323 9300 9323 9384 PO Box P1174 Services Association Perth WA 6844 (FESA) Fire Management 9780 5254 9757 2512 PO Box 61 Officer – (Augusta- Margaret River Margaret River and WA 6285 Busselton Shires)

CATCHMENT CONTACTS 77 78 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 79 KEY

PRIORITY TAXA: P3: Priority Three - Poorly Known Taxa Conservation Codes Taxa which are known from several populations, at least some of which are not believed to be under R: Declared Rare Flora - Extant Taxa immediate threat (i.e. not currently endangered). ( = Threatened Flora = Endangered + Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as Vulnerable) 'rare flora', but are in need of further survey.

Taxa which have been adequately searched for, and P4: Priority Four - Rare Taxa are deemed to be in the wild either rare, in danger of extinction, or otherwise in need of special Taxa which are considered to have been adequately protection, and have been gazetted as such, surveyed and which, whilst being rare (in Australia), following approval by the Minister for the are not currently threatened by any identifiable Environment, after recommendation by the State's factors. These taxa require monitoring every 5-10 Endangered Flora Consultative Committee. years.

X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa Tree Key:

Taxa which have not been collected, or otherwise D = extra drought tolerant verified, over the past 50 years despite thorough Hv = important habitat values searching, or of which all known wild populations W = tolerates wet have been destroyed more recently, and have been F = extra fast gazetted as such, following approval by the Minister P = phytophthera resistant for the Environment, after recommendation by the Notes State's Endangered Flora Consultative Committee. O = ornamental A = adaptable and hardy P1: Priority One - Poorly Known Taxa WB = windbreak, wind tolerant Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally Sh = needs shelter and/or shade <5) populations which are under threat, either due Yall = Yallingup area. to small population size, or being on lands under Tree sizes: immediate threat, e.g. road verges, urban areas, farmland, active mineral leases, etc., or the plants Sml = 8m or less are under threat, e.g. from disease, grazing by feral Med = 8-15m animals, etc. May include taxa with threatened Tall = 15m+ populations on protected lands. Such taxa are under General sizes: consideration for declaration as 'rare flora', but are Sml = 1m or less in urgent need of further survey. Med = 1-2m Tall = 2m plus P2: Priority Two - Poorly Known Taxa 1 = may help to prevent phytophthera. In any event, it Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally is best practice to plant a suite of leguminous plants <5) populations, at least some of which are not in any planting program. Leguminous species are believed to be under immediate threat (i.e. not denoted with an currently endangered). Such taxa are under consideration for declaration as 'rare flora', but are * before the first plant in a genus. in urgent need of further survey. • denotes plants readily available from nurseries.

80 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Authors note References

Every attempt has been made to include all native Australian Rushes: Biology, Identification and Conservation species within the Cape to Cape Catchments, with of Restionaceae and Allied Families; Meney, K.A. and the exception of Orchidaceae, Stylidaceae, Pate, J.S. (eds.) Utriculariaceae, Droseraceae and annual plants, as it A Guide to Emergent Wetland Plants of South Western was felt these would not be within the scope of Australia; Jane M. Chambers, Nicola L. Fletcher and most vegetation projects. There are approximately Arthur J. McComb. 60 species of Orchidaceae, 20 Droseraceae, 48 Stylidaceae and Utriculariaceae, and numerous Bottlebrushes, Paperbarks and Teatrees; John W. Wrigley annuals. There are also a saddening number of and Murray Fagg introduced weed and feral species. CALM Herbarium Florabase. I have attempted to include information on as many species as possible. Where no information occurs on Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants; W.Rodger Elliott and a given species, it is because it has defied my David L Jones. All volumes. attempts to source reliable data. Field Guide to the Wildflowers of Australia’s South West Many species included are poorly known, and many Augusta-Margaret River Region; Jane Scott and Patricia have so far not been easy to propagate. They have Negus. been included in the belief that as their values are Flora of the South West: Bunbury. Augusta. Denmark, Vols. 1 appreciated, knowledge will correspondingly and 2; Wheeler, J., Marchant, N. and Lewington, M. increase. At the same time, it is often not realized how easy and adaptable many of our species are. I of Western Australia, Botanical Districts of Irwin and hope that this work will inspire more appreciation of Darling; Jennifer Young. the diversity, value and beauty of our local plants, highlight how adaptable many are, and encourage The Grevillea Book Vol 2-3; Peter Olde and Keith more use of them on our farms, public places, and Marriott. gardens. Western Australian Flora, A descriptive Catalogue; Margaret Moir, Paczkowska, G. and Chapman, A.R. June 2003. .

APPENDIX 1 81 C L I M B E R S 82

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Billardiera white- Med-tall OA White Nov-Feb Gravel, sand. Seed,cutting X X floribunda flowered billardiera Billardiera Sml OA White, Gravel. Seed, cutting X X laxiflora Feb-Jun Billardiera Tall OA Blue, purple Sand, loam, gravel, clay. Seed,cutting X X variifolia Dec-May Cassytha flava dodder Tall, Yellow, X Gravel, limestone, Seed laurel parasitic Jan-Dec winter wet. Cassytha tangled As above White, yellow, Grows on Astartea, Seed glabella dodder Jan-Dec Melaleuca, Casuarina. laurel Cassytha dodder As above White, green, Grows on Eucalyptus, Seed racemosa laurel yellow, Jan-Dec Daviesia, Triodia. Cheiranthera Med OA Blue, X Loam, gravel, laterite, Seed, cutting X preissiana Sep-Jan granite, swamps. Chorizema Sml O Pink, orange, Sand, sandy loam, gravel. Seed X X diversifolium red,Aug-Dec Clematis common Sml-Med OA White, cream, Sand, loam. Fresh seed, X pubescens• clematis Mar-May cutting

Comesperma Sml-Med OA Blue, X Laterite, sand, granite, Seed, cutting X ciliatum Sep-Dec creeks. Hardenbergia native Tall OA,vig Blue, purple, Various, inc. sand dunes.Seed X

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION comptoniana• wisteria white, Jul-Oct Hybanthus P2 sml-tall O Blue, purple, Clay, sandy clay, Seed, cutting X X volubilis Local endemic white, Sep-Dec river banks. Kennedia coral vine Med OA Orange, pink, red, Various. Seed X coccinea• purple,Aug-Nov Kennedia Augusta R Tall OA,vig Red, Loam, sand, granitic Seed X X macrophylla• kennedia Sep-Oct soils [Leeuwin]. S R E B M I L C purple,Mar-DecMar-Jun loam, laterite, granite, haematite. Sml OASml OA White, blue, Blue, Dry gravelly, clayey Seed, cutting Lateritic sand. X Seed, cutting X X X ack eyed ack Sml O Pink, purple, Gravelly. Cutting X luebell Jan-Dec limbing Med Green, yellow, Sand. Seed, cutting bl susan fringed lily Sml O Purple, blue, Jul-Dec Aug-Nov Red sand, loam, clay, Cutting laterite. X lignumtwining SmlstinkweedOAWb Med australian b Blue, Green, white, Sep-Dec Jun-Dec loam,loam. Sand, sandy Most. Seed, cutting X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects white Tall OA white Tall marianthus White, cream, Sandy. Oct-Dec c Seed, cutting X X • • arianthus arianthus arianthus uehlenbeckia percularia etratheca olubilis Thysanotus manglesianus [S.hetrophylla] [S.hetrophylla] T hirsuta adpressa O v Sollya fusiformis SpeciesM candidus Common NotesM Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals M M drummondianus tenuis

APPENDIX 1 83 G R O U N D C O V E R S 84

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Actinotus White, green X Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting X X glomeratus Jul-Nov Actinotus Prostrate White X Sand, clay. Seed, cutting X X “Walpole” Adiantum maidenhair Sml OSh X Sand, clay, loam, Spores aethiopicum• fern gravel. Suckers X Ampera White, yellow Sand, dunes, rocks. ericoides green, Sep-Jan Anogramma annual Streams OSh X Any. X leptophylla fern Asplenium maidenhair Shade Sh X Any. trichomanes spleenwort X Atriplex Saline tolerant Red, brown, X Saline mud, sand, inlets, X hypoleuca• Dec-Apr estuaries, tidal. Carpobrotus coastal Prostrate Purple, pink, Sand, coastal, dunes. Cuttings, seed X X X virescens• pigface Bush tucker white, Jun Centella Spreading Pink, purple, red, X Any, winter-wet. Cuttings, X asiatica white,Aug-Apr div. seed Chamaescilla blue squill O Blue, Any. Seed X X corymbosa Jul-Dec Cheilanthes Fern Sand, clay, loam. X austrotenuifolia Sml Sh Cheilanthes Fern X Sandy, clayey loams, X sieberi subsp Sml Sh gravel, laterite, granite CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION sieberi waterfalls, streams. Dichondra kidney Sml, creeping White, green, Sand. Seed X repens weed yellow, Sep-Oct Dryandra Prostrate O Oct-Nov Gravel [yall]. Seed X X bipinnatifida subsp bipinnatifida Dryandra OYellow, cream, Gravel. Seed X X lindleyana subsp brown, Sep-Oct sylvestris S R E V O C

D N U O R G ug-Dec sand, loam, granite. ug-Dec coastal limestone. ed, Oct-Jan limestone, coastal. pink, Jan-Dec gravel, laterite,A granite. cutting r Sep-DecA granite. Sml,wide OASh Yellow, sand, Black calcareous Cutting X P3 Sml,wide OA Red, Aug-NovSml X swampy. Sand, clay, sandy Green, yellow, Seed, cutting soils over Sandy X Seed, cutting X X X Sml OSml, vig. OA Pink,Aug-Dec Pink, blue, Any. Sand, clay, rocks, granite Seed, cutting Seed, cutting X X P3 prostrate Green, white, limestone, soils over Sandy Seed, div. needle Jul-Febleaved guinea Sml Oflower Yellow, laterite, granite. soils, or gravel Sandy Cutting X snakebush Sml,wide OA White, blue, purple, Sand, and loam, clay seed, Fresh X australl Sml O Sml australl brooklime White, pink, purple, Sand, peat, clay, winter- Jun/Oct-Jan Cutting, div. X wet, swamps, streams. X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects summer R Osummer R honeypot brown, Yellow, loam. Dec-Feb Sand, sandy Seed X X • inus M anium anium r r evillea evillea atiola ibbertia ibbertia ypocalymma emiandra aloragis digynaaloragis alium migrans etrorsum H cordifolium subsp [see shrubs] Leucopogon hirsutus [see shrubs] acerosa H grossulariifolia H pungens H pubescens Gr brachystylis subsp brachystylis Gr quercifolia [see shrubs] H Gr Ge r Ge solanderi mimica G SpeciesDryandra Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 85 G R O U N D C O V E R S 86

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Lindsaea linearis Sml fern Sh X Sand, sandy loam, clay. X Pelargonium Sand. Seed, cutting X littorale [see shrubs] Pentapeltis southern Prostrate White, pink, Gravel. silvatica pentapeltis Dec-Apr Persicaria Sml Green, Feb-Jun/ X Sand, clay sand, X X prostrata Oct-Nov winter-wet. Pteris vittata chinese Med-fern Sh X Sand, streamsides. X X brake Ranunculus common Sml Yellow, X Sandy, often clayey. X X X colonorum buttercup Sep-Dec Samolus junceus Sml O White, pink, Sep-Ap X Sandy, peaty & clayey wet. Div. seed X X X Samolus repens creeping Sml O White, pink, Jul-Jan X Sand, clay, sandstone, Div. seed X X X brookweed swamps. Sarcocornia X Sand, silt, swampy. blackiana striata royal Robe Sml Blue, purple, X Sand. Cutting X X OA Aug-Dec Veronica plebeia creeping Sml Blue, Sand or loam. speedwell Mar-Dec CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION S B U R H S pr-Dec ug-Nov A A Sep-Nov May-Sep May-Jan Oct-Feb Sep-Nov Sml-med,prickly cream, Yellow, X Various. Seed X X dieback Sh dieback Med. Cream, May yellow, help prevent dieback. Jul-Oct Sml-med X Sand, gravel. Cream, yellow, X Seed Sand, loam, gravel. Seed X X X X Browse Browse Med,OMay-Oct WB Med prickly Yellow,Aug-Nov cream, Yellow, Sml prickly cream, Yellow, Med-tall Sand, coastal. X cream, Gravel. yellow, Sand, gravel. Seed Sand,gravel Seed Seed X Seed X X X X X X X Browse Browse P4, rush-like,sml,O May-Sep Yellow, Med.Med. prickly XSml prickly Cream, X yellow White, Sand. Oct-Feb White,Sml, cream, prickly Swampy. White, cream, Gravel. X Sand. Seed Seed Sand, swampy. clay Seed X X Seed Seed X X X X X X X Browse X Browse id wattleWB Sml-tall Jul-Oct Yellow, Sand, coastal. Seed X X Browse attle Sep-May attleattle help prevent Oct July yellow, pink, g coastal Med-tall WBcoastal Med-tall Yellow,w Sand, coastal. Seed X X Browse ri Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects w w winged Sml-med Sh Sml-med winged White, cream, Med.winged May X Various. Cream, yellow, X Sand, loam, gravel, clay. Seed, easy X X X X Browse browse wiry wattle Sml-med OA Yellow,Aug-Oct X Sand, gravel. Seed X X Browse • • • • alata r alata 1 1 1 var va obscura browniana cacia cacia extensa cacia divergens cacia cyclops cacia cacia cochlearis cacia cacia myrtifolia cacia littorea cacia mooreana cacia inops cacia cacia cacia gilbertii cacia hastulata cacia huegelii ar A A A A A A A browniana var A. browniana v A Species* Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil1 Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals latericola A A alata alata A A A flagelliformis A A A

APPENDIX 1 87 S H R U B S 88

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Acacia nervosa rib wattle Sml Yellow, Jun-Oct Gravel. Seed X X Acacia obovata Sml Yellow, cream, Gravel. Seed X X white Acacia pentadenia karri Med-Aromatic Cream X Loam, clay. seed X X wattle foliage [may be unpleasant] Acacia pulchella1• prickly Med Prickly, Yellow, X Sand, clay, loam. Seed X X moses may confer May-Dec dieback resistance Acacia pulcehlla var prickly Med Yellow, X Sand, clay, loam. Seed X X glaberimma1 moses May-Oct Acacia pulchella1 prickly Sml Yellow, X Sand, gravel. Seed X X var goadbyi• moses Jul-Oct Acacia pulchella1 prickly sml Yellow, Gravel. Seed X X var pulchella moses Jul-Dec Acacia saligna• golden Tall OAWB Yellow, X Most. Seed X X Browse wreath Jul-Nov wattle Acacia Med Yellow, X Wet. Seed X X scalpelliformis Sep Acacia Sml White, cream X Sand, clay. Seed X X semitrullata Acacia1 Sml, prickly Cream, yellow, Sand, gravel. Seed X X

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION stenoptera Mar-Dec Acacia Tall Cream, white, Sand. Seed X X subracemosa yellow Acacia tayloriana Prostrate O Cream, white, Jan X Sand, gravel, clay, loam. Seed X X Acacia Med rush-like O Yellow, X Sand, loam, gravel. Seed X X tetragonocarpa Mar-Jun Acacia uliginosa Sml Yellow, cream, X Sand, gravel, clay. Seed X X Aug-Oct Acacia urophylla Tall Cream, white, X Gravel, loam. Seed X X May-Oct S B U R H S eb-Dec eb-Dec ellow, Jul-Oct ul-Nov white, May-Oct F y Dec-Mar F cream, Jul-Apr J MedSml,suckering Cream, white, cream, Yellow, loam, Sandy clay. Any. Seed Seed X X X X Sml OA Red, Any. Cutting X X X Sml White X Sand. Seed, cutting Sml White, X cream Sand, peat, clay. Seed, cutting Med OA Red, pink, purple, Sand, gravel. Cutting X X X Sml White, green, X Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting er May-Dec dunes, swamps. ound Jul-Dec ow axandria axandria Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects dune Smlthistle Yellow, Sep-Jun basket MedOA Xfl see Sand, dunes. T Red, orange,See OAWBT Red, Med dwarf brown, Xsheoak Sand, gravel, loam, Cutting Sand, gravel, dunes. orange Seed X X X X X X albany Sml O Sml albany OWBdaisy White, pink Sml dwarf cypress X Sand, clay. Aug-Nov Cutting, seed Sand. X Seed X X coast Smlgr berry Green, white Sand, dunes. Cuttings • subsp Sml OA Red,subsp Sml Any. Cutting X X X • • • aria v otriche r denanthos denanthos denthos gonis gonis cacia varia cacia varia ctinotus llocasuarina ctites ctinotus laxus ctinostrobus ctinotus ctinodium ntermedius SpeciesA Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals A var barbiger megalocarpa A obovatus A linearifolia parviceps humilis A barbiger i A A A omnifertilis A Ac A meisneri A cunninghamia A accuminatus A Cordata A glomeratus

APPENDIX 1 89 S H R U B S 90

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Alyogyne lilac Med-tall OA White, cream, red, Sand, clay, gravel, Seed, cutting X huegelii hibiscus blue, purple, granite, limestone. Jun-Jan Andersonia foxtails Sml Pink, blue, white, Sand. Cutting caerulea Jan-Dec Andersonia Sml P1 Purple X Sand, loam, ironstone, ferricola winter-wet. Andersonia Sml White, pink, X Sand, gravel, peat, Cutting involucrata Sep-Dec winter-wet. Andersonia Sml White, Sand, loam. Cutting muriantha Sep-Dec Andersonia Sml cushion Pink, blue, purple, Sand, granite, hills, Cutting sprengeloides like Jul-Apr coast. Anthocercis Varies Yellow, Calcareous sand, dunes. Cutting littorea Jan-Dec Astartea Med White, X Sand, limestone, Seed, cutting X laricifolia Jan-Feb winter-wet. Astartea was Sml-med OA White, pink, X Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting X scoparia juniperina Jan-Jul/Oct-Dec [fascicularis?] Astartea sp Sml White, pink, X Sand. Seed, cutting X Scott River Jan-Apr/Nov-Dec Astroloma candle Sml, adaptable Purple, red, black Gravel, sand. cutting ciliatum cranberry

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Astroloma kick Bush Sml White, cream, Any. cutting pallidum pink, red Astroloma sp P4 smlRed, orange, Sand, gravel. Nannup Jan-Apr Beaufortia swamp Med-tallOA Red, orange, X Sand, swampy areas, Seed, cutting X X X sparsa• bottlebrush Jan-Apr/Sep-Nov river banks. Boronia alata• winged Med-TallOA Pink, white, Coastal sand,limestone, Cutting X boronia Jul-Dec dunes, cliffs. S B U R H S et, swamps. winter-wet. w pr/Jul-Nov ug-Dec ul-Jan Oct-Apr winter-wet Sep-NovA swamps. A Sep-Jan swamp, winter-wet. Sml-tall O Pink, white, X Sand, peaty sand, clay. Cutting X Sml-tall OA Pink, purple, blue, X Sand, gravel, loam, sandy Cutting X Sml OSml O Pink, red,Sml O Blue, Pink, red, white, Sand. X X Sand, clay, swamp. , Sand ,gravel laterite, Cutting Cutting Cutting X X X P2 sml-tall O Pink, X Sand, winter-wet. Cutting X Sml-med O Blue, pink, white,Sml-med OA Sand, Red, clay, gravel, pink, laterite. Cutting Sand, various. X Cutting X P3 smlO Pink, purple, X White sand, gravel, Cutting X luster Sml-tall Oluster Sml-tall Pink, bushy Sml-tall OA Sml-tall bushy Pink, purple,boroniaO X Sand, gravel, loam,karri Sml-tall Pink,boronia blue, Sep-Dec Cutting clay, laterite, streams, Jan/Apr/Jul-Dec Loam, clay, sand, laterite. Cutting X X boroniaaniseed Jan-Decboronia Sml-Med OA Pink, purple, red, X Sand, clay, loam, clay May-Feb winter-wet. gravel, laterite, winter X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects c rJ subsp Sep-Dec va subsp Sep-Dec clay, streams, winter-wet. • subsp Jun-Nov capitata Boronia fastigiata gracilipes Boronia juncea Boronia tenuior Boronia fastigiata pubescens Boronia Boronia crenulata defoliata dichotoma crenulata Boronia subsp Boronia capitata crenulata gracilis Boronia Boronia Boronia coerulescens crenulata Species anceps Boronia Common Notes capitata Boronia Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 91 S H R U B S 92

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Boronia Sml O Pink, white, X Grey or peaty sand, Cutting X juncea subsp Nov-Jan swamps. minima Boronia scented Sml-tall O Brown, yellow, X Peaty sand, winter-wet Cutting X megastigma boronia green, Jul-Oct swamps. Boronia tall Tall OA Pink, red, X Sand, loam, clay, streams, Cutting X molloyae boronia Sep-Dec swamps. Boronia spathulata Boronia Sml OA Pink, red, Jan-Dec X Sandy, wet. Cutting X Boronia stricta Med-tall OA Pink, Sep-May X Sand , sandy clay, swamps, Cutting X winter-wet. Boronia tenuis blue P4 sml,Yall. O Blue, pink, white, Laterite, granite. Cutting X boronia Aug-Nov Boronia P3 sml O Pink, red, Oct-Dec X Black, white sand, laterite, Cutting X tetragona brown sandy loam, swamps, winter wet. Bossiaea water Med-tall OASh Orange, yellow, Clay loam, laterite, granite. Seed X X aquifolium bush red, brown, Jul-Nov Bossiaea aquifolium water Med-tall OASh Yellow, red, brown Clay loam, laterite. Seed X X subs aquifolium bush Jul-Nov Bossiaea aquifolium Med tall OASh Orange, yellow, red, Clay loam, gravel, laterite. Seed X X subsp laidlawiana brown, Sep-Nov Bossiaea disticha P3 sml-med Yellow, brown, Sand, limestone. Seed X X OASh red, Sep-Nov Bossiaea Sml-tall OASh Yellow, red, Sand, limestone, granite. Seed X X CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION linophylla Jul-Dec Bossiaea ornate• broad Sml-med OASh Yellow, brown, Laterite, granitic. Seed X X leaved red, Jul-Nov brown pea Bossiaea Sml-med OASh Yellow, red, X Sand, clay, limestone, Seed X X praetermissa brown, Sep-Nov swamps. Bossiaea rufa Med-tall OASh Yellow, brown, red, X Sandy, alluvial, peat, Seed X X Sep-Jan streams, swamps. *Brachysema R sml, Green, pink, X Grey sand, clay loam Seed, cutting X X X modestum spreading O cream, Sep-Nov over ironstone. S B U R H S ug-Jan riverbank, swamp. pr-Jan ug-Oct ug-Sep ellow,Aug-Dec loam, sandy gravel. ed, Jul-Oct ed, pink, Jul-Dec gravel, winter-wet. an/May-Dec winter-wet. A y May/Aug-Nov r A Nov r J A Dec-Mar white, green, A ed, pink, Nov-Jan Sml, twiner O Orange, pink, red, Sand, clay, sandy Seed, cutting X X Sml O pink, Yellow, Sand, loam. clay Seed, cutting X X P3 Sml O Pink, orange, Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting X X Med O Orange, pink, X Sand, gravel, winter-wet. Seed, cutting X X P4 Smlr Green, yellow, Gravel. Seed X X X P1 Tall Red,Med O Sand, clay loam. orange, Yellow, X Seed Sand, loam, sandy clay, Seed, cutting X X X X X P2 Med Red, X Sand. Seed X X X Med, Red, spreading green, yellow,OA XSml-med OA Sand, Red, clay, loam, Seed, cutting X Sand, clay, swamps, X Seed X X X X X Sml Purple, Sand. Cutting X ood Mar-Nov horilaena OA Tall cream, Yellow, Sand, loam. Seed, cutting X X lame Pea red, Jul-Oct holly Sml O Sml holly f orange, Yellow, Sand, limestone, dunes. Seed, cutting X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects silky-leaved Sml-med OAWb Sml-med silky-leaved Red,bl flower Sand, gravel. Seed X X X summer Sml Osummer Sml starflower Yellow,c Jan-Dec X Sand, laterite, Cutting granite, sandstone. X Whicher Scott River achysema alothamnus alothamnus alytrix alothamnus alothamnus alothamnus alytrix Chorizema eticulatum rhombeum Chorizema Chorizema ilicifolium Chorizema nanum Chorizema r glycinifolium Chorizema C pallidifolius C C * sp cordatum C sanguineus C sp C praemorsum lateralis SpeciesBr Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals flavescens C tenuiramea Chorilaena quercifolia

APPENDIX 1 93 S H R U B S 94

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Chorizema Sml O Yellow, Sand, gravel, clay. Seed, cutting X X spathulatum Oct-Dec Comesperma blue-spike Sml,AO Blue, Sand, sandy clay, laterite. Seed, cutting X calymega milkwort Aug-Jan Comesperma Med AO Pink, blue, Sand, limestone, dunes. Seed, cutting X confertum Sep-Dec Comesperma Med AO Cream, yellow, X Sand, swamps, winter wet. Seed, cutting X flavum Oct-Mar Comesperma Sml AO Blue, X Peaty sand, swamps, Seed, cutting X nudiusculum Nov-Jan winter wet. Comesperma milkwort Med AO Pink, purple, X Sand, gravel, swamps, Seed, cutting X virgatum Sep-Mar winter wet. blue Sml O Blue, pink, X Sand, sandy peat, stony Seed, cutting X caeruleum brother Mar/Jun-Nov clay, laterite, granite, difficult winter wet, swamp. Conospermum Sml O Cream, yellow, X Sand, loam, sandy clay, Seed, cutting, capitatum brown, red, gravel, laterite, granite, difficult X Aug-Dec winter wet. Cosmelia rubra spindle Sml-tall Red, pink, Jan-Dec X Sandy peaty, swamps. Cuttings heath Cryptandra Sml White, Jul-Sep X Sand, limestone, granite, arbutiflora creeks. Dampiera alata winged- Sml,OA Blue, Jul-Dec X Sand, clay, gravel, laterite, Cuttings X stem swamps.

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION dampiera Dampiera karri Sml or Blue, white, X Sand, clay, gravel, swamps, Cuttings X hederacea dampiera twiner OA Jun-Jan creeks. Dampiera P3 sml Blue, X Sand, swamps. Cuttings X heteroptera Sep-Oct Dampiera slender- Sml Blue, X Sand, peat, swamps. Cuttings X leptoclada shooted Aug-Nov dampiera Dampiera common Sml OA Blue, X Sand, clay, laterite, Cuttings X linearis dampiera Jul-Dec winter wet. S B U R H S ug-No swamps, dunes. purple, Sep-Dec Dec-Febbrown, Jul-Sep hillsides, granite. Mar-Sep brown, Jul-Jan A May-Oct Med OMed O red, Yellow, brown,Sml O red, Yellow, Gravel. orange, Yellow, red, Sand, Gravel, clay, gravel, sand or clay. Seed Seed Seed X X X Med O red, Yellow, Med Sand, laterite. Orange, red, Seed X Grey sand, clay, sandy Seed X Med-tall Cream, green, X Sand, granite, limestone. Seed X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects lemon-scented May-Dec darwinia Med OApineapple Med-tall Obush green, Yellow, red, White, black, Laterite, granite, hills. X Sand, gravel, sandy Cutting Aug-Jan Seed X X clay, sandy often wet. X thread- Sep-Feb/May leaved diaspasis X Sml O White, pink, purple, X Sand, clay, winter wet. Cuttings angled-stem Aug-Jan dampiera Sml OA Blue, white, X Sand, clay, winter wet. Cuttings X bookleaf Med OA prickly bitter-pea Sml Medprickly orange, Yellow, red,bitter-pea Orange, Laterite, red, granite. orange, Yellow, red, Jun-Sep brown, Jul-Nov Seed Laterite, granite. clay, Loam over gravel, Seed Seed laterite. silky parrot Peasouthern Med Odiplolaena Sml-med O X Red, orange, Orange, yellow, red, X Aug-Oct X X Sand, gravel, clay, laterite, Jul-Nov Seed, cutting Sand. Coastal limestone X Cutting swamps. dunes, rocks. granite X X winia r aviesia asypogon aviesia preissii aviesia ampiera ampiera aviesia aviesia aviesia aviesia horrida aviesia inflata odonaea D Dillwynia citriodora D hookeri * * D D Diaspasis filifolia SpeciesD trigona Common NotesDa Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birdslongifolia Birds Birds Frogsrhombifolia Mammals D cordata decurrens D D uncinata Diplolaena dampieri D D D angulata ceratocarpa

APPENDIX 1 95 S H R U B S 96

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Dodonaea• sticky Med-tall WbFl. Jun-Aug Sand, loam, clay, granite. Seed X viscosa ssp hopbush angustissima Dryandra prickly Med-tall Yellow, cream, Sand, clay, loam, gravel, Seed X X X armata dryandra Jun-Nov granite, laterite, limestone-Yall. Dryandra couch R Med O Yellow, brown, Sandy clay, gravel. Seed X X X nivea ssp nivea honeypot Aug-Sep Can add Dryandra nivea ssp uliginosa Dryandra sessilis parrot bush P2 tall Cream, yellow, Sand, coastal limestone. Seed X X X var cordata Jul-Oct Dryandra pingle R med-tall Yellow, X Sand, gravelly clay, loam., Seed X X X squarrosa subsp Jun-Nov winter wet. argillacea Dryandra Med-tall Yellow, Gravel. Seed X X X squarrosa subsp Jun-Nov squarrosa Epilobium glabrous Sml White, pink, X Peaty sand, loam, granite. billardiereanum willow purple, Oct-Apr spp herb billardiereanum Epilobium Sml Pink, white, X Peaty sand. billardiereanum Oct-Nov/Apr subsp CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION intermedium Epilobium hairy Med Pink, white, X Peaty sand. hirtigerum willow Oct-Nov/Apr herb Eryngium blue devils Sml O Blue, white, Clay, sandy clay, peaty Seed X pinnatifidum Aug-Nov sand, winter wet. *Eutaxia Sml O Yellow, red, brown, X Sandy, swamps. Seed, cuttings X X epacridoides Apr/Sep-Oct S B U R H S ite, coastal, dunes. eb-Oct sand, later ug-Nov ug-Nov ed, Sep-Jan ed, brown ul-Dec brown, purple,pink,Aug-Dec r laterite, granite. brown,Aug-Dec A A Oct-Feb Sep-JanJ river banks, ridges. purple,Aug-Oct r brown,Aug-Feb Sml O orange, Yellow, Laterite, granite. Seed, cutting X X Sml O orange, Yellow, red,Sml O Sand, clay, sandy orange, Yellow, red, Seed, cutting Gravel. X X Seed, cutting X X Med-tall O Pink, purple, Sand, gravel Seed, cutting X X Sml O Yellow, Lateritic gravel, granite. Seed, cutting X X Sml OSml O Yellow, Pink, purple, X Sand, laterite. Swamps, Gravel. Seed, cutting X Seed, cutting X X X Sml-med OA orange, Yellow, Med OA orange, Yellow, red, X Various. Sand, clay, swamps. Seed, cuttings Seed, cuttings X X X X er Med-tall OYellow, orange,er Med-tall X Sand, loam, gravel, Seed,cutting X X v ellow Peaellow Jul-Jan limestone, dunes. hairy y Sml O Yellow, DSnd, clay, sandy laterite, Seed,cutting X X poison purple, brown, riverbanks. Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects lanoline P4 smllanoline P4 bush White, cream,heart Leaf Med-very tall Opoison Orange, yellow,ri Sand. yellow, brown, Sand, clay, loamy, near red,Aug-Dec Seed, cutting X Seed,cutting, rivers, hills. X difficult scented ballart Med hemi- broom parasiticballart green, Yellow, Med hemi- parasitic Feb/Jun-Dec green, Yellow, X white, F Grey sand, clay, sandy seed V.fresh limestone, Sand over red coastal winter wet. X seed V.fresh X ompholobium astrolobium ocarpos ocarpos anklandia atum ompholobium ompholobium ompholobium ompholobium ompholobium ompholobium ompholobium astrolobium astrolobium utaxia myrtifolia utaxia virgata G G G tomentosum G polymorphum G G ov preissii G scabrum G marginatum cuneatum * G capitatum knightianum triaristata bilobum G Fr * odoratus Ex sparteus Ex SpeciesE Common NotesE Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 97 S H R U B S 98

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Gompholobium Med-tall O Violet, purple, X Sand, swamps. Seed, cutting X X villosum pink, Sep-Jan Gonocarpus Med Red, green, X Clay loam, grey sand, Cutting benthamii Nov-Mar peaty loam, schist, granite. Gonocarpus Sml Red, green, X Sand, loam, clay loam, Cutting benthamii Nov-Jan granite. Gonocarpus Sml Pink, red, X Sand, clay, stream beds, Cutting diffusus Oct-Dec swamps. Gonocarpus Med Green, cream, X Sand, swamps, creeks. Cutting hexandrus Feb Gonocarpus Med Green, cream X Sand, swamps, creeks. Cutting hexandrus Goodenia Sml O Blue, white, Sand, clay, gravel. Seed, cutting, X caerulea Sep-Jan div. Goodenia Sml O Blue, X Sand, laterite, winter wet. Seed, cutting, X eatoniana Oct-Apr div. Goodenia hoary Sml O Blue, Sand, clay, laterite. Seed, cutting, X incana goodenia Jun/Sep-Jan div. Grevillea• short-styled Sml OA Red, X Sand, sandy clay, Seed, cutting X X X brachystylis grevillea Jan/Apr/Aug-Dec swamps, streams. Grevillea R med OA Red, X Sand, sandy clay. Seed, cutting X X X brachystylis Sep-Jan subsp australis Grevillea P3 sml, Red, X Sand, sandy clay, swampy. Seed, cutting X X X CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION brachystylis spreading OA Aug-Nov subsp brachystylis Grevillea R Med OA Red, X Loam over clay, laterite. Seed, cutting X X X brachystylis Aug/Dec subsp grandis Grevillea Med OA Red, Sand over laterite, Seed, cutting X X X bronwenae Jun-Dec lateritic loam. S B U R H S anite outcrops. lats. Seed, cutting X winter-wet, swamps. gr f ug-Oct eb/Jun-Dec flats, creeklines. ed,Apr/Sep-Oct clay, sandy loam. ul-Feb swamps, streams. white, cream,F X Swamps, Seed, winter-wet cutting X Oct ironstone, winter wet Oct-Apr r J A Med-tall Red, green, yellow, P2 Med Red, green, X over clay Red sandy MedP3 Med Cream, green, White, yellow, X X Riparian. Brown, peaty sand, Seed, cutting Seed, cutting X X Sml,spreading Jun/Sep-Dec White, cream,Med Sand, gravel, loam. White, cream, Seed, cutting X Sand, gravel, Seed, cutting X X le- Med-tall green, Yellow, X Loam, gravel, laterite, Seed, cutting X ab ri evillea red,Apr-Jan evilleaevillea Jun-Mar OA spreading Jul-Dec laterite, granite. gravel, laterite. amshorn Med White, red, brown, Lateritic soils [Yall]. Seed X beautiful Med Obeautiful Med White, cream, Sand, gravel, loam,hakea Seed, cuttinghornedleaf Sep-Dechakea Sml-tall O Brown, red, pink,Aug-Oct X sand, loam, X Grey/brown, black or loam. Seed flats, winter wet X X prickly Med-tallprickly White, cream, gravel Lateritic Seed X leaved cream, white, winter wet. cream,leaved white,gr winter gr -leaf Sml,gr Pink, red, purple, Sand, loam,r Seed, cutting X X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects va • • • ferricola metaxa evillea evillea evillea evillea evillea evillea evillea evillea trifida evillea akea akea akea pulchella H ceratophylla Gr amplexicaulis H diversifolia Gr manglesioides Gr subsp manglesioides Gr subsp Gr manglesioides papillosa quercifolia H cyclocarpa Gr pulchella subsp pulchella Gr Gr SpeciesGr Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 99 S H R U B S 100

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Hakea falcata Sml-tall White, cream, X Yellow-grey peaty sand, Seed X yellow, pink sandy clay, inter-wet. Aug-Nov Hakea lasiantha• woolly Med-tall White, Gravel, sandy clay. Seed X flowered OWbA May-Sep hakea Hakea linearis Med-tall White, cream, Grey, brown, black sand, Seed X Sep-Jan X sandy clay, winter-wet flats, granite rocks.

Hakea honey Med-tall White, cream, White, grey, yellow sand,Seed X lissocarpha bush A Wb yellow, pink, sandy loam, granitic soils, Jun-Oct laterite. Hakea oleifolia dungyn Tall White, Grey, red/brown sand, Seed X OAWb Jul-Oct sandy loam over laterite, coastal limestone, granite. harsh Sml-tall White, cream Sandy soils, often over Seed X hakea Wb Aug-Oct laterite, loam. Hillslopes, granite outcrops, coastal dunes . • candle Med-tall White, White, grey, red/brown Seed X hakea OA Dec-Jun sand, gravelly clay laterite. Hakea trifurcata• two-leaf Med-tall White, cream, White, grey/brown sand Seed X hakea OAWb pink, May-Oct over limestone or laterite, gravel. CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Hakea varia• variable Med-tall White, cream, X White, grey, red loamy Seed X leaved yellow, sand, clay loam,laterite, hakea May-Dec. winter wet. Helichrysum Sml-med White,Aug- Most. Seed, cutting X macranthum Jan/Jun Hemiandra Sml-med Blue, purple, White, grey sand, Fresh seed X X glabra OA pink, white, shrubland, Sep-Nov coastal dunes. [Yall]. S B U R H S Cuttings X amps, ridges. ampy plains. anite. anite outcrops. idges, river banks, loodplains, oad verges. gr f gr outcrops, flats, ridges. ironstone coastal areas, sw coastal dunes, sw laterite, granite. Outcrops, flats, hills & r r ug-Janug-Dec sand, or grey yellow granite. ug-Dec areas swampy ul-Nov ul-Nov sand. A A violet,Aug-Jan. Hillslopes, granite J A Sep-DecJ loam, dark gravel, Sml O Yellow, Lateritic, & loamy, sandy Cuttings X Sml O Yellow, lateritic soils, Gravelly Cuttings X Sml O Blue, purple,Sml-med, Osprawling Dec/Mar Yellow,Aug-Sml O Sand, lateritic gravelly. X Yellow, seed Fresh Laterite, granite, sand, limestone, often over Sml O Cuttings Yellow,Sml, O Laterite. Yellow, XSml X soils, Sandy loam, laterite, Cuttings Cuttings Yellow, clay, sandy Red-brown Cuttings X X or yellow White/grey Cuttings X X ellow Sml O Sml ellow Yellow, Most. Cuttings X hibbertia large large y buttercups Apr-Dec cutleaf Med-tall Yellow, Xsand, White/grey Cuttings X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects hibbertia OA Jan-Mar/Jun-Nov soils, loamy • • ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia ibbertia emigenia lasiopus H H inconspicua H hypericoides cuneiformis glomerata H H H H H H H rigida amplexicaulis commutata cunninghamii diamesogenos ferruginea SpeciesH Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 101 S H R U B S 102

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Hibbertia Sml O Yellow, Lateritic Cuttings X X pachyrrhiza Sep-Jan Hibbertia Sml O Yellow, X Black moist sandy, loam Cuttings X perfoliata Sep-Mar over granite, winter wet depressions, along creeks & swamps. Hibbertia pilosa hairy Sml-med O Yellow, Sandy,loamy over granite, Cuttings X guinea Sep-Dec lateritic. flower Hibbertia Sml O Yellow, Laterite. Cuttings X quadricolor Jul-Oct Hibbertia stalked Sml O Yellow, Grey, white or yellow Cuttings X racemosa• guinea Jul-Dec sand, coastal areas: dunes, flower plains & limestone. Hibbertia Sml O Yellow, Sand, limestone & Cuttings X spicata Jul-Nov laterite soils. Near-coastal areas of limestone [Yall]. Hibbertia orange Sml O Orange, yellow, X Sandy, clay, swampy areas, Cuttings X stellaris stars Aug-Dec winter-wet depressions. Hibbertia Sml O yellow, White/grey sand over Cuttings X vaginata Jul-Oct laterite, gravelly soils, grey sand over sand. Homalospermum Med- v.tall White, pink, X White, grey, yellow or Seed, cutting X X firmum OWbAug-Dec black peaty sand, loam,

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION winter wet depressions, swamps. *Hovea holly- Sml OA Blue, purple, Sand, laterite, gravel. Pre-treat X chorizemifolia leaved May-Oct seed, cutting hovea Hovea elliptica• tree Med-tall Blue, purple , Laterite, gravel, clay loam,Pre-treat X hovea OA white,Aug-Dec sandy loam, sand. seed, cutting Hovea pungens• devil's Sml-med Blue, purple, Shallow soils on rock, Pre-treat X pins OA May-Nov sandy soils, laterite, seed, cutting gravel, clay & loam. S B U R H S Often swampy. outcrops, hillsides. winter wet. Along watercourses, winter- wet. ug-Dec cuttings ug-Nov flats. winter wet ed, Jun-Dec laterite. soils over sandy un-Oct seed, cutting r May-Oct May-NovMay-Nov areas winter wet clay, sandy laterite, A Sep-Feb/May-Jul sand, granite, laterite. A J P3 Sml-med OA Pink, purple, X Sand, clay, sandy gravelly Seed, cutting X X X Sml OA White, pink, X Sand, loam, sandy peaty CuttingsMedSml green, Yellow, Sml-Med Yellow, X Yellow, Sand, X clay, loam. X X X Sand, clay, laterite, Seed sand, or grey Black Seed Seed X Sml Blue, purple, Laterite. seed, Fresh X P4Sml OASml Sep-Dec. White, pink, Cream, yellow, X sand, X Peaty sand, grey damp sites, swamps. sand. Grey/black Cuttings Cuttings X X X X X X Sml OA Purple, blue, sand. or yellow White/grey Pre-treat X er OA red, Jun-Dec granite,swamps. tle Jun-Nov X along watercourses, tle r ow ose cone Sml-med Pink, purple, X Sand, laterite, Seed, cutting X X X white my Sml OA White, pink, depressions, Winter-wet Cuttings X X Rivermyr Jun-Nov r fl Swan Swan Sml OA Pink, red, lateritic, Gravelly sand. X common Sml OAcommon Sml hovea Purple, blue,soils,laterite, Sandy May-Nov Pretreat gravel, loam. clay seed, cutting X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • asylepis • minus D quadriloba ea trisperma ea stricta v ypocalymma ypocalymma ypoxis ypoxis ypoxis ypocalymma ybanthus ypocalymma ypocalymma ov ar obustum sopogon sopogon angustifolium H subsp I formosus H H H v I formosus cordifolium r H glabella occidentalis occidentalis H H debilissimus Ho H cordifolium cordifolium subsp H ericifolium SpeciesH Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 103 S B U R H S moist. , rs er banks. ve v ri ri ug-Dec an-Mar/Jun-Dec sand dunes winter wet. Oct-Nov cream, Sep-Deccream,Aug-DecA winter wet. winter wet. purple, Jul-Dec J Wb Oct-Nov swamps, lakes, ll OA Pink, Oct-Nov X Grey sand, peat. Seed, cutting X X X all OA green, Yellow, X Sand, swamps. Seed, cutting X X X .sml White, pink, X Most, wet. Seed Ta T OA P3 med,localendemic O Red, Sep-Dec Sml-tall OA Pink, Oct-Nov Sand, river banks. sand. Loamy seed Pretreated Seed, cutting X X Med-tall OA Pink, purple,Sml-tall OA white, X Pink, purple, white,Med OA Sand, clay, loam or peat, X Seed, cutting loam, clay Sandy peat, Pink, purple, red, Seed, cutting X X Most, inc. winter wet. X Seed, cutting X X X X X X X X v SmlMed-tall orange, Yellow, orange, Yellow, red, X X Sand. Sandplains, rises, Sand Coastal areas, seed Pretreated seed Pretreated X X

ey ass tree brown, Jul-Aug loam. clayey Seed X X anny Smlanny orange, Yellow, Xloam,laterite, Sand, clay Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects drumstick Sml-med OA Cream, yellow, Jul-Jan Laterite, sand, often gravel. Seed, cutting Xspearwood Med-tall Yellow,soil, X X Clay, sandy Seed, cutting X X X kingia,gr Med-tall O green, Yellow, X Sand, loam, sandy lance- leaved cassia Sml OA Jul-Oct Yellow, Sand, lateritic. Seed X gr bonnetsgr red, Jul-Nov wet. granite,winter seed Fresh X stinkwood red, Oct-Mar. depressions, swampy • • • micrantha sotropis sotropis acksonia unzea rostrata unzea unzea ciliata unzea unzea unzea unzea recurva opogon Labichea I J ansonia acksonia SpeciesIs Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals K K spathulata * sphaerocephalus * glabrescens formosa Kingia australis K K J K K subsp K micrantha micrantha punctata Lagenophora huegelii cuneifolia * J furcellata horrida

104 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION APPENDIX 1 Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Lasiopetalum free Med-tall Pink, blue, purple, Most. Seed, cutting floribundum flowering white,Aug-Feb lasio- petalum Latrobea Sml-med Yellow, X Peaty sand, swamps, Pretreat seed diosmifolia Sep-Jan winter- wet. Latrobea tenella Sml-med Yellow, X Sand, peat, swamps, Pretreat seed Aug-Feb winter wet. Lechenaultia blue Sml-med OA Blue, Lateritic or granitic. Cutting X biloba• lesche- Jul-Dec naultia Lechenaultia Sml O Blue, purple, white, X Sand, swamps. Cutting X expansa Oct-Jan Lechenaultia free- Sml O Blue, white, White/grey or yellow Cutting X floribunda flowering Aug-Dec sand. lesche- naultia Leptomeria Sml, Yellow, orange, Sandy clay, sand, gravel. Seed, cutting X X cunninghamii parasitic brown, Jul-Dec Leptomeria Med Green, orange, red, Gravelly lateritic Seed, cutting X X ellytes brown, Nov-Jan/ clay, sand over limestone. Apr-May Leptomeria Sml P2 Orange, brown, X Grey or black peaty sand, Seed, cutting X X furtiva Aug-Oct winter wet. Leucophyta cushion Sml OA Yellow, Coastal foredunes, brownii bush Wb Jan-Dec limestone rocks, Seed, cutting X salt marshes. Leucopogon Sml-med White, pink, X Grey/white sand, Seed, cutting alternifolius Aug-Dec swamps, winter wet. [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, pink, Sand, gravel, limestone, Seed, cutting assimilis Mar-Apr/Aug-Nov. coastal. [difficult] Leucopogon Spiked Sml-Med White, Jun-Dec. X Sand, gravelly. Seed, cutting australis• Beard-heath [difficult] 105 S H R U B S S H R U B S 106

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Leucopogon Sml-med White, Various. Seed, cutting capitellatus May-Nov [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, Sand. Seed, cutting conostephioides Mar-Oct [difficult] Leucopogon Sml White, X Sand, inc. winter-wet. Seed, cutting cordatus Jul-Nov [difficult] Leucopogon Sml White, X Sand gravel, swamps. Seed, cutting distans subs Jul-Feb [difficult] distans Leucopogon Sml White, Deep white/grey sand, Seed, cutting distans subsp Jul-Nov sand. [difficult] contractus Leucopogon Sml White, X White/grey sand, inc. Seed, cutting elatior Jan-Nov winter wet. [difficult] Leucopogon Sml White, pink, X White/grey sand, Seed, cutting elegans Jun-Jan gravelly loam. [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, X White/grey, black. Seed, cutting gilbertii Aug-Nov or peaty sand. [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, X Sand & gravel. Seed, cutting glabellus Jan-Dec [difficult] Leucopogon Sml White, X Sandy peaty soils, clay. Seed, cutting hirsutus Aug-Dec [difficult] Leucopogon Med White, Grey/white sand, Seed, cutting obovatus Mar-Nov rocky loam, gravel. [difficult]

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Leucopogon coast Med-tall White, Coastal dunes & Seed, cutting parviflorus• beard-- Feb-Mar/Jun-Oct limestone. [difficult] heath Leucopogon Sml-med White, X Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting pendulus Mar-Oct [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, Sand, gravel. Seed, cutting propinquus Jan-Jul [difficult] Leucopogon Sml-med White, Sand. Seed, cutting racemulosus Feb-Jul [difficult] S B U R H S anite. gr Mar pr-Nov quartzite. [difficult] ug-Dec ug-Dec ul-Oct [difficult] Jul- Dec-Jan winter wet. J Mar-Nov loam, clay, sandy laterite [difficult] A Sep-DecA peaty sand, winter wet. [difficult] Oct-Jan A SmlP4 sml White, Pink, purple, X X Sand, swamps. sand, Peaty clay, Seed Med-tall White, Coastal sandhills. Seed, cutting Sml White, X Sand, loam, clay, gravel. Seed Sml-med White, X Sandy, rocky, granite, Seed, cutting Sml White, X Sand, coastal. Seed er brown, May-Jan limestone. er Aug-Nov [difficult] ered Jan-Dec ow ow ow Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects white Sml-tallspray curry Sml-medfl White, Sep-Nov White, cream, pink, Sand, coastal. Sand, clay, gravel, laterite, Seed zamia Med-tall O Sep-Oct Lateritic, jarrah forests. Seed fl unilateralis tassel Sml-tall Pink, red, X Gravel, lateritic, granitic. Seed, cutting wild flax Sml-medbell- Smlfl logania Blue, white, White, X Sand, loam clay. Seed, cutting Sand. Seed sp Sml White, X Sand, to gravelly sandy Seed, cutting sp Sml White, X Clay, sand, grey black Seed, cutting • • ticillatus olutus indy Harbour acrozamia acrozamia argaret River argaret elaleuca r v inum ysinema ysinema aginalis subsp serpyllifolia Logania v L ciliatum L M conspicuum riedlei basicephala M re SpeciesLeucopogon Common NotesLeucopogon M Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals L serpyllifolia subsp angustifolia Logania ve Leucopogon Leucopogon Leucopogon W marginale campanulata Logania serpyllifolia Logania

APPENDIX 1 107 S H R U B S 108

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Melaleuca densa• Med-tall Cream, yellow, X Sand, clay, Seed X OAWb Oct-Nov winter wet, rivers. Melaleuca chenille Med-tall Pink, white, Sand, coastal, limestone. Seed X huegelii subsp honey OAWb Oct-Jan huegelii• myrtle Melaleuca grey Med-tall White, cream, X Sand, clay, winter wet, Seed X incana subsp honey OAWb yellow, Jul-Nov swamps. Incana ssp myrtle ginilup• Melaleuca robin Sml-tall Red, orange, X Sandy, swamps. Seed X X X lateritia• redbreast OAWb Sep-Apr bush Melaleuca Med White, cream, X Sand, winter-wet. Seed X pauciflora Dec-Mar Melaleuca systena Sml-med Yellow, cream, Sand over laterite, yellow/ Seed X [was acerosa] OAWb Feb-Mar/Aug-Dec orange sand over limestone. Melaleuca Med O Cream, yellow, X Sand, winter wet. Seed X thymoides Sep-Jan Melaleuca mohan Med-tall White, cream, X Sand, clay, winter wet, Seed X viminea ssp OAWb Jul-Nov streams, coastal. demissa Melaleuca viminea Med-tall White, cream, X As above, not coastal. Seed X subsp viminea Jul-Nov *Mirbelia holly- Med-tall Pink, violet, Gravel, laterite, sand. Seed X CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION dilatata• leaved purple, Sep-Jan mirbelia Monotaxis diamond Sml White, yellow, Sand, gravel, over clay. Seed grandiflora of the pink,Apr/Sep-Dec desert Monotaxis Sml White, X Sand, swamps. Seed occidentalis Sep-Jan Myoporum twin-leaf Sml-med White, purple, Sand, loam, streamsides. Seed X X X oppositifolium myoporum Aug-Apr S B U R H S een, Jul-Dec ellow, Jan-Dec eb-May/Sep-Dec ul-Dec un-Dec sand. white or yellow ul-Oct y J gr Oct-Apr Oct-FebF loam, clay sand. Nov-Dec J brown, red, J Sml Cream, white,Sml X Clay, sand, Green, yellow, laterite, granite. Sandy, lateritic or granitic. Med OMed White, yellow,Sml O White, pink, Pink,purple,white, Sand, coastal. Various, coastal. Gravel, loam, Cutting Cutting, seed Cutting X X X Sml O White, blue, X Sand & clay, winter wet. Cuttings Med Cream, white, Laterite, gravel, grey, Sm-med Green, purple,aquatic XSml red, Oct Sand, lakes, swamps. Orange, yellow, Cuttings X Laterite, granite, clay. Seed X X X xylobium ough Sml O Blue, purple, Sand or gravel. Cuttings narrow- Med-tall O Red, yellow, X Sand, clay. sandy Seed X autumn scrub Sml Odaisyr daisybush Purple, blue,bristlyheaded Aug-Nov X violet, white, stink weed Sml Jan-Dec yellow, Jul-Nov Various, often wet. Cuttings Green, pink, Laterite, sand. grey leavedo Aug-Jan coastal Med-tall daisybush White, cream, , OAWb Jan-Jul/ yellow Sand, loam. Cuttings Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • ylobium othamnus othamnus emcia capitata yriophyllum percularia percularia percularia percularia percularia learia rudis learia learia learia axillaris lax elargonium aginata Ox N amosus * lineare paucidentata O O apiciflora echinocephala O v O O Oz P Oz cordatus r australe O elaeophila O benthamiana O SpeciesM Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals salsugineum *

APPENDIX 1 109 S H R U B S 110

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Pelargonium Sml O Pink, Various. Cutting, seed X littorale Aug-Jan Pentapeltis Sml White, Gravel. peltigera Dec-Apr Pentapeltis southern Sml White, pink, Gravel. silvatica pentapeltis Dec-Apr Pericalymma swamp Tall White, pink, X Sand, clay, gravel, Seed X ellipticum• teatree Oct-Jan swamps. Pericalymma Med White, pink, X Sand, peat, gravel, wet. Seed X spongiocaule Oct-Jan Persicaria Sml, occ. Feb-Jun/Nov-Dec X Sand, clay-sand, decipiens aquatic winter wet. Persicaria water Med White, green, X Wet soils. X X hydropiper pepper Apr/Dec Persicaria creeping Sml, Green, X Clay , sandy clay, sand, prostrate knotweed prostrate Feb-Jun/Oct-Nov winter wet. X X snotty Sml O Yellow, green, Sand, gravel, sandy clay. Suckers X X saccata gobble Jul-Jan Sml O Cream, yellow, Sand, sandy gravel. Seed X X X acicularis white, Sep-Nov Petrophile Tall,slender O Cream, white, Gravelly sandy, clay. Seed X X X diversifolia pink, Sep-Dec Petrophile pixie mops Sml O Pink, grey, Sand, often over laterite. Seed X X X linearis• white,Aug-Dec CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Petrophile Med O Yellow, cream, Sandy and/or gravelly Seed X X serruriae grey, pink, Jul-Dec soils, laterite, clay. Petrophile Med-tall O Yellow, cream, X Sand, clay, gravel, swamps, Seed X X X squamate ssp white, Jun-Dec winter wet. pluridisecta Petrophile Med O Yellow, cream, X Swamps, winter wet. Seed X X X squamata subsp white, Jul-Dec squamata Philotheca pepper and Sml O Pink, purple, blue, Various. Seed, cutting X spicata salt white, Jun-Nov S B U R H S ug-Dec clay. sandy ug-Dec with laterite. ug-Feb ug-Nov ug-Feb ellow,Aug-Dec ellow, Sep-May un-Oct ul-Dec or limestone coastal. an-Feb/May-Dec A y J J A A J A Oct-Dec y A ug-Mar pink gravel, granite. Med O White, pink, X Sand, loam, clay gravelly cutting X Med O green, Yellow, Sand, clay, sandy gravel. cutting X Sml O Pink, X sand, on granite clay sandy cutting X Sml O White, pink, red, X or sand, Clay often cutting X Med O White, cream, X Sand, clay. sandy cutting X Sml Yellow, X Clay, loam, sand. Sml OA Sml-tall O White, cream, White, pink, X X Sand, clay, sandy Sand, clay. sandy cutting cutting X X P3 sml O Pink, clay, Grey sand over loam. cutting X Sml-tall OMed OA White, cream, Pink, X Sand. Sand, coastal. cutting cutting X X alse Sml-Med OWhite, cream,alse Sml-Med Sand. cutting X bunjong Med O White, pink, Sand, clay, sandy gravel. cutting X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects f bristly pimelea Med O Pink, Sep-Dec X wet,sand. Winter cutting X boroniagranite. silvery white,leaved green,pimelea Sml-med O Cream, yellow, pink, Jun-Jan or X Jul-Nov laterite over Loam or clay cutting X • melea rosea melea clavata imelea imelea imelea imelea preissii imelea imelea hilydrella hilydrella hyllanthus imelea hispida imelea lanata imelea imelea ciliata imelea ygmaea ubsp longituba mbricata sylvestris subsp suaveolens P spectabilis suaveolens P P Pi subsp rosea longiflora P longiflora subsp longiflora P p P i SpeciesP Common NotesP Flowers Wetland/ SoilP Propg’nP Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals calycinus P argentea P s Pi ferruginea P

APPENDIX 1 111 S B U R H S avelly loam.avelly suckers X ed loam, clay. brown gr r ellow,pink, Sep-Ap ul-Nov an-Dec an-Aug/Nov-Dec Nov-Mar y Oct-Feb J Sep-DecOct-FebMar-May gravel. swamps, dams. Sep-Dec J J Sml O Pink, white, Sand. MedSmlSmlSml White,Sml White, cream, White, cream, X XSml Blue, violet, purple, clay. Sandy Sand. Gravel, sand, lime. Xaquatic Sand. Sand, gravel.Sml White, Green, White, Cutting cream, X X Sand, clay, sandy lateritic lakes, Freshwater rivers, Sand. X X X Sml White, cream, X Gravel. Sml White, yellow, X Sand, gravel,loam. wild plum Med-tall Aug-Apr X Sand, loam or sandy Cutting, X bracken Mednarrowleaf Sml Omulla pom poms Sml O White, cream, pink, stirling’s mulla Pink, Sep-Jan Mar-Dec Sml O Red, pink, white, X cream, Sand, Sep-Mar gravel. Laterite gravel, white sand, Suckers Sand, clay, loam, gravel. Sand, clay, sandy coastal. X X tapeworm Smltapeworm plant White, cream, Sep-Mar Coastal, sand. Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • anthera anthera ophila r aecoxanthus aecoxanthus r latysace latytheca latysace latysace latysace latysace latysace ithocarpa tilotus teridium tilotus tilotus tilotus manglesii odocarpus otamogeton drouynianus P esculentum drummondii P P sericostachyus stirlingii P P Po P Pr P P P haplosciadia P pendula tenuissima xe galioides huegelii drummondii aphyllus P P compressa P filiformis P SpeciesP Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals pulchella

112 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION S B U R H S ug-Dec ug-Dec eb-May/Oct-Dec ed, pink, purple, ul-Decun-Nov or granite. Oct-Nov r Sep-Oct F J J Sep-Jan A brown, Sep-Nov A brown,Aug-Dec P3 med-tall OA orange, Yellow, Sml O X Loam or clay. orange, Yellow, Seed Gravel. Seed X X Sml-tall O orange, Yellow, red, X Sand, winter wet. Seed X Sml-medSml-med O White,Sml O Blue, white, Blue, purple, Red sand, Sand, loam. clay loam, laterite CuttingSml-med O Cutting Sand, gravel. Blue, white, Cutting X Sand. X Cutting X X Sml OMed-tall orange, Yellow, White, Sand. X sand. Peaty Seed X an-flower Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects small- Sep-Mar leaved scaevola Sml O Blue, purple, X Sand, loam, clay. Cutting X berry Medsaltbush Cream, yellow, green, Sand, limestone, granite, coastal. thick- Jul-Feb leaved f Sml-med O Blue, white, Sand, coastal. Cutting X viscid Sml Oviscid Sml hand- Blue,flower purple, Gravel, granite. Aug-Jan Cutting X pea Jul-Sep skinner’s skinner’s Med O orange, Yellow, red, X Sand, clay, winter wet. Seed X ] • • phebalium ultenaea accata ultenaea ultenaea ultenaea ultenaea erruculosa P eticulata adiata Species* Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals P pinifolia r Scaevola Scaevola microphylla [was baccata subsp B P Rhagodia r crassifolia Ricinocarpos Scaevola glaucus anchusifolia calliptera Scaevola glandulifera Scaevola globulifera Scaevola Scaevola Scaevola Rhadinothamnus P v anceps skinneri P

APPENDIX 1 113 S H R U B S 114

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Scaevola nitida shining Sml O Blue, purple, Sand, clay, coastal. Cutting X fanflower Aug-Dec Solanum Med-tall Blue, purple, Sandy soils, coastal symonii Aug-Mar limestone. *Sphaerolobium Sml O Red, yellow, X Grey sand, sandy clay Seed X X drummondii orange, Jul-Nov or loam. Sphaerolobium Sml O Yellow, orange, X Sand, winter wet. Seed X X fornicatum red, Oct-Jan Sphaerolobium Med O Red, yellow, X Sand, seasonally wet. Seed X X grandiflorum orange, Sep-Nov Sphaerolobium Sml O Yellow, orange, Sand. Seed X X macranthum red, Sep-Oct Sphaerolobium Sml O Yellow, orange, Sand, clay, gravel. Seed X X medium red,Aug-Dec Sphaerolobium Sml O Yellow, orange, Sand, gravel. Seed X X nudiflorum Oct-Jan Sphaerolobium Sml O Red, orange, X Sandy soils, clay, Seed X X racemulosum Jul-Nov clayey loam. Sphaerolobium leafless Sml-med O Orange, yellow, X Peaty soils, sandy clay, clay. Seed X X vimineum globe pea red,Aug-Dec. Sphenotoma Sml-med White, Sandy, lateritic or granitic. capitatum Aug-Dec Sphenotoma swamp Sml White, X Swamps, winter wet. gracile paper-heath Aug-Feb CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Sphenotoma P3 sml White, X Sand, swampy. parviflorum Feb-Apr/Sep-Nov Spyridium basket Tall White, Sand. globulosum• bush Jun-Nov Stackhousia Sml White, cream, Sand, laterite, gravel, monogyna yellow, Jun-Dec clay, granite. latifolia• blueboy Sml-med Yellow, brown, Sand, sometimes with red,Aug-Oct lateritic gravel. S B U R H S g-Oct. ug-Oct ug-Dec ul-Nov Oct-Nov purple, May-Nov white, Oct-Dec Oct-Nov Oct A Oct-Jan A Au Mar-Jul J Sml O Yellow, X Gravel, sand winter wet. Med OA White, pink,Sml-med OA Pink, Gravel, purple, granite.P1 sml OA Pink, purple, X Cutting Sand, loam, clay. Gravel. Cutting X Cutting X X P1 small OSml O Yellow, Yellow, loam. Gravelly X Sandy, swampy. Sml OSml O Pink, purple, Pink, purple, X X damp. Sandy Sand, gravel. Cutting Cutting X X Sml-med Green, yellow, gravelly, clay. Sandy sandy Sml-medSml O White, cream, Yellow, Gravel. Gravel, sand. ered Jul-Nov ered amp Med White, X Clay, sand, loam (all), Seed, cutting X X X ow peppermintfineteatree cockies Sml-med Med-tall OAWb Red, most of year white, yellow, White, pink, most of year X Limestone or sand loam Seed winter wet. Clay, sand, loam (all), X Seed, cutting winter wet. X X X X X sw OAOA Sml sticky thomasia Pink, purple, Sml large Pink,fl purple,thomasia Gravel, granite. Sep-Dec Gravel. Cutting Cutting X X tongues Apr-Nov limestone, over coastal. Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • • angea empletonia r axandria axandria etratheca etratheca etratheca etratheca ynaphea ynaphea ynaphea ynaphea typhelia T etusa T parriceps * r T linearifolia Thomasia Thomasia whicherensis foliosa glutinosa Thomasia grandiflora Thomasia heterophylla laxiflora subsp triloba S Thomasia S T macrophylla petiolaris T filiformis setigera S SpeciesSt Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals stenocarpoides S S tenuiflora gracillima

APPENDIX 1 115 S H R U B S 116

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Thomasia Med OA Pink, blue, purple, Loam, granite. Cutting X macrocarpa white,Aug-Nov Thomasia Med-tall OA Pink, purple, X Alluvium, granitic or Cutting X paniculata Sep-Mar lateritic. Thomasia few Med OA Pink, purple, X Sand. Cutting X pauciflora flowered white, Jul-Jan thomasia Thomasia paper Sml OA Pink, blue, purple, Sandy. Cutting X petalocalyx flower Aug-Oct/Jan Thomasia Sml-med OA Pink, purple, X Sand over laterite, Cutting X rhynchocarpa Apr/Jul-Dec peaty sand. Thomasia sp Sml-med OA Pink, purple, X Peaty sand or sandy Cutting X Big Brook Oct-Nov gravelly. Thomasia P3 sml OA Pink, purple, Sandy gravel over laterite, Cutting X triloba Oct-Nov loamy soils, clay. Thomasia Sml-med OA Pink, purple, Calcareous sand. Cutting X triphylla white, Jul-Nov Threlkeldia coast Sml-prostrate Green, Sand, clay, coastal. diffusa bonefruit Oct-Nov Thryptomene rock Sml OA White, pink Sand, loam. Cutting X saxicola thryptomene Feb-Nov Tremandra Sml O White, Sep-Jan. Sand, loam, gravel. Cutting X diffusa Tremandra Sml-med OA Pink, purple, Sand, loam, various. Cutting X CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION stelligera blue, Jan-Dec Tribonanthes Sml White, X Sand, peat, sandy clay. X X australis Aug-Nov Trichocline P3 Med X Sand, sandy clay. X X sp Treeton Trichocline native Sml White, cream, X Gravel, sand, clay loam. X X spathulata gerbera Oct-Feb Triglochin Med,aquatic Green, yellow, X Sand, mud, rivers, creeks. X X huegelii Jun-Nov S B U R H S Cutting X Mar Jul- l-Dec ellow, green, ed, white, Jul-Feb winter wet. un-Nov un-Nov. granite, limestone. white,Aug-Jan brown,Aug-Jan Oct-Jan-Aug/Dec r granite. over Mar-Nov black, y Ju J Sml-med O Pink, purple, outcrops. Granite Cutting X Sml-med,aquatic, semi-aquatic OSh Sep-Jan White, cream, X peaty, Sandy waterways. Div. X X SmlSmlP4 sml O orange, Yellow, Sml-med Blue, purple, Pink, X Jan/Apr Damp areas. Pink, purple, blue, X X clay, Sandy winter wet. Sand,loam, gravel Sand, granite, clay, gravel, Seed Cutting Cutting X X X X Sml,aquatic Green,AShMed-tall White, cream, X Sand, winter wet. X Clay, or gravelly. clay sandy Cutting X X X Med-tall ASh White, cream,Med ASh White, cream, Sand, clay, loam, gravel, Cutting Clay, loam, sand. Cutting X X elleia large Oct-Jan -leaved v Sml-med Yellow, X Damp areas. Seed X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects wingedstackhousia Sml green, Yellow, white, brown, Sand, sometimes in loam or gravel. As above rJ r va va rifidum T ticordia ticordia ticordia ticordia ticordia onica distans ymalium ymalium ymalium ymalium r r r r elleia trinervis illarsia elleia ripterococcus ripterococcus riglochin osmarinifolium edifolium Ve plumosa plumosa V albiflora Ve Ve Ve macrophylla lehmannii plumosa r V V brunonis T SpeciesT striata Common Notes Flowersfloribundum Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Tr Tr floribundum subsp Tr ledifolium l Tr

APPENDIX 1 117 118 S H R U B S

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Villarsia Sml-med White, X Sandy clay, peaty sand, Div. X X lasiosperma aquatic, semi- Sep-Jan mud. aquatic OSh Villarsia Sml-med , Yellow, X Sandy & loamy, peat. Div. X X latifolia semi- Sep-Feb Moist places. aquatic OSh Villarsia Sml-med Yellow, X Shallow waters, damp soil. Div. X X parnassifolia aquatic, semi- Jul-Mar aquatic OSh Viminaria swishbush Med-tall OA Yellow, X Sand, clay. Seed X X X juncea• Oct-Jan Wahlenbergia Sml O Blue, X Sand, loam, clay. Seed X X multicaulis Sep-Feb Xanthorrhoea Med O White, cream, Sand, sandy clay, laterite. Seed X X X brunonis subsp Oct-Dec brunonis Xanthorrhoea Med O White, cream, Grey sand, laterite, Seed X X X brunonis subsp Oct-Dec sandy clay semibarbata Xanthorrhoea grass tree Med-Tall O White, cream, Sand, gravel. Seed X X X preissii• Jan-Nov Xanthosia Sml White, Gravel, sand. atkinsoniana Oct-Apr Xanthosia Sml White, green, cream, Various. candida yellow, Sep-May CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Xanthosia Sml Yellow, green, X Any, winter wet. huegelii white, cream, Mar-Jan S bark E Nectar Nectar hollows E R T eeds ngtails, insects to smother w Jan-Dec important for ri Oct-Dec flowers [Whicher] tough conds] and Hardy winter-spring adaptable. Good in clay ornamental Sep-Feb bark amp Med, will Yellow, X Sand. Seed X X X Nectar ate [sml in Tall Yellow, X Clay, loam. Seed, easy X X X X edgum ornamental Feb-April sheoakred, Sml-med. Useful Sml, rusty peppermint Sml-med. White, Sand, gravel. X Seed, easy Sand, gravel, loam. X Seed, easy X X Browse X candle Sml-Medbanksia Yellow, Nov-Jan Sand. Seed X X X X bull Sml-Medbanksia Yellow, Oct-Jan Sand, gravel. Seed X X X X holly Smlholly banksia Green-pink, anytime Sand. X X X mountain Sml-tallmarrihamelin Sml Oct-Mar Ironstone White, malleebay Endemicy Cream, April-June karri Sand, laterite. tall, Very Sand, limey. White, Seed, easy Seed, easy X Loam. X X X Xhollows X Seed, easy X X X X hollows sw banksia in lawn. grow Mar-May r native Sml native willowmarri, Yellow, Tall. Profuse, or pink, Cream X Sept-Jan Sand, loam. Sand, loam, gravel. Seed, Seed, easy easy X X X X X Nectar, bark, Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • • • • • • • • • allistachys gonis llocasurina anksia anksia grandis anksia ilicifolia anksia littoralis ucalyptus ucalyptus ucalyptus C fraseriana flexuosa SpeciesA Common NotesA FlowersB Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals B attenuata B B Corymbia haematoxylon E calcicola E E diversicolor cornuta * lanceolata Corymbia calophylla

APPENDIX 1 119 S bark E E R T seeding atercourses [north, seeding X X X w south, not central]. xc for clayxc for Nov-Feb e or clay. May-Aug likes moisture. saline sites Difficult to sustain Sep-Dec f Ornamental bark, nuts. istmas Sml, parasitic Orange, Sand. Seed, must X amp Sml-med white, cream, Xsoils,limestone. Seed, easy, Sand, clay r ackbutt Tall, majestic White, X Clay, loam. Seed, easy X Xhollows, X looded Tall White, X Clay, loam, sand. Seed, easy X X X ottnest Jan-Mar X sand. sw paperbarkch Jul-Jan Saltmarshes, swamps, suits direct treecape wattle Sml, shrubby White, Dec-Jan X Sand, loam. Seed host have X f gum, Jul-Sep blue gum willowhakea Sml, very White, ornamental,` Aug-Nov salt water Sml,paperbark very of tolerant Xmoonah, White, Oct-Dec r Clay, loam, sand. Sml-medteatree modongstout White, cream, Sml-Medpaperbark Seed, easy X yellow, cream, Sand, peat, clay, loam. Limestone, clay, loam, Seed, easy X white, Nov-Feb Seed, easy Sand, swamps, X Seed, ironstone. waterlogged easy, suits direct X X X X X frog or frog hakeaolive Sml White, Aug-Oct Sand/loam, clay. Seed, easy X Browse jarrah to start Tall,slow White,bullich Exc. Med-tall White,bl yarri Gravel, tree, loam, gravelly sand. Seed, easy X Clay, loam. X Seed, easy X hollows hollows Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • • • ar July-Sep • v • • • • • aserianthes r elaleuca elaleuca elaleuca elaleuca akea akea oleifolia uytsia ucalyptus rudis ucalyptus ucalyptus ucalyptus Pa aphiophylla M r N lophantha floribunda * lophantha H lasianthoides cuticularis lanceolata M preissiana E H M M SpeciesE Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals marginata E megacarpa E patens

120 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION S E E R T Suckers. Dec-Mar fruit. bushtucker Nov-Feb attie Med White, X sandy, loam. Wet Seed, easy X oody Sml ornamental Cream, whiteornamental Sml oody Sand, loam. Seed. X w pear foliage, fruit, flrs Dec-Feb snotty-gobble Smlw Yellow, Sand, loam, laterite. As above. X X X spreading Sml-medspreading snotty-gobble bushtucker Yellow, Oct-Jan Sand, loam, laterite. Seed/cuttings X X w. difficulty. X fruit Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • ylomelun ersoonia ersoonia elliptica axandria X occidentale juniperina longifolia P T SpeciesP Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

APPENDIX 1 121 T U F T I E S 122

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Acanthocarpus Sml White, Sand, limestone, dunes. Seed preissii April/May Agrostocrinum Sml OA Blue, Any. Pre-treated scabrum Sep-Dec seed Amperea simulans Sml Cream, brown, Sand, gravel. Seed,cutting Sep-Nov Amphipogon Sml Grey, cream, X Gravel, clay, sand, swamps. Seed,div X amphipogonoides purple, Sep-Apr Amphipogon Sml Purple,green, X Seed,div X debilis Nov-Dec Amphipogon Sml Purple, green, X Sand, loam, gravel, Seed,div X laguroides Sep-Apr swamps. Anarthria gracilis Sml O Brown,Aug-Nov X Sand, gravel, winter wet. Seed X Anarthria Sml O Brown,Aug-Nov X Peaty sand, loam, dunes, Seed X prolifera winter wet. Anarthria scabra Robust Med O Brown/yellow, X Peaty sand, winter wet, Seed X Aug-Dec dunes. Anigozanthus tall Adaptable &Red, X Sand, clay, gravel. Seed, division X X X X flavidus kangaroo hardy Med-tall local form is red paw OA Anigozanthus mangles State floral Green, red, Sand, sandy loam. Seed, division X X X manglesii• kangaroo emblem Sml O Aug-Nov paw Anigozanthus green Sml O Green, X Sand, loam, clay, Seed X X X X CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION viridis• kangaroo Aug-Oct winter wet. paw Anthotium P4 Sml Blue, violet, purple X Clay, sandy clay, Cutting X junciforme winter wet. Aotus carinata P4 Med O Orange, red, X Sand. Seed, pretreat, X yellow, Sep-Nov cutting Aotus cordifolia P3 MedO Yellow, X Peat, swamps. Seed, pretreat, X Aug-Jan cutting Aotus MedO Yellow, red, brown X Sand, swamps. Seed, pretreat, X intermedia cutting S E I T F U T winter wet swamps,winter wet lakes. and watercourses. ug-Octug-Mar swamps, often brackish. ug-Oct A A Sep-Dec Sep-Dec Sep-DecSep-Oct Sep-Nov winter wet. A ul-Dec X swamps, bordering lakes ,J ey all sedge Oall sedge Brown, X Streams, swamps. Seed,div. X X X T Med sedge OMed sedge Brown, X peaty sand, Black seasonal Seed,div. X X X Med sedge OMed sedge gr Purple, brown, Silty sand, water fresh X X X Sml O Green, X Seed X X X X Sml OA Purple, green,Sml OASml OA Green, Sand, loam.Sml OA Green, yellow, Purple, green, X SeedSml O Sand, clay, dunes, Sand, limestone, dunes. Seed, div. Sand, clay, dunes. X Green, Seed,div. X X Gravel, loam. sandy X Seed X X X X X X X X X ass allaby Oct-Jan ush O sedge robust Jan-Dec soils, waterlogged bare bare twigrush O Med sedge Brown, grey, X Oct-Mar. sand, grey Dark Seed,div. soils. waterlogged X X X pale twig-rush O dense sedge jointed Med-tall Sml, robust, Sep-Nov r Red, brown, Brown, Xsand, Wet, black X , winter wet swamps. Seed,div. Summer damp sand, Seed,div. X X X X X X common Sml OAcommon Sml w gr Purple, green, X Any, swamps.OA Sml fibrous beardgrass, Green, purple,spiked Seedbeardgrass X Sand, gravel. X Aug-Nov Seed, div. X X X X X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • laxa umea riparia ustrostipa ustrostipa ustrodanthonia ustrodanthonia ustrostipa ustrodanthonia ustrodanthonia ustrodanthonia ustrospita ustrodanthonia ustrostipa aumea aumea preissii aumea preissii aumea aumea acuta aumea juncea cerosa ubiginosa B r Ba B subsp A compressa B articulata B B caespitose A semibarbata A SpeciesA Common NotesA FlowersA Wetland/ SoilA A Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals a compressa flavescens occidentalis campylachne

APPENDIX 1 123 T U F T I E S 124

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Baumea sheath Med sedge O Brown, X Winter wet and along Seed, div. X X X vaginalis• twigrush Oct-Nov watercourses. Bolboschoenus marsh Med salinity Yellow, brown, X White/grey sand, mud, Seed, div. X X caldwellii club-rush Aug-Mar saline silt, sandy clay, swamps. Burchardia dwarf Sml OA Pink, white, X Sand, clay, swamps, Seed X X multiflora burchardia Jul-Oct streams. Burchardia milkmaids Sml OA White, Sand, laterite, granite, Seed X umbellata Aug-Oct sandy clay. Caesia micrantha pale Sml O White, blue, purple, X Sand, sandy loam, laterite, Seed X X X grass-lily Sep-Nov granite, winter wet. Caesia Sml O White, brown, X Grey/black sand, clay, loam, Seed X X X occidentalis Sep-Feb winter.wet. Carex appressa tall sedge Tall Brown, Sep-Oct X Sandy peaty loam, swamps. Seed X X Carex preissii Sml Fl. green, Grey/black sand, sandy Seed X Jul-Oct clay, dunes. Chaetanthus Sml sedge Red, brown, X Sand, winter wet. Seed,div. X X leptocarpoides Nov-Dec Chaetanthus Sml sedge Brown, red, X Sand, swamps, Seed,div. X X tenellus Sep-Nov winter wet. Chordifex P2 Sml Brown, X Sand, wet ironstone, Seed,div. X X isomorphus Mar-May swamps, winter wet. Chorizandra heron Sml sedge Purple, X Sand; sandy clay, Div. X X cymbaria bristle rush Oct-Dec peaty swamps. CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Chorizandra black Med sedge Purple, brown, X Grey clayey sand, gravel, Div. X X enodis bristlerush black, Jul-Nov red clay, swamps. Conostylis prickly Sml,AO[all] Yellow, X Sand, loam, clay, gravel, Seed,div. X aculeata conostylis Aug-Nov limestone, winter wet. Conostylis Sml Yellow, Sandy loam, yellow/ Seed,div. X X aculeata subsp Aug-Nov white/grey sand. aculeata Conostylis Sml [Yall] Yellow, Sand, gravelly loam. Seed,div. X X aculeata subsp Sep-Nov preissii S E I T F U T Seed, Div. X X Sand, loam, sandy limestone. creek edges. creek lateritic sand, dry heath. sand, limestone [creek margins, dry]. ug-Oct ul-Sep. Nov-Mar Oct-Dec Oct-Dec div. J Oct-NovA sand, swamps, creeks. P3 Tall Brown X Sand, sandy clay. Swamps, Div. X X Sml Yellow, Med Sedge Brown, X Sand, loam, peaty swamps. Div.Sml Blue, purple, X X Sand, clay. Seed, stored, X X X Med-tall sedge Brown,Med X Jan-Feb Sand, swamps, streams.Sml, sedge-like Aug-Dec Div.Sml-med Jul-Oct Sand. White, yellow, peaty or Div. White, or lateritic red X X X Sml green, Yellow, Sand. Seed, Div. X X SmlSml cream, Yellow, cream, Yellow, X clay, Sandy white/grey Seed, Div. Sand, gravel. Seed, Div. X X X X

ey lueberry Sml-med OAlueberry Sml-med Blue, purple, violet, Any. Seed, stored, X X X eed Sml-med Purple,sand,clay, wet. X Seed, stored Loam, peaty X X gr bristly Smlbristly cottonhead red, Yellow, Aug-Nov O Sand, loam,pineapple Med gravel.bush White, Seed, Div.r bentgrass Sep-Jan b lilylonghair Smlplumegrass Aug-Dec X X Green, Sep-Nov Seed Aug-Jan/Apr Sand, limestone. sowing before div. X cottonhead Jul-Nov Coastal dunes, sand dunes. Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • uxia asypogon esmocladus esmocladus yathochaeta yathochaeta yathochaeta yathochaeta SpeciesConostylis Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Conostylis setigera C avenacea bromeliifolius D quadriseta Dianella brevicaulis Dichelachne crinita C C teretifolia D D Deye Dianella revolute clandestina equitans C fasciculatus flexuosus Conostylis juncea candicans Conostylis laxiflora serrulata Conostylis

APPENDIX 1 125 T U F T I E S 126

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Dichopogon Sml Purple, pink, Grey sand over limestone, Seed X X capillipes Sep-Mar loam, clay, sandy clay, granite, laterite [yall]. Empodisma Med Brown, X Grey/black sand, peat, Seed X X gracillimum Jul-Feb winter wet. Evandra aristata Med-tall Brown, X Grey-black sand, X X Oct-Dec winter wet. Ficinia nodosa• [was Sml OA X Sand, peaty sand. Seed X X Isolepis] Gahnia aristata Med sedge HvO Brown, Gravelly sandy loam, Seed,div. X X X May laterite. Gahnia Med-tall sedge Brown, black, X Sand, wet black sandy Seed,div. X X X decomposita HvO Sep-Nov loam, swamps, streams, winter wet. Gahnia P3 med HvO X Loam, sandy soils, moist, Seed,div. X X X sclerioides shaded. Gymnoschoenus Med sedge Brown, X Grey/black sand, swamps, X X anceps Oct-Jan winter wet. Haemodorum Sml Brown, black, Sandy clay, grey, yellow Fresh seed X X X X discolor Sep-Nov sand, clay. [Yall]. Haemodorum Sml Black, brown, X Grey or yellow sand, clay, Fresh seed X X X laxum green, Oct-Nov gravel, laterite. Haemodorum mardja Sml Black, brown, X White, grey or yellow Fresh seed X X X spicatum yellow, Oct-Jan sand, laterite, sandy clay. CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Hemarthria matgrass Sml Green, X Sand, sand dunes, stream Seed,div. X X X X uncinata Dec-Apr banks. Hodgsoniola Sml Purple, blue, X Grey/black sand, swamps. Seed X X junciformis Sep-Dec Hypolaena Sml O X Grey sand, lateritic gravel, Div. X X caespitosa swampy. Hypolaena Sml O Brown, grey, X Grey or black sand, Div. X X exsulca Sep-Dec winter wet. Hypolaena Sml O Brown, X White or grey peaty sand, Div. X X fastigiata Sep-Nov swamps.[Yall]. S E I T F U T brackish estuaries,brackish saline. loam, winter wet. sites, creeks, stream. ug-Dec sand. an-Dec Oct-Nov winter wet. J A P3 Sml O Green, white, pink, X White, sand, or black grey Seed,div. X X Sml Green, brown, X Various. Seed,div. X X Sml O White, pink, green, White, or lateritic grey Seed,div. X Sml OSml O Jan-Mar/Jun X sand, White or grey/black Div. X Sand, clay, sandy swampy Div. X X X X er rush ord-sedgeord-sedge Apr-Jun/Sep-Nov Nov-May creeks, rivers. dunes, creeklines. assy Sml Oct-Dec X or saline sand. Peaty Seed X X lub-rush Aug-Mar swamps. ush ush broadleaf Smlbroadleaf r james’paperlily R smlOwBBrown, spreading Sep-Dec O Tall sw coast Med-Tall sw Red, white, Brown, dull grey, X May-Jul X X Clay, swamps. X Sand, limestone, loam, White sand, loam, brown Grey sand, winter wet. Div Seed,div. Seed Seed,div. X X X X X X X X X X loose Smlflow Sep-Oct X Clay, swamps. Seed X X pale rush Med-Tall Green, Oct-Dec X Clay, swamps. Seed X X sea rush Med Brown, red, X sand, White or grey clay, Seed X X gr r hooded lily Sml O Cream, white, X Sep-Dec peaty sand, Grey or black Seed,div. lateritic gravel. X X see Ficinia see Ficinia nodosa nodding Smlc Green, brown, X Various, inc. saline, Seed,div. X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • • • ypolaena ypolaena solepis solepis nodosa solepis cernua uncus uncus uncus pallidus uncus kraussii uncus ohnsonia ohnsonia ohnsonia planifolius jamesii Lepidosperma effusum Lepidosperma gladiatum Laxmannia pauciflorus J J J subspaustraliensis Oct-Jan alluvium, swamps, caespiticius J lupulina J J inconspicua J I cyperoides J acaulis I SpeciesH Common NotesH I Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals pubescens viridis

APPENDIX 1 127 T U F T I E S 128

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Lepidosperma Sml O Brown, Various. Div. X X X leptostachyum Apr-Jun Lepidosperma pithy Med O Brown, X Sand, clay, winter wet. Seed,div. X X X longitudinale sword-sedge May-Oct Lepidosperma Sml O Brown, Sand, sandy clay, loam. Div. X X X pubisquameum May Lepidosperma Sml O Brown, X Sand, sandy clay, gravel. Dunes, div. X X X squamatum Mar-Nov swamps Lepidosperma Sml O Brown, Sand, sandy clay, sandy Div. X X X tenue May-Oct loam, granite. Lepidosperma Tall O Brown, X Sand, gullies, swamps, Div. X X X tetraquetrum Nov-Mar streams. Leptocarpus Sml Red, X Sand, saline soils, clay, Div. X X X laxus Apr/Nov laterite, swamps, creeks. Leptocarpus slender Sml Brown, red, X Sand, clay. Div. X X X tenax twine rush Nov-Jan Lepyrodia Sml Sep-Nov X Sand & sandy peat. Seed X X drummondiana Lepyrodia glauca Med Sep-Dec X Sand or clay, wet. Seed X X Lepyrodia Sml Dec X Moist peaty sand. Seed X X heleocharoides Lepyrodia Sml Brown, X Clay ,ironstone, sand, peat, Seed X X porterae Dec-Jan swamps.

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Lomandra tufted Sml O Yellow, cream, Sand, gravel. Seed,div. X X caespitosa mat rush Jul-Oct Lomandra Sml O Green, yellow, Gravel. Seed,div. X X drummondii purple, May-Aug. Lomandra Sml O Purple, yellow, Sand, gravel. Seed,div. X X hermaphrodita Apr-Jun Lomandra integra Sml O White,Aug-Nov Sand, gravel, loam. Seed,div. X X Lomandra small-flower Sml O Green, purple, Sand, sandy clay, Seed,div. X X micrantha mat-rush brown,Apr-Jul sandy loam. S E I T F U T winter wet. ug-Jan ug-Nov ellow, Oct-Nov un-Oct rivers, lakes, swamps. Oct-Nov creeklines. A J brown,Apr-Jul May-Aug Nov-Febpurple,Apr-Jul. y clay, granite, often wet. Sep-Nov cream,Apr-JulA limestone, gravel. Med OMed O Brown, Red, brown X X Sand, clay. Swamps, Sand, clay, sandy Seed, Div. Seed, Div. X X X X Med OSml O Red, brown, X X Sand, winter wet, swamps. Seed, Div. Sand, winter wet, swamps. Seed, Div. X X X X Sml O Sep-NovSmlSml O X Brown,Aug-Apr Brown, red, Sand, loam, clay, ironstone. Div. X X Sand,winter wet. Sand, clay, clay, sandy Seed,Div. X X X X X X X Sml OSml O Green, purple,Sml O White,Sml O cream, Yellow, Sml O Sand, clay. sandy Green, yellow, X Purple, black, sand, Gravelly Seed, loam, div. sandy Sand, gravel. Seed, div. Sand, gravel. Sand, gravel. Seed, div. Seed, div. X X Seed,div. X X X X X X X X Sml O purple, Yellow, X Sand, gravel, wet. Seed,div. X X X Sml OSml O Purple, yellow, Brown, red, Sand, clay, sandy X Clay, lateritic loam, sand. Seed,div. Div. X X X X X oodrush Aug-Sep fieldw Sml O Brown, Sand, clay, sandy loam. Seed,div. X X silky Sml O Sml silky mat rush Purple, yellow,Seed,div. Sand, laterite, lateritic Aug-Oct gravel. X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects cei eeboldina eeboldina eeboldina eeboldina eeboldina uzula yginia barbata M roy scariosa M crebriculmis M denmarkica M meridionalis L magna L M coangustata Loxocarya Lomandra Lomandra Lomandra Lomandra Lomandra micrantha nigricans pauciflora preissii purpurea Species Lomandra Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Lomandra Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals sericea Lomandra sonderi Lomandra Loxocarya suaveolens cinerea

APPENDIX 1 129 T U F T I E S 130

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Meeboldina Sml O X Sand, sandy clay, swamps, Seed, div. X X tephrina winter- wet. Meeboldina P3 Sml O Brown, X Sand, swamps. Seed, div. X X thysanantha Dec Melanostachya Sml perennial Brown, X Sand, swamps, wet. Seed, div. X X ustulata Sep-Oct Mesomelaena Sml sedge O Brown, black, X Black sand, peaty sandy Seed,div. X X graciliceps Mar-Jun clay, gravel. Mesomelaena semaphore Sml O Brown, black, Sand, loam, sandy Seed,div. X X tetragona sedge Jan-Nov clay, gravel Microlaena weeping Sml OA X Sand,clay. Seed,div. X X X stipoides grass Neurachne foxtail Sml Green, grey, with Lateritic sand,clay, loam. granite X alopecuroidea mulga grass white hairs, Jul-Nov Orthrosanthus morning Sml OA Blue, Laterite, sandy loam, sand. Seed,div. X X laxus iris Aug-Nov gravel Orthrosanthus many Sml OA Blue, Clayey loam, laterite, sand. Seed,div. X X polystachyus spike Sep-Nov orthro- santhus Patersonia Sml O Blue, violet, Sand, laterite, gravel. Seed,div. X X babianoides Sep-Nov Patersonia purple Sml OA Blue, violet, purple, X Sand, lateritic gravel, Seed,div. X X X occidentalis flag Apr/Sep-Jan granite, sandy clay

CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Winter wet. Patersonia yellow Sml O Blue, violet, X Sand, sand or clay loam, Seed,div. X X X umbrosa varflags Aug-Nov winter wet. umbrosa Patersonia yellow Sml O Yellow, X Gravel, grey sand, sandy Seed,div. X X X umbrosa varflags Aug-Dec clay, winter wet. xanthina Phlebocarya Sml White, X Sand. winter wet. X X ciliata Sep-Nov S E I XX T F U T pr-Jun ug-Nov ellow, Oct-Dec ul-Nov Sep-Nov Oct-Dec/Apr. J A A Oct-Nov Oct-Nov y Oct-Dec. Sml X Sml-sedge Brown, black, X sand, Black clay. sandy Sml sedge Brown,Sml X Sand. X X X sand or clay. Black X X X X Sml sedge Brown, X Sand. X X Sml sedge Brown, black, X Sand, winter wet. X X Sml sedge Brown, black, X Loam, sand, clay. X X SmlSml Green, purple, Green, purple, Sand, granite. Sand, loam, granite. Seed Seed X X X X X X Sml White, cream, blue, Sand, gravel. ered Jan/Apr-Jul ered ow lub-rush Oct-Feb ellow Sml sedge Brown, X Sand, clay, sandy loam, X X large large Sml-med sedge Brown, Xpurple clay. Sand,sandy tassels Sml O Purple, Aug-Nov Sand, loam. X X X X fl bog-rush y bog-rush May/Aug-Nov laterite. knottedpoa Smlcoastal poa Sml Green, purple, Green, yellow,lake Sep-Nov.c Sml-med sedge sand, Black loam, red clay, Brown, Seed limestone, granite. X X Silt and sand. Seed X X X X X X X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects • poiformis dus a hlebocarya oa serpentum poradanthus poradanthus poradanthus poradanthus grandiflorus laxiflora S Schoenus Schoenus Sowerbaea rivularis S efoliatus sublaxus strictus Schoenus Schoenus subflavus Schoenus sublateralis curvifolius Schoenus Schoenus bifidus Poa P porphyroclados Schoenoplectus drummondiana Po vali Poa filifolia SpeciesP Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals

THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CAPE TO CAPE SUBREGIONAPPENDIX 1 131 T U F T I E S 132

Species Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects

Sporobolus Sml Green, purple, X Sand, clay, peat, saline. X X virginicus Jan-Dec Stenotalis Sml-sedge Brown, X Sand, peat, ironstone. X X ramosissima Feb-Apr/Jul-Oct Stypandra blind grass Sml O Blue, white, Laterite, granite, clay, Seed X X glauca Aug-Nov limestone. Taraxis grossa Med X Sand, peat,clay. Div. X X Tetraria capillaris hair sedge Sml sedge Brown, X Sand, lateritic loam, mud, Jan-Dec sandy clay. X X Tetraria Sml sedge Brown, black, X Sand, loam, granite, gravel. X X octandra May-Nov Tetrarrhena forrest Sml Green, X Brown sand,laterite, X X X laevis ricegrass Sep-Nov sandy loam. Thysanotus Sml O Purple, Sand. Seed X arenarius May/Oct-Dec Thysanotus branching Sml-med O Purple, Sand, granite, laterite, Seed X X dichotomus fringe lily Sep-Jan gravel. Thysanotus P4 sml O Purple, Sand, sandy gravel. Seed X X glaucus Oct-Mar Thysanotus many- Sml OA Purple, Sand, laterite, granite. Seed X X multiflorus flowered Aug-Jan fringe lily Thysanotus Sml O Purple, Sand, clay, sandy clay. Seed X X patersonii Jul-Nov CAPE TOLANDCARE COMPANION Thysanotus Sml O Purple, X Sand. Seed X X X pauciflorus Sep/Dec-Jan Thysanotus Sml O Purple, X Peaty sand, lateritic loam, Seed X X X pseudojunceus Nov-Jan granite. Thysanotus Sml O Purple, X Lateritic sand, clay, granite. Seed X X X sparteus Oct-Feb Thysanotus Sml O Purple, X Most. Seed X X X tenellus Sep-Nov S X X E I T F U T ul-Sep loam. clayey Sep-Feb Sep-Feb Sep-NovSep-Dec Dec-Jan clay, laterite. Oct-Dec/Apr J Sml sedgeP4 med Brown, Sand. X Sand, clay, peat. Div. X X Sml OSml O Purple,Sml Red, brown, Purple,Sml sedge X X Brown, Sand, peat. sand, Peaty gravel, sandy Seed Sand, gravel. SeedSml-med OSml O Oct-Dec. Yellow, Sml-med O XSml O X Oct-Mar Yellow, Oct-Nov Yellow, X Coastal swamps. X X Yellow, Swamps. X Swamps. X White sand. X X X X X X X X X Sml O White, pink, X Limestone, sand, Seed X X aceful ass tree Med O White, cream, Oct-Jan. Lateritic loam, gravel, sand. Seed X X X gr gr early nancyearly Sml O White, pink, Jul-Sep Seed X Name Riparian Seed Nectar Insects mbea dioica mbea r emulina yris gracillima yris inaequalis yris lacera yris lanata ricostularia yrbastes ricostularia neesii T neesii T glaucescens Wu Xanthorrhoea gracilis X Thysanotus Tr T thyrsoideus triandrus cracens X X X SpeciesThysanotus Common Notes Flowers Wetland/ Soil Propg’n Birds Birds Birds Frogs Mammals Wur monantha

APPENDIX 1 133 134 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION 135 WOODY WEEDS AND COMMON Lachenalia is a genus of about 55 species native to GARDEN WEEDS southern Africa. At least four are established around settlements and in urban bushland. All flower in Over sixty percent of the plants we now look on winter and early spring. L. aloides (soldiers) is the as weeds were introduced as ornamental garden most widely planted species and is occasionally plants. These are an increasing problem in our found established throughout the southwest. Its region and across Australia. Amongst the most flowers are usually tricoloured (orange, green, and prominent are many still unfortunately freely purple-brown) though other colour forms exist. available from nurseries and garden centres. L. bulbifera is quite robust and has red flowers. It These plants are not only pests of our bush and produces many small bulbils, even from leaf public spaces, but frequently garden and farm cuttings. L. mutabilis has flowers that are pale blue on pests as well. The species can be viewed on the opening, becoming crimson-brown with age Western Weed Website L. reflexa has yellow flowers that are upturned, rather http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_w than drooping, on a short stem close to the ground. eeds.htm#contents. This species is established in tuart and banksia woodlands and heath in the Perth area and is DP = Declared Plant PP = Pest Plant potentially a serious bushland weed.

Asphodelus fistulosus (onion weed) is a short-lived Babiana stricta (baboon flower) is the most common perennial that produces a clump of hollow, of the three species of spring-flowering South cylindrical leaves up to 40cm long. These look like African babianas recorded as garden escapees in onion leaves but they do not smell 'oniony.' The Western Australia, although intermediates commonly flowers, white with a brownish central stripe, are occur. (There are over 60 species in South Africa.) It carried on a branched stalk to 60cm high and are is an abundant weed of the Perth Hills and clay- produced in winter and spring. Found from based woodlands and wetlands on the Swan Coastal Exmouth to Eucla, it is a widespread and invasive Plain from Gingin southwards, and it is also weed of calcareous soils, particularly abundant spreading rapidly from other centres such as along along road and rail verges, where it is invading the Avon Valley and at Albany. It forms dense disturbed bushland. Native to southern Europe and clumps of flowering stems 15-40cm in height, each India. bearing up to about 10 flowers. The flowers are all shades from white, through lilac and pinkish-purple Trachyandra divaricata (strapweed, dune onion weed) is similar to onion weed, but has flat leaves and to deep violet, often with red or white in the throat. widely branched flowering stalk. It flowers in spring Chasmanthe floribunda (African cornflag) Similar in and the white petals often have a pair of yellow appearance to watsonias, the cornflag grows to 1.5m spots near their base. Again, no smell of onions. It with spikes of orange flowers. The seeds are bright is widespread through the lower southwest from orange and succulent. A garden escapee, it occurs Jurien Bay to Albany, especially in interdunal beach in urban bushland along road verges, preferring heathland and roadsides on calcareous sandy soils. shaded spots. Native to South Africa. Native to South Africa Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia) is found along Baeometra uniflora grows from a corm, producing a road verges and on wasteland in the wetter single, slender stem up to 50cm tall but usually southwest, spreading slowly by runners and corms. much shorter. There are several linear leaves and a It is a sterile hybrid of (French) garden origin, a terminal spike bearing bronzy-yellow flowers about cross between two South African species, now 2cm long. Known from Bullsbrook to Donnybrook, grown extensively around the world as an but probably more widespread as it is an ornamental. Flowers in summer. inconspicuous plant, resembling a Cape Tulip when not in flower, and easily overlooked because its Freesia hybrid (freesia) Freesia alba x F. leichtlinii. A flowers open only on clear, cloudless days. popular garden flower with an attractive scent has Flowering in spring. Native to South Africa become a serious weed of urban bushland, coastal

136 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION heath, woodland and granite rocks from Gingin to are in spikes, sometimes several to a stem, and are Israelite Bay. The flower stems have a characteristic usually pink or mauve. They are produced in late right-angled bend just below the lowest flower. It spring to early summer. It has spread from old flowers in spring and is a hybrid of two South settlements into bushland and marri woodland in a African species. few locations from Perth to Albany.

Gladiolus has over 200 species in Africa and the There are about 90 species of Romulea all from Mediterranean and eight species, all originally southern Africa and arising from corms. Four have introduced as garden plants, have been recorded as been recorded in Western Australia. Their leaves are naturalised in Western Australia. They all die back mostly cylindrical. each summer to an underground corm. The three R. rosea (Guildford grass, onion grass) is by far the most common are G.angustus, G. caryophyllaceus and G. most common. The flowers, with petals up to 1.8cm undulatus. in length, open first at ground level. As they mature, G. angustus (long-tubed painted lady) is found on the flower stem elongates and bends over, road verges, wasteland and in bushland along the eventually pushing the seed back under the Swan River estuary and as far south as Albany. It surrounding vegetation. It is a common lawn and flowers in late spring on stems up to 60cm tall. The pasture weed and is also ubiquitous in most flower tubes are 3-5cm long. woodlands, granite rocks, limestone heath and clay wetlands throughout the southwest of the state. G. undulatus (wavy gladiolus) is increasing very There are two varieties, the more common is var. rapidly on road verges, creek banks, wetlands and australis, with pale pink flowers, while var. communis estuarine sites in the wetter southwest from Perth to has slightly larger magenta flowers. Albany, invading bushland adjacent to these disturbed sites. It may be up to 80cm in height and R. flava has yellow flowers with petals up to 1.5cm flowers in early summer. All the other species flower long and is found in banksia, jarrah, wandoo and in spring. tuart woodlands and sedgelands, from Perth to Albany. G. cardinalis is a spectacular, scarlet-flowered species found near Busselton. Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) PP is a very large tussocky perennial with leaves up to 1m long, G. carneus is a slender species with cream, pink or crowded at the base of the plant. The leaf-margins apricot flowers, found on roadsides and around old are sharp and can inflict cuts if incautiously handled. settlements between Busselton and Albany. The inflorescence is a large, silvery (sometimes G. communis has purple flowers with a white mark tinged pink or purple) plume-like panicle to 3m tall, near the throat and is found on roadsides and produced in late winter. A garden escapee, it is around old settlements between Busselton and established in sunny, swampy sites from Perth to Augusta. It comes from the Mediterranean, unlike all Albany. Potentially a serious weed of wetlands, and the other species, that are from South Africa. its wind-blown seeds are capable of long-distance dispersal. Native to South America. Ixia maculata (yellow ixia) is a spindly plant to 50cm that bears compact spikes of yellow flowers with a Vinca major (blue periwinkle) is a low-growing dark brown centre, produced in spring. It is found perennial with arched or prostrate stems that bear around old settlements and road verges, and is dark green or variegated leaves in opposite pairs spreading into adjacent woodlands from Perth to and solitary, large blue or purple flowers 3-5cm in Albany. diameter, in winter and spring. Stems take root where in contact with the ground. It has escaped I. polystachya (variable ixia) can be distinguished from from gardens into shady sites, including creeklines the previous species as it flowers later and has and disturbed woodlands, from Perth to Albany. smaller flowers and a different growth form - it has Native to the Mediterranean region. spindly stems up to a metre in height. The flowers

APPENDIX 2 137 Gomphocarpus fruticosus (swan plant, narrow-leaf pantropical species and occur as garden escapees cotton bush) DP is an escaped garden shrub, to 2m, on wasteland from Geraldton to Albany, flowering that has spread into disturbed, moist sites on the in spring and summer. They are common along and Darling Range from Perth to rivers and creeks in the Perth area, where they Busselton. Capable of forming dense thickets, with smother fringing trees and shrubs. white to cream flowers and inflated seed pods. Chamaecytisus palmensis (was Cytisus proliferus) (tree South African native. lucerne, tagasaste) PP is an upright bushy shrub or Arctotis stoechadifolia (arctotis) is often planted in small tree to 4m, with drooping, softly-hairy gardens or as a coastal sand stabilising plant. It is a branches and leaves with three leaflets. The scented, prostrate perennial, rooting at the nodes, with grey, creamy-white flowers are produced in winter and divided leaves and heads up to 10cm across. The ray early spring. Native to the Canary Islands, it is florets are usually white but can be cream, pink or extensively planted as a fodder shrub or for land bronze and are produced from late spring to early rehabilitation. Tagasaste regenerates prolifically from summer. A native of South Africa, it is spreading seed and occurs from Badgingarra to Esperance, from plantings and dumped garden rubbish along roadsides or in adjacent bushland. On lateritic between Jurien Bay and Busselton. soils in higher rainfall areas it is a serious invader of disturbed bushland. Chrysanthemoides monilifera (boneseed, bitou bush) DP is an erect shrub to 3m with dull green elliptic leaves Dipogon lignosus (dolichos pea) is a rampant, twining and showy flower heads with yellow ray florets. perennial, spreading by seed and rhizomes, with Planted in gardens, it is an aggressive coloniser, bright green trefoil leaves with ovate leaflets. especially of sand dune areas. Although subject to Flowers produced in sprays from the leaf axils eradication efforts, it has been found occasionally during spring. near Geraldton, Wyalkatchem, Narrogin, Perth and Genista (broom) is a genus of shrubs from Europe Busselton. Native to South Africa and the Mediterranean, brought to Australia as Myosotis sylvatica (forget-me-not) is a well-known ornamentals. G. canariensis (canary broom) is an garden annual grown for its attractive pale blue upright shrub with bright green trefoil leaves and flowers produced in spring. It has escaped slightly drooping branches. Bright yellow flowers cultivation and is now a serious weed of creeklines are produced in spring. Becoming quite common in the Porongorup National Park. Many other along roadsides in Margaret River town and on species from this family have been planted in wasteland in the wetter south-west from Perth to gardens and some have escaped onto roadsides and Albany. into disturbed land in parts of the southwest. Lathyrus is a genus mostly of climbing herbs, often Lonicera are attractive, sweet-smelling climbers, that with winged stems. The leaves have two leaflets and may persist at the site of old settlements, or the the leaf axis is prolonged into tendrils, which are fleshy berries may be transported by birds into used for climbing. The flowers grow from the leaf disturbed creeklines in the wetter southwest. Many axils, usually in racemes. different cultivars are planted. L. latifolius (was L. sylvestris) is a rampant perennial Ipomoea cairica (mile-a-minute) is a glabrous climber with winged stems and showy, purple, pink perennial vine with tuberous roots. The young stems or white sweet-pea like flowers (2cm in size). Found are red and the leaves ovate in outline but with five on roadsides and in woodlands in the wetter south- to seven finger-like lobes. Flowers are mauve-pink west from Dwellingup to Pemberton. Native to and funnel-shaped. Europe.

I. indica (blue morning glory, dunny creeper) is Podalyria sericea is an upright, silvery-grey shrub to similar to the above, but is a softly hairy vine with 1.5m with shining silvery-hairy, elliptic leaves. tri-lobed leaves and bright blue flowers. Both are Sweetly-scented mauve flowers are followed by

138 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION inflated pods. A garden escapee on wasteland and Lagunaria patersoniana subsp patersoniana (Norfolk road verges from Perth to Manjimup and Margaret Island hibiscus) is a tree up to 15m. Its leaves are River. Native to South Africa. entire, up to 10cm long and have white undersides when young. The petals are 2-4cm long and pale The genus Pelargonium includes all garden pink or mauve. It flowers in summer and autumn. 'geraniums' and several garden varieties persist This species is native to Norfolk Island and Lord around old settlements. Howe Island. It has escaped from gardens and is P. alchemilloides is a garden escapee found in now found on the Swan River estuary and near peppermint woodland near Hamelin Bay. It is a Augusta. prostrate rhizomatous perennial to 5-6m, with soft, Acacia baileyana (Cootamundra wattle) is a large hairy leaves and erect heads of white flowers. Native bushy shrub or small tree to 10m with smooth grey to South Africa. bark and delicate-looking, silvery or blue-grey P. capitatum (rose pelargonium) is a straggling bipinnate leaves to 5cm long. The showy, golden- shrubby perennial, softly hairy, with compact heads yellow, globular flower heads are produced in long of pink flowers. It is a common weed of beach sprays from the leaf axils in winter. A garden dunes, banksia and tuart woodlands from Cervantes escapee found in jarrah forest and roadsides in the to Esperance. Native to South Africa. Perth area. Native to New South Wales.

Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot's feather, Brazilian A. dealbata (silver wattle) is a spreading shrub or tree water milfoil) DP is a vigorous aquatic weed with to 10m, it has grey bark, corrugated when old, and stems up to 2m long, densely covered with leaves of angular, powdery-white branchlets. The young two kinds in whorls of four to six. The submerged growth is usually silvery white. The silvery-hairy leaves are up to 4cm long, highly dissected and bipinnate leaves are about 10cm long. The feather-like, with thin segments up to 7cm long. The numerous globular flower heads, produced in leaves on the aerial portion are smaller (to 3.5cm early spring, are in showy terminal and axillary long) with short segments up to 0.5cm long. Minute sprays, and are sweetly scented. Distinguished from solitary flowers are borne in the leaf bases from A. baileyana principally by the larger and differently- spring to autumn. All Australian populations are shaped leaves. It regenerates freely after fires and female. Native to South America, reproducing then often forms thickets. Suckers freely if roots are vegetatively in Australia. Can be found in freshwater damaged. A garden escapee, it is found sporadically creeks and drains from Perth to Albany. Sixteen throughout the jarrah forest, in karri forest at the native species of Myriophyllum are found in Western Porongorups and along roadsides between Perth Australia - consult specialist references for exact and Albany. Native to New South Wales, Tasmania identification. and Victoria.

Lavandula stoechas (topped lavender, Spanish A.decurrens (early black wattle) is a small tree to 10m, lavender) is an easily-recognised, grey, many- with dark grey bark and branchlets that have wing- stemmed shrub up to 60cm tall, with crowded, like ridges giving an angular appearance. The bright linear, paired leaves that are strongly aromatic when green bipinnate leaves are up to 15cm long. Showy, crushed. The dense flower head, produced in winter bright yellow globular flower heads are produced in and spring, is borne on a stalk from the shoot tip terminal sprays during winter. A garden escapee and is topped by a tuft of large sterile, purple . found on roadsides, creeklines and wasteland A garden escapee, native to the Mediterranean between Perth and Albany. Native to New South region, and found on roadsides, wasteland, creeks Wales and drainage lines between Perth and Manjimup. A. elata (mountain cedar wattle) is a tall spreading Less common are L. angustifolia (English lavender) tree to 10m, with grey to blackish bark. The large and L. dentata (French lavender), both recorded in (up to 25 cm) bipinnate leaves are a dark glossy Perth as garden escapees. green and look very much like fern leaves. The globular cream flower heads are produced in spring

APPENDIX 2 139 in racemes borne in the leaf axils. A garden escapee, A. podalyriifolia (Queensland silver wattle) is an open it is spreading along creeklines from old plantings in shrub or small tree to 5m, bark smooth and grey, the Darling Range. Native to New South Wales. young twigs white. The phyllodes are broadly ovate to 6cm long, and silvery white. The showy, deep A.floribunda (catkin wattle, white sallow wattle) is a golden, globular flower heads are produced in dense, spreading shrub or small tree to 8 m. The terminal sprays in winter. A garden escapee found phyllodes are narrow-linear, up to 19 cm long, with on roadsides and spreading into bushland in the all veins indistinct. The flowers are cream or pale Perth area and around settlements. Native to yellow, in long, loose, cylindrical spikes in the leaf Queensland and New South Wales. axils, produced in spring. It is spreading from plantings at Dryandra and Araluen. Native to A. pycnantha (golden wattle), Australia's 'floral Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. emblem' is an upright, loosely-branched tree to 8m. The phyllodes are broad-lanceolate to 15cm and A. iteaphylla (Flinders Range wattle). It is a dense often curved into a sickle shape. Golden-yellow large shrub to 4 m. The phyllodes are grey-green, to globular flower heads are produced in sprays from 14cm long, narrow-linear with one prominent vein the leaf axils in early spring. When growing wild it and usually a slightly curved tip. The flower-heads is sometimes confused with A. saligna, a Western are globular, lemon-yellow, in small sprays from the Australian native. Because of its promotional image, leaf axils. A garden escapee, it is spreading from packets of seed are often handed out free by plantings in the Perth area. Native to South Australia. national bodies to encourage 'tree-planting'. This is A.longifolia (Sydney golden wattle) is a dense bushy a problem as in Western Australia it is an abundant shrub or small tree to 10m with dark grey bark. The and increasing weed of roadsides and woodland cylindrical yellow flower spikes grow singly or in throughout the western wheatbelt and the Darling pairs from the phyllode axils. Two distinct forms Range from Perth to Albany. Native to New South have been introduced. Subspecies longifolia has Wales, Victoria and South Australia. During bright green, linear phyllodes that can reach 20cm revegetation works, many Western Australian wattles long and 1.5cm wide and are mostly thin and may be planted outside their natural local range. In pliable. The pods are mostly straight. Subspecies some instances they may establish and thus become sophorae has thicker, shorter, broader and more naturalised at that site. rounded and sometimes fleshy phyllodes (to 12cm Wattles that have been observed to do this include: long and 3cm wide) and pods that are mostly coiled A. blakelyi (Blakely's wattle), A.lasiocalyx (caterpillar or contorted. A garden escapee, this species grows wattle), A. microbotrya (manna wattle) and A. saligna on roadsides, creeklines, swamps and bushland (golden wreath wattle). All have tough and long- from Perth to Manypeaks. Native to eastern Australia lived seeds and, after a disturbance such as roadside A. melanoxylon (blackwood) is a large tree to 30m grading or fire, they will naturalise away from the with hard, dark grey bark, furrowed longitudinally. planting site. The source of the seed used for such The phyllodes are dark green, with three to five rehabilitation work is seldom local (in fact much of main veins and a prominent net-like reticulation in the seed of A. saligna used in Western Australia is between. Short sprays of globular cream flower imported from India or even South Africa, where the heads grow in the leaf axils in spring. This species species has become a major noxious weed) spreads by root-suckers as well as seed - the bright Leptospermum laevigatum (Victorian tea-tree) was red seed arils are attractive to birds. It can regenerate introduced as a garden plant and is now a major after disturbance to form dense thickets. A garden bushland weed. It is a large shrub or small tree to escapee found from Perth to Albany and 5m, with white flowers and small, opposite, oblong- Dunsborough. It is a potentially serious weed of lanceolate leaves. It is spreading rapidly along road swamps from Augusta to Albany. Native to eastern verges between Jurien Bay and Albany and invading Australia coastal heath and woodlands on sandy and lateritic soils.

140 CAPE TO CAPE LANDCARE COMPANION Nymphaea. odorata (waterlily) has sweet-smelling C. glaucophyllus forms a many-stemmed shrub to 3m, white flowers floating on the water and circular leaf the stems often arching. It produces sprays of white blades. A garden escapee, found around Perth, flowers in early summer followed by red berries. Albany, Margaret River and Busselton. Native to The rounded leaves are up to 8cm long. A garden North America. escapee, it occurs on road verges from Busselton to Albany. Eschscholzia californica (Californian poppy)is a smooth, erect, greyish annual with finely-divided leaves. It C. pannosus is a very similar plant best distinguished flowers in spring and the showy yellow or orange by its much smaller leaves that seldom exceed 3cm flowers have four stigmas. The fruit is a narrow, in length. It is common in the Darling Range near cylindrical capsule. Garden escape on wasteland Perth and spreading along roadsides between Perth between Perth and Augusta. Native to America. and Albany

Pittosporum undulatum (sweet pittosporum) is a small Populus alba (white poplar)is a stout deciduous tree to bushy tree with lanceolate leaves that are dark green 20m. Leaves palmate, dark green above, downy above and paler below, with wavy margins. The white below; together with the downy buds and creamy-white, bell-shaped flowers grow in terminal shoots, this gives the plant an overall greyish clusters. The fruiting capsules are orange, with appearance. The flowers are produced in catkins brown seeds. Escaping from gardens onto verges, during autumn. Planted as an ornamental, it suckers granite rocks and forest in higher rainfall areas. freely and can form dense stands. Occurs in Native to south-eastern Australia. disturbed wetlands between Perth and Albany. Native to Europe. Polygala (milkweed, butterfly bush) are shrubs with pea-shaped flowers, but the lowest petal has a Populus nigra var.italica (lombardy poplar)has an forward-pointing, brush-like crest. They are often upright, columnar shape which makes it an planted as ornamentals. The two species below are unmistakable tree. The triangular leaves have serrate native to South Africa are established in Western edges and, in cold districts, turn yellow before Australia and can be distinguished by the shape of falling in winter. The flowers are produced in their leaves. catkins during autumn. Planted as an ornamental, it suckers freely and will quickly block drains or septic P. myrtifolia (myrtle-leafed milkweed) is a bushy systems. shrub to 2m with oval leaves. It is an old cultivar with pale purple flowers, green outside, the Salix babylonica (weeping willow)is a deciduous tree currently cultivated form has bright magenta flowers with a stout trunk and slender, weeping branches, and has not yet been recorded as naturalised. A always growing near fresh water. The narrow garden escapee, it can be found in disturbed areas lanceolate leaves are bright yellow-green. The from Perth to Albany. It is a serious bushland weed flowers are produced in catkins in early winter. in Victoria and South Australia. Often planted, spreading vegetatively from broken branches. A serious creekline weed in eastern P. virgata is an upright, more open shrub to 2m, with Australia. linear leaves. It is spring flowering, with the bright purple flowers produced in a terminal spike. A Candida (angel's trumpet) PP is a large, rather brittle garden escape on wasteland between Perth and shrub with huge (20cm) hanging white flowers, very Albany. Both are native to South Africa. sweetly-scented at night. It comes from Mexico and is not naturalised, but has been declared a Pest Plant Cotoneaster are evergreen shrubs or small trees from so that eradication from gardens can be enforced. the temperate Northern Hemisphere with simple un- The plant is very toxic, and cases of poisoning have toothed leaves. The flowers grow in clusters on occurred where leaves or flowers have short lateral shoots, followed by berries. They are contaminated drinking water. planted for the ornamental quality of both the flowers and the fruits and the seed is spread by birds.

APPENDIX 2 141 Tamarix aphylla (Athel pine, tamarisk)is a dense, serrate leaves are rough to the touch. The flowers spreading evergreen tree to 10m, often creating are arranged in flat heads, pale cream, aging to dense thickets by suckering. It has a stout trunk, cerise, and produced in spring and summer. The fine, greyish-green linear leaves and spikes of tiny black berries are edible and are spread by birds. pink flowers in summer. Much planted as a shade Established in wetter wasteland areas around Perth. tree in arid areas, it requires a good supply of water. It was eradicated from bushland near Kununurra in It can spread from the plantings when broken 1995. Native of South America. Several other branches take root and if the trees are fertile, masses lantanas are planted in gardens, and may have the of seedlings are also produced. potential to become naturalised. L. camara is a serious bushland weed in eastern Australia. Centranthus macrosiphon (pretty betsy) is a smooth, greyish annual up to 40cm high. It has opposite, Phyla nodiflora (lippia, fogfruit, carpet weed) is a elliptic, greenish-grey leaves, some of which may spreading perennial, rooting at the nodes, flowering have toothed margins. The small cerise flowers are stems ascending to 20cm high. The toothed, spoon- displayed during spring in a rounded head above shaped leaves are covered with hairs, making them the leaves. A garden escapee, it prefers calcareous appear grey-green. Pink or white flowers in rounded soils and has established on roadsides and in tuart spikes are produced in early summer. Often planted woodlands from Perth to Busselton. Native to Spain. as a lawn, and has been recorded as naturalised in Superficially similar, C. ruber (red valerian)is wetlands throughout Western Australia, however it perennial and forms a dome-shaped plant to 30cm may be native in the Kimberley. Native to tropical in height. The grey-green leaves are opposite and America somewhat fleshy and smooth. The flowers are Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Cousens, R.D., Dodd, produced during spring on stiffly upright stems. J. and Lloyd, S.G. (1997) Western Weeds: A Guide to the They are tubular with pinkish red, spreading petals. Weeds of Western Australia. The Plant Protection Naturalising along firebreaks and on granite rocks in Society, Victoria Park, Perth, Western Australia. the Albany area. A native of the Mediterranean. http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_weeds Lantana camara (lantana) is an evergreen shrub with .htm#contents arching, spreading branches that can form a dense tangled mass over 3m high and wide. The ovate,

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