DOCSLIB.ORG

Veterinary Vaccines and Their Importance to Animal Health and Public Health." Procedia in Vaccinology 5 (2011): 127-136

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Veterinary Vaccines and Their Importance to Animal Health and Public Health. Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Publications 2011 Veterinary Vaccines and Their mpI ortance to Animal Health and Public Health James A. Roth Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vmpm_pubs Part of the Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, and the Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ vmpm_pubs/200. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Veterinary Vaccines and Their mpI ortance to Animal Health and Public Health Abstract Veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major role in protecting animal health and public health, reducing animal suffering, enabling efficient production of food animals to feed the burgeoning human population, and greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals. Prominent examples include rabies vaccines and rinderpest vaccines. Rabies vaccines for domestic animals and wildlife have nearly eliminated human rabies in developed countries. Thanks to the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program which involves vaccination, trade restrictions, and surveillance, rinderpest may soon become only the second disease (after smallpox) to be globally eradicated. Successful examples of new technology animal vaccines that are licensed for use, include gene-deleted marker vaccines, virus-like-particle vaccines, recombinant modified live virus vaccines, chimeric vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Animal vaccines also use a wide variety of novel adjuvants that are not yet approved for use in human vaccines. Animal vaccines can be developed and licensed much more quickly than human vaccines. The eW st Nile virus was discovered in the United States in August 1999. By August 2001, an Equine vaccine for West Nile virus was conditionally licensed. For animal vaccines to effectively protect animal and public health they must be widely used, which means they must be affordable. The er gulatory process must meet the need for assuring safety and efficacy without increasing the cost of licensing and production to the point where they are not affordable to the end user. Keywords vaccine, immunization, public health, animal health, infectious diseases Disciplines Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology | Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Comments This article is published as Roth, James A. "Veterinary vaccines and their importance to animal health and public health." Procedia in Vaccinology 5 (2011): 127-136. doi: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.009. Posted with permission. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vmpm_pubs/200 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia in Vaccinology Procedia in Vaccinology 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia in Vaccinology 5 (2011) 127 – 136 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia NICEATM-ICCVAM# International Workshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety Testing: State of the Science and Future Directions Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 14-16 September 2010 Veterinary vaccines and their importance to animal health and public health James A Roth* Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Abstract Veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major role in protecting animal health and public health, reducing animal suffering, enabling efficient production of food animals to feed the burgeoning human population, and greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals. Prominent examples include rabies vaccines and rinderpest vaccines. Rabies vaccines for domestic animals and wildlife have nearly eliminated human rabies in developed countries. Thanks to the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program which involves vaccination, trade restrictions, and surveillance, rinderpest may soon become only the second disease (after smallpox) to be globally eradicated. Successful examples of new technology animal vaccines that are licensed for use, include gene-deleted marker vaccines, virus-like-particle vaccines, recombinant modified live virus vaccines, chimeric vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Animal vaccines also use a wide variety of novel adjuvants that are not yet approved for use in human vaccines. Animal vaccines can be developed and licensed much more quickly than human vaccines. The West Nile virus was discovered in the United States in August 1999. By August 2001, an Equine vaccine for West Nile virus was conditionally licensed. For animal vaccines to effectively protect animal and public health they must be widely used, which means they must be affordable. The regulatory process must meet the need for assuring safety and efficacy without increasing the cost of licensing and production to the point where they are not affordable to the end user. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review- under responsibility of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM). Keywords: vaccine; immunization; public health; animal health; infectious diseases 1. Introduction Veterinary vaccines are important for animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, enhance the efficiency of food production, and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic and foodborne infections to people. Safe and effective animal vaccines are essential to # The National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods and the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods * Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected] 1877-282X © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM). doi:10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.009 128 J AJames Roth /A Procedia Roth / Procedia in Vaccinology in Vaccinology 00 (2011) 5 (2011) 000–000 127 – 136 modern society. It would be impossible to produce enough animal protein to feed the nearly 7 billion people on earth without vaccines to prevent epizootics in food-producing animals. Without companion animal vaccines (especially rabies vaccine), many people would not keep a pet in the household and would not experience the satisfaction of the human animal bond. Zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and leptospirosis would be much more prevalent without effective vaccines. The impact of veterinary vaccines can be seen in the following examples. Rinderpest is an example of how a disease that only affects animals can have a large public health impact. Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease of cattle, domesticated buffalo, and some species of wildlife. In 1889, cattle shipped from India carried the rinderpest virus to Africa, causing an epidemic that established the virus on the continent. Initially, approximately 90% of the cattle in sub-Saharan Africa died as well as many sheep and goats. Wild buffalo, giraffe, and wildebeest populations were decimated. The loss of draft animals, domestic livestock, and wildlife resulted in mass starvation, killing a third of the human population in Ethiopia and two-thirds of the Maasai people of Tanzania. The reduced number of grazing animals allowed thickets to form in grasslands. These thickets served as breeding grounds for tsetse flies, the vector for trypanosomes, resulting in an outbreak of trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) in humans. This rinderpest epidemic is considered by some to have been the most catastrophic natural disaster ever to affect Africa. The Global Rinderpest Eradication Program is a large-scale international collaboration involving vaccination, local and international trade restrictions, and surveillance. This effort may be one of veterinary medicine’s greatest achievements and rinderpest may soon become only the second disease (after smallpox) to be globally eradicated [1]. The rabies vaccine is another example of the impact of a successful animal vaccine. Rabies may be the oldest infectious disease known to man. Rabies vaccines for domestic animals and wildlife have nearly eliminated human rabies in developed countries. However, more than 55,000 people die of rabies every year in Asia and Africa and 98% of those cases are due to people being bitten by dogs that are not vaccinated [2]. This source of rabies in humans can be eliminated by adequate animal vaccination and control, educating those at risk, and enhancing access to appropriate medical care for those who
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Most Effective Tool to Prevent Human Brucellosis
    Chapter 13 Control of Animal Brucellosis — The Most Effective Tool to Prevent Human Brucellosis Marta Pérez-Sancho, Teresa García-Seco, Lucas Domínguez and Julio Álvarez Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61222 Abstract The World Health Organization classifies brucellosis as one of the seven neglected en‐ demic zoonosis which contribute to the perpetuation of poverty in developing coun‐ tries. Although most of the developed countries are free from this important zoonosis, brucellosis has still a widespread distribution in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of Latin America, making it a global problem. Nearly half a million of new cases of human brucellosis are reported each year around the world, in which animals (or products of animal origin) are the most likely source of infection. Brucella melitensis, the main etiologic agent of small ruminant brucellosis, is the most prevalent specie involved in cases of human disease in most parts of the world. Additionally, Brucella abortus (main responsible of bovine brucellosis) and Bru‐ cella suis (the most common etiological agent of porcine brucellosis) are often associat‐ ed with human brucellosis. In animal production, brucellosis has a strong economic impact due not only to its direct consequences (e.g., reproductive failures) but also to indirect loses (e.g., trade restrictions). The problem of brucellosis could be considered a clear example of the need for a “One World, One Health” strategy, given that the only approach to achieve its control and subsequent eradication is the cooperation be‐ tween public and animal health authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Assistance for Wild Animals
    Thoughts Humanitarian Assistance for Wild Animals Kyle Johannsen argues that most wild animals live bad lives, and we should intervene in nature to improve their wellbeing When you read the title of this paper, what ergy, and attract the attention of predators, likely comes to mind is images of Koala by singing for prolonged periods of time. bears being rescued from bush fires, or of Being encumbered isn’t good for peacocks, injured raccoons and deer, being rehabili- and exposing themselves to danger isn’t tated after a hurricane. These are examples good for songbirds. Rather, the function of of humanitarian assistance for wild animals, heavy feathers and prolonged singing, is to but they’re not what this paper is primar- protect the birds’ genes by attracting mates. ily about. The need for humanitarian as- Mating, and reproducing, may be enjoy- sistance in the wild far exceeds the damage able for these animals, but surely evolution caused by natural disasters. Severe suffering would have facilitated these goals some oth- is pervasive in nature. It’s built into natural er way if the purpose of evolved traits were processes, and thus it’s the norm rather than to benefit the animals who have them. the exception. Since the purpose of evolution is to protect genes, you’d think that a parent’s evolved traits at least function to benefit Severe suffering is her children. Unfortunately, protecting an pervasive in nature animals’ genes doesn’t always benefit her children either. After all, many animals are r-strategists: they protect their genes Many people think that evolution is an by producing large numbers of offspring.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Cross-Species Vaccination Approaches to Counter Emerging
    PERSPECTIVES adjuvant combinations to inform ‘go’ or ‘no- go’ decisions with regard to subsequent Using cross- species vaccination development of promising vaccine candidates (Fig. 1). approaches to counter emerging Most human infectious diseases have an animal origin, with more than 70% of infectious diseases emerging infectious diseases that affect humans initially crossing over from 8 George M. Warimwe , Michael J. Francis , Thomas A. Bowden, animals . Generating wider knowledge of how pathogens behave in animals can Samuel M. Thumbi and Bryan Charleston give indications of how to develop control Abstract | Since the initial use of vaccination in the eighteenth century, our strategies for human diseases, and vice understanding of human and animal immunology has greatly advanced and a wide versa. ‘One Health vaccinology’, a concept in which synergies in human and veterinary range of vaccine technologies and delivery systems have been developed. The immunology are identified and exploited COVID-19 pandemic response leveraged these innovations to enable rapid for vaccine development, could transform development of candidate vaccines within weeks of the viral genetic sequence our ability to control such emerging being made available. The development of vaccines to tackle emerging infectious infectious diseases. Due to similarities in diseases is a priority for the World Health Organization and other global entities. host–pathogen interactions, the natural More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases are acquired from animals, with animal hosts of a zoonotic infection may be the most appropriate model to study the some causing illness and death in both humans and the respective animal host. Yet disease and evaluate vaccine performance9.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Management of Biologic Casualties Handbook
    USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Fourth Edition February 2001 U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ¨ FORT DETRICK FREDERICK, MARYLAND 1 Sources of information: National Response Center 1-800-424-8802 or (for chem/bio hazards & terrorist events) 1-202-267-2675 National Domestic Preparedness Office: 1-202-324-9025 (for civilian use) Domestic Preparedness Chem/Bio Help line: 1-410-436-4484 or (Edgewood Ops Center - for military use) DSN 584-4484 USAMRIID Emergency Response Line: 1-888-872-7443 CDC'S Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Center: 1-770-488-7100 John's Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense: 1-410-223-1667 (Civilian Biodefense Studies) An Adobe Acrobat Reader (pdf file) version and a Palm OS Electronic version of this Handbook can both be downloaded from the Internet at: http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebook.html 2 USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Fourth Edition February 2001 Editors: LTC Mark Kortepeter LTC George Christopher COL Ted Cieslak CDR Randall Culpepper CDR Robert Darling MAJ Julie Pavlin LTC John Rowe COL Kelly McKee, Jr. COL Edward Eitzen, Jr. Comments and suggestions are appreciated and should be addressed to: Operational Medicine Department Attn: MCMR-UIM-O U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011 3 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, which has become affectionately known as the "Blue Book," has been enormously successful - far beyond our expectations. Since the first edition in 1993, the awareness of biological weapons in the United States has increased dramatically.
    [Show full text]
  • Professional Guidance for Animal Bites and Rabies Control
    December 6, 2004 MEMORANDUM TO: State Public Health Veterinarians State Epidemiologists State Veterinarians Other Parties Interested in Rabies Prevention and Control FROM: Mira J. Leslie, D.V.M., M.P.H, Co-Chair Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Committee SUBJECT: Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2005 The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV) is pleased to provide the 2005 revision of the Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control for your use and for distribution to practicing veterinarians and officials in animal control, public health, wildlife management and agriculture in your state. This cover memo summarizes the changes that were made to the document this year. COMPENDIUM CHANGES The section Principles of Rabies Prevention and Control (formerly Part II) is now Part I of the document and Recommendations for Parenteral Rabies Vaccination Procedures is Part II. Part III: Rabies Vaccines Licensed and Marketed in the U.S., 2005 has been updated. The following feline combination vaccine products are no longer available: IMRAB 3 + Feline 3; IMRAB 3 +Feline 4; PUREVAX Feline 3/ Rabies+LEUCAT; ECLIPSE 3 + FeLV/R; ECLIPSE 4+FeLV/R; Fel-O-Guard 3+ FeLV/R; and Fel-O-Guard 4+FeLV/R. The definition of a rabies exposure in Part I.A.1. has been clarified and a new sentence is added to direct questions concerning possible rabies exposures to local and state public health authorities. During 2004, there were two recognized importations of rabid dogs into the United States, one from Puerto Rico (mongoose rabies variant that is readily transmitted dog-to-dog) and one from Thailand (canine rabies virus variant).
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
    USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Sixth Edition April 2005 U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK FREDERICK, MARYLAND Emergency Response Numbers National Response Center: 1-800-424-8802 or (for chem/bio hazards & terrorist events) 1-202-267-2675 National Domestic Preparedness Office: 1-202-324-9025 (for civilian use) Domestic Preparedness Chem/Bio Helpline: 1-410-436-4484 or (Edgewood Ops Center – for military use) DSN 584-4484 USAMRIID’s Emergency Response Line: 1-888-872-7443 CDC'S Emergency Response Line: 1-770-488-7100 Handbook Download Site An Adobe Acrobat Reader (pdf file) version of this handbook can be downloaded from the internet at the following url: http://www.usamriid.army.mil USAMRIID’s MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CASUALTIES HANDBOOK Sixth Edition April 2005 Lead Editor Lt Col Jon B. Woods, MC, USAF Contributing Editors CAPT Robert G. Darling, MC, USN LTC Zygmunt F. Dembek, MS, USAR Lt Col Bridget K. Carr, MSC, USAF COL Ted J. Cieslak, MC, USA LCDR James V. Lawler, MC, USN MAJ Anthony C. Littrell, MC, USA LTC Mark G. Kortepeter, MC, USA LTC Nelson W. Rebert, MS, USA LTC Scott A. Stanek, MC, USA COL James W. Martin, MC, USA Comments and suggestions are appreciated and should be addressed to: Operational Medicine Department Attn: MCMR-UIM-O U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011 PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION The Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, which has become affectionately known as the "Blue Book," has been enormously successful - far beyond our expectations.
    [Show full text]
  • SEARG Report 2001
    W. H. O. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICAN RABIES GROUP / WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION MEETING SUDAN ERITREA ETHIOPIA UGANDA RWANDA KENYA BURUNDI TANZANIA MALAWI ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR BOTSWANA NAMIBIA SWAZILAND LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA LILONGWE, MALAWI – 18-22 JUNE 2001 Sixth SEARG meeting, Lilongwe 18-21 June 2001 Official opening CONTENTS OFFICIAL OPENING PROGRAMME OF THE MEETING .............................................................................................................................. 4 Southern and Eastern African Rabies Group conference Lilongwe MALAWI: 18 to 21 June 2001 ................... 4 OPENING SPEECH................................................................................................................................................... 7 OPENING SPEECH................................................................................................................................................... 9 OPENING SPEECH................................................................................................................................................. 10 COUNTRY REPORTS RABIES IN BOTSWANA......................................................................................................................................... 13 RABIES IN BURUNDI IN 1999 AND 2000............................................................................................................... 17 RABIES IN ERITREA ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION 2015 VACCINATION GUIDELINES for the OWNERS and BREEDERS of DOGS and CATS WSAVA Vacci
    WORLD SMALL ANIMAL VETERINARY ASSOCIATION 2015 VACCINATION GUIDELINES FOR THE OWNERS AND BREEDERS OF DOGS AND CATS WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group M.J. Day (Chairman) School of Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol, United Kingdom M.C. Horzinek (Formerly) Department of Microbiology, Virology Division University of Utrecht, the Netherlands R.D. Schultz Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States of America R. A. Squires James Cook University, Queensland, Australia 1 CONTENTS Introduction.......................................................................................3 Major infectious diseases of the dog and cat....................................5 The immune response......................................................................21 The principle of vaccination..............................................................29 Types of vaccine...............................................................................32 Drivers for change in vaccination protocols......................................35 Canine vaccination guidelines..........................................................37 Feline vaccination guidelines…………………………………………..46 Reporting of adverse reactions.........................................................51 Glossary of terms..............................................................................57 2 INTRODUCTION Vaccination of dogs and cats protects them from infections that may be lethal or cause serious disease. Vaccination is a safe and efficacious
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12 RABIES and CONTINUED MILITARY CONCERNS
    Rabies and Continued Military Concerns Chapter 12 RABIES AND CONTINUED MILITARY CONCERNS NICOLE CHEVALIER, DVM, MPH,* AND KARYN HAVAS, DVM, PhD† INTRODUCTION A Historical Perspective The US Military’s Involvement ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Rabies Virus Variants and Distribution Rabies-free Definition and Areas Rabies Transmission Process and Conditions CLINICAL REVIEW Clinical Signs of Rabies in Animals Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals Animal Management After Bites from Rabies Suspects Human Postexposure Treatment for Rabies PREVENTION AND CONTROL Animal Vaccination Human Vaccination Military Animal Bite Reports Surveillance RABIES IN AN OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Difficulties Posed by Certain Animal Populations Stray Animal Control Efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq Global Lessons Learned About Stray Animal Control Measures INTERNATIONALLY SUPPORTED RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMS Rabies Surveillance Mass Parenteral Vaccination Oral Vaccination Population Management Euthanasia Human Preexposure Vaccination Human Postexposure Prophylaxis RABIES CONTROL IN FUTURE CONTIGENCY OPERATIONS SUMMARY *Lieutenant Colonel, Veterinary Corps, US Army; Veterinary Capabilities Developer, Directorate of Combat and Doctrine Development, 2377Greeley Road, Building 4011, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234 †Major, Veterinary Corps, US Army; Veterinary Epidemiologist, US Army Public Health Command, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 345 Military Veterinary Services INTRODUCTION A Historical Perspective
    [Show full text]
  • Order in Council 1243/1995
    PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ORDER OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL Order in Council No. 12 4 3 , Approved and Ordered OCT 121995 Lieutenant Governor Executive Council Chambers, Victoria On the recommendation of the undersigned, the Lieutenant Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Executive Council, orders that Order in Council 1039 made August 17, 1995, is rescinded. 2. The Drug Schedules made by regulation of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia, as set out in the attached resolution dated September 6, 1995, are hereby approved. (----, c" g/J1"----c- 4- Minister of Heal fandand Minister Responsible for Seniors Presidin Member of the Executive Council (This pan is for adnwustratlye purposes only and is not part of the Order) Authority under which Order Is made: Act and section:- Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, section 59(2)(1), 62 Other (specify): - Uppodukoic1enact N6145; Resolution of the Council of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia ("the Council"), made by teleconference at Vancouver, British Columbia, the 6th day of September 1995. RESOLVED THAT: In accordance with the authority established in Section 62 of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia, S.B.C. Chapter 62, the Council makes the Drug Schedules by regulation as set out in the attached schedule, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council. Certified a true copy Linda J. Lytle, Phr.) Registrar DRUG SCHEDULES to the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act of British Columbia The Drug Schedules have been printed in an alphabetical format to simplify the process of locating each individual drug entry and determining its status in British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Live Vaccine for Vaccination of Human Beings Against Brucellosis in the USSR
    Bull. Org. mond. Santeh 1961 2 85-89 Bull. Wld HIth Org. J The Use of Live Vaccine for Vaccination of Human Beings against Brucellosis in the USSR P. A. VERSHILOVA, M.D.1 The great majority of human brucellosis cases in the USSR are caused by contact with infected sheep and goats. Extensive action has been taken to prevent human infection and to reduce the incidence among farm animals, the main prophylactic measure in recent years being vaccination with live brucellosis vaccine. The author summarizes the steps leading to the development of a satisfactory vaccine and gives a brief description of the method of preparation. Discussing the results obtained, she states that there has been a nearly 60 %,0 reduction in the number of human cases over the period 1952-58. The subcutaneous route of administration is usually resorted to, but preliminary figures suggest that cutaneous vaccination is equally effective immunogenically, although in persons who have sujJeredfrom active brucellosis it causes strong reactions and may lead to exacerba- tion of the disease. Research is going forward into the development ofa cutaneous vaccine capable ofgeneral use. INTRODUCTION and at the same time measures of prophylaxis have been organized to prevent human infection. Since Epizootiological and epidemiological data now 1953-54, wherever there is a risk of human infection available show that brucellosis is distributed quite with brucellosis of goats and sheep, the main pro- widely in many countries. In the USSR brucellosis phylactic measure taken has been the vaccination of of all three types is encountered, but the bovine and human beings with live brucellosis vaccine.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Clinical Considerations for North American Companion-Animal Vaccination Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic Richard B
    Interim clinical considerations for North American companion-animal vaccination practice during the COVID-19 pandemic Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS, DACVIM, DACVPM (Hon), lead editor, 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines Link V. Welborn, DVM, DABVP, CCRT, chair, 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines Laurie J. Larson, DVM, task force member, 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines Amy Stone, DVM, PhD, chair, 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines In the face of the global coronavirus pandemic, and as emphasis on social distancing and sheltering-in- place continue to limit client and patient access to routine veterinary care, the following considerations have been developed to address vaccination protocols for dogs and cats seen in clinical practice. At the time of this writing, it is not possible to predict when exposure risk for humans to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 will end. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the individual veterinarian to determine when conventional vaccination schedules can be reinstated for the population of patients seen in the practice. If pets are presented for vaccinations that are deemed a priority, other wellness care, including additional vaccinations as appropriate, could be provided as long as there is not an increased risk of coronavirus exposure for people. General considerations • The health and safety of veterinary personnel and clientele during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic is a priority. Therefore, amended vaccination schedules for dogs and cats should be considered. • The impact of social distancing and self-imposed travel restrictions on exposure risk of dogs and cats to infectious disease is not known. However, it can be assumed that certain groups, based on age, geography, and/or environment, do have sustained risk that justifies priority consideration for vaccination (see tables below).
    [Show full text]